Grammar-Quizzes › Connectors › Coordinators › And So / And Too

And So / And Too (conjunction)

Reduce a repeated verb in a joined clause

And So

FULL CLAUSE
And coordinates (joins) two independent clauses. Note that ach clause has its own subject and predicate, and that each clause can stand alone as a sentence.
I am five today, and my cousin is five today.
My brother has a new toy, and I have a new toy. (present)
My brother is going to get a new toy, and I am going to get a new toy. (BE-future)
My brother got a new toy, and I got a new toy. (past)
My brother should say "thank you", and I should say "thank you". (modal verb)

SHORTENED CLAUSE – AND SO
One way to shorten a clause after and is to add so followed by the auxiliary verb (be, do or a modal). Note that the subject is placed after the auxiliary verb.
I am five today, and so is my cousin. (be)
My brother has a new toy, and so do I. (Am Eng) / have I. (Br Eng)
My bother is going to get a new toy, and so am I. (be)
My bother got a new toy, and so did I. (do)
My bother should say "thank you", and so should I.

*Use be for stating age, not have. See Static Verbs.

Also see Conjunction vs. Disjunction (and / or diagrams).

Paired Conjunction

And Too

And Too

FULL CLAUSE
And coordinates (joins) two independent clauses. Note that ach clause has its own subject and predicate, and that each clause can stand alone as a sentence.
My brother has a new toy, and I have a new toy. (present)
My brother is going to get a new toy, and I am going to get a new toy. (BE-future)
My brother got a new toy, and I got a new toy. (past)
My brother should say "thank you", and I should say "thank you". (modal verb)

SHORTENED CLAUSE
Another way to shorten the clause after and is to change the main verb of the second clause ito the auxiliary verb and add too. (The position of the subject does not change.)
My brother has a new toy, and I do too. (Am Eng) My brother has a new toy, and I have too. (Br Eng)
My bother is going to get a new toy, and I am too.
My bother got a new toy, and I did too.
My bother should say "thank you", and I should too.

Paired Conjunctions

But… not

But Not

CLAUSE
But coordinates (contrasts) two independent clauses. Each clause has its own subject and predicate; each clause can stand alone as a sentence.
My brother has a new toy, but I don't have a new toy. (present)

My brother is going to get a new toy, but I am not going to get a new toy. (BE-future)
My brother got new toy, but I didn't get a new toy. (past)
My brother should say "thank you", but I shouldn't say "thank you". (modal verb)

SHORTENED CLAUSE
After but, the main verb of the second clause is shortened to the auxiliary verb. A contraction (e.g., don't, can't) is used informally.
My brother has a new toy, but I don't. (Am Eng)
My brother has a new toy, but I haven't. (Br Eng)
My brother is going to get a new toy, but I am not.
My brother got new toy, but I didn't.
My bother should say "thank you", but I shouldn't. / don't have to. (shouldn't - not advised / don't have to - not required)

Also see Neither and either

Tag Questions

Shortened Questions and Answers

Add-on Short Questions

A tag question (so called because it is added or tagged onto the end of a statement) does one of the following:

expresses doubt by the speaker: I'm going too, aren't I? (I believe I am, but I'm asking to make sure.)
imposes the opinion of the speaker: You're tired, aren't you? (I believe you are and am expecting you to agree with me.)

Tag Question Verb Forms

1ST PERSON Singular/ Plural	2ND PERSON Singular/ Plural	3RD PERSON Singular/ Plural
BE
I am going too, aren't I? (irregular) We are going too, aren't we?	You are going too, aren't you? You (all) are going too, aren't you?	She / he is going too, isn't she/he? They are going too, aren't they?
DO (custom, habit)
I go too, don't I? We go too, don't we?	You go too, don't you? You (all) go too, don't you?	She / he goes too, doesn't he / she? They go too, don't they?
DID
I went too, didn't I? We went too, didn't we?	You went too, didn't you? You (all) went, didn't you?	She / he went too, didn't he / she? They went too, didn't they?
HAVE
I have gone there too, haven't I? We have gone there too, haven't we?	You have gone there too, haven't you? You (all) have gone there too, haven't you?	She / he has gone there too, hasn't he / she? They have gone there too, haven't they?
MODAL
I will go there too, won't I? We will go there too, won't we?	You will go there too, won't you? You (all) will go there too, won't you?	She / he will go there too, won't he / she? They will go there too, won't they?
NEGATIVE
I am not going either, am I? (irregular) We are not going either, are we?	You are not going either, are you? You (all) are not going either, are you?	She / he is not going either, is she/he? They are not going either, are they?

Tag Question Responses

TAG QUESTION – NEGATIVE
A response to a statement with a tag question at the end ignores the negative tag addition. The expected response is 'Yes, I have.' The unexpected response is 'No, I haven't.'
NEG. QUESTION	RESPONSE
I'm going too, aren't I?	Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
	Yes, you aren't. No, you are.

TAG QUESTION – POSITIVE
A response to a statement with a tag question at the end ignores the positive tag addition. The expected response is 'No, I haven't.' The unexpected response is 'Yes, I have.'
NEG. QUESTION	RESPONSE
I'm not going too, am I? I am not going?	Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
	Yes, you aren't. No, you are.

*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.

Related page: Yes-No Short Responses

Common Mistakes

Errors and Solutions

Error and Solution

ERROR	SOLUTION
*My brother has a new phone, and so do I too.	My brother has a new phone, and I do too /or and so do I.
*My brother has a new phone, and I too.
*My brother has a new phone, and I also.	My brother has a new phone, and I also have a new one. (Use also with the full clause.)
*My brother has gotten a new phone, and I have too. (present perfect tense)	My bother got a new phone, and I did too. / and so did I. I have driven to Disneyland, and he has too. / and so has he. Use simple past tense when mentioning source. Reporting source The present perfect tense is used to emphasize time duration / experience.

*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.
Solution - lightbulb "And too"

and so (Huddleston 17 7.7.3)

Practice 1

Owner Is Like Dog

Complete the sentence with a shortened clause.

Select the auxiliary verb that agrees with the first clause.
Then check your answer.

My dog was born on January 1,

Feedback 1

My dog has light brown hair,

Feedback 2

My dog is large,

Feedback 3

My dog is growing fast,

Feedback 4

My dog has learned a lot,

Feedback 5

I like running out in the open air,

Feedback 6

My dog sleeps most of the day,

Feedback 7

I am learning to be patient,

Feedback 8

I have been enjoying our time together,

Feedback 9

10.

My dog will get old fast,

Feedback 10

Practice 2

Getting Around Downtown

Complete the sentence with a shortened clause.

Select the word from each menu that best completes the sentence.
Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" button.

11.

Jason loves to ride his motorcycle downtown,

Feedback 11

12.

I prefer to drive my car downtown,

Feedback 12

13.

He can park almost anywhere,

Feedback 13

14.

A motorcycle squeezes through traffic,

squeeze (V) - to fit or move through a small or narrow space

Feedback 14

15.

Downtown, cars are moving everywhere, .

Feedback 15

16.

The streets were designed for light traffic,

Feedback 16

17.

Most cars take up too much space downtown,

Feedback 17

18.

I should take public transportation,

Feedback 18

19.

With so many cars, the city has become polluted, .

Feedback 19

20.

Soon cars will be banned from downtown,

Feedback 20

Cars banned