Outsourcing: How It Works in Business, With Examples

What Is Outsourcing?

Outsourcing is the practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services or create goods. In some cases, these were traditionally performed in-house by the company's own employees and staff. Outsourcing is a practice usually undertaken by companies as a cost-cutting measure or a strategic management tool. As such, it can affect a wide range of jobs, from customer support to manufacturing to the back office.

Outsourcing was increasingly used as a business strategy in the 1990s, when multinationals used third-parties for logistics and manufacturing functions, along with others. But due to its broader economic implications, the practice of outsourcing is subject to considerable controversy in many countries. Those opposed argue that it has caused the loss of domestic jobs, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Supporters say it creates an incentive for businesses and companies to allocate resources where they are most effective, and that outsourcing helps maintain the nature of free-market economies in a highly connected world.

Understanding Outsourcing

When a company uses outsourcing, it enlists the help of outside organizations not affiliated with the company to complete certain tasks. The outside organizations typically set up different compensation structures with their employees than the ones used by the outsourcing company, enabling those organizations to complete the work for less money. This ultimately enables the company that chose to outsource to lower its labor costs through the combination of less pay and fewer benefits.

Businesses can also avoid expenses associated with overhead, equipment, and technology.

In addition to cost savings, companies can employ an outsourcing strategy to better focus on the core aspects of the business. Outsourcing non-core activities can improve efficiency and productivity because another entity performs these smaller tasks better than the firm itself. This strategy may also lead to faster turnaround times, increased competitiveness within an industry, and the cutting of overall operational costs.

Examples of Outsourcing

Outsourcing's biggest advantages are time and cost savings. A manufacturer of personal computers might buy internal components for its machines from other companies to save on production costs. A law firm might store and back up its files using a cloud-computing service provider, thus giving it access to digital technology without investing large amounts of money to actually own the technology.

A small company may decide to outsource bookkeeping duties to an accounting firm, as doing so may be cheaper than retaining an in-house accountant. Other companies find outsourcing the functions of human resource departments, such as payroll and health insurance, to be beneficial. When used properly, outsourcing is an effective strategy to reduce expenses and can even provide a business with a competitive advantage over rivals.

What Are Some Criticisms of Outsourcing?

Outsourcing has disadvantages. For instance, signing contracts with other companies may take time and extra effort from a firm's legal team. In addition, security threats can occur when another party has access to a company's confidential information and that party suffers a data breach. Furthermore, a lack of communication between the company and the outsourced provider may occur, which could delay the completion of projects.

Beyond these factors, outsourcing has faced criticism due to the job precarity and lack of job promotion opportunities for contract workers. As mentioned above, contract workers often earn lower compensation than full-time workers and have fewer benefits, creating inequities in the workforce.

What Are the Benefits of Outsourcing Internationally?

Outsourcing internationally can help companies benefit from the differences in labor and production costs among countries. Price dispersion in another country may entice a business to relocate some or all of its operations to the cheaper country in order to increase profitability and stay competitive within an industry. Many large corporations have eliminated their entire in-house customer service call centers, outsourcing that function to third-party outfits located in lower-cost locations.

In 2023, a Deloitte survey found that India, Poland, and Mexico were the top countries for outsourcing shared services. Meanwhile, outsourcing IT service desk functions was the top service exported in the information technology sector globally.

The Bottom Line

While outsourcing can be advantageous to an organization that values time over money, some downsides can materialize if the organization needs to retain control. Outsourcing manufacturing of a simple item like clothing will carry much less risk than outsourcing something complex like rocket engineering or financial modeling. Businesses looking to outsource need to adequately compare the benefits and risks before moving forward.