What is a DevOps Culture?
DevOps is not just a methodology or a practice, it is also an organizational culture. DevOps culture focuses on small interdisciplinary teams that can work independently, and are jointly responsible for the user experience delivered by a software product. The DevOps team lives in production—they are primarily focused on improving live usage of the product.
A DevOps culture has the following essential elements:
- DevOps teams adopt agile practices and integrate both development and operations into each team's responsibilities. Teams work in small iterations, striving to improve the end-to-end delivery of customer value, and removing waste and obstacles from the process. Teams are jointly responsible, eliminating silos or finger pointing.
- DevOps teams apply a growth mindset—they use monitoring and telemetry to collect evidence in production and observe results in real time. They experiment with new features in production, using techniques like canary or blue/green deployments, to quickly collect data, test features, and use the results to drive continuous improvement.
- DevOps teams focus on mean time to mitigate (MTTM) and mean time to remediate (MTTR) rather than mean time between failures (MTBF). In contrast to traditional waterfall teams that made major efforts to prevent problems in the field, the DevOps team recognizes that failures will happen, and emphasizes the ability to act quickly, understand the impact, and mitigate production issues.
- DevOps teams think in terms of competencies, not roles—this includes both development and operational skills. All team members share responsibility for running services. Both developers and operations are responsible for live services, and all of them may share a rotating on-call schedule. If you built it, you’re responsible for running it.
DevOps vs Agile
What is the difference between Agile and DevOps? Both methods can facilitate collaboration and increase
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Agile |
DevOps |
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Process |
Communication between the team and customers is continuous, and frequent changes are made to the software to ensure quality. Better suited for complex projects. |
Focuses on frequent testing and delivery, but communication is primarily between developers and IT operations. Better suited for end-to-end processes. |
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Teams |
Allows small teams to complete tasks faster. Agile methods encourage all members to share responsibilities equally instead of assigning specific responsibilities to team members. So, every agile team member should be able to handle or assign any part of the project at any time. |
Suitable for large teams. Skill sets are distributed among operations and development team members: Each team member has a specific set of tasks they need to do at each stage of the SDLC. |
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Focus and feedback |
Typically works in sprints, each sprint lasting less than a month. The idea of a sprint is to complete the project step by step, starting each sprint right after delivery of the previous sprint’s deliverables. |
Focuses on operations and business readiness. Most of the feedback comes from internal team members and metrics collected from production environments. Deadlines and goals may recur on a daily basis. |
DevOps vs Platform Engineering
While DevOps and platform engineering share similarities in their goals of improving software delivery and operations, they differ in scope, focus, and implementation.
Scope and Focus
DevOps aims to break down the barriers between development and operations teams, fostering a culture of collaboration and shared responsibility. It emphasizes continuous integration, continuous delivery (CI/CD), and continuous feedback loops to improve the software development lifecycle.
Platform engineering focuses on building and maintaining the underlying infrastructure and platforms that development teams use. Platform engineers create self-service tools and environments that streamline the deployment and management of applications. Their goal is to provide a reliable, scalable, and efficient platform that supports the needs of the development teams.
Implementation
In a DevOps culture, development and operations teams work closely together throughout the entire software lifecycle. This includes planning, coding, building, testing, releasing, deploying, operating, and monitoring. DevOps practices encourage automation, continuous monitoring, and proactive incident management to ensure high availability and performance.
Platform engineering involves designing, building, and maintaining the infrastructure that supports application development and deployment. This includes creating automated pipelines, managing cloud resources, ensuring security and compliance, and optimizing performance. Platform engineers often use infrastructure-as-code (IaC) tools and practices to manage and provision resources consistently and efficiently.
Team Structure
DevOps teams are typically cross-functional, with members possessing both development and operational skills. They work in small, autonomous units responsible for specific features or services. This approach fosters a sense of ownership and accountability, as team members are involved in the entire process from development to production.
Platform engineering teams, however, are usually specialized and focus on providing infrastructure and platform services to other teams within the organization. They work closely with DevOps and development teams to understand their requirements and provide the necessary tools and environments to support their work.
Key Metrics
DevOps teams often measure success using metrics such as deployment frequency, lead time for changes, change failure rate, and mean time to recovery (MTTR). These metrics help teams understand their efficiency and effectiveness in delivering high-quality software.
Platform engineering teams, on the other hand, may focus on metrics related to infrastructure performance, resource utilization, uptime, and scalability. They aim to ensure that the platform is reliable, secure, and able to support the demands of the development and operations teams.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to platform engineering
DevOps and CI/CD
DevOps closes the gap between development, operations and IT service teams. One of the primary ways it does this is by Implementing DevOps tools. These tools are implemented as pipelines, typically using continuous integration, continuous deployment, and continuous delivery (collectively known as CI/CD) workflows. CI/CD pipelines serve as structured environments that enable and promote fast delivery of high quality software.
The CI/CD implementation process uses a daily or weekly release cycle, allowing the DevOps team to get quick feedback from customers on new versions of the product.
Key CI/CD concepts and their relation to DevOps:
- Continuous Integration—a process that ensures new code is introduced daily. This is typically done by integrating the new code into shared repositories, accessed daily by all collaborators. This is an improvement over the traditional way, in which developers would write new code and check it into the repository only at the end of the project lifecycle. The goal is to be able to detect integration errors early and correct them quickly. In a CI workflow, a new build is triggered every time new code is merged with the main branch of the code repository. Automatic tests are run for each new version to see if the latest changes broke the build.
- Continuous Delivery—CD begins where CI ends. Continuous delivery pipelines automate the software delivery process, pushing integrated code to production without errors or delays. While implementing DevOps, CD helps developers merge new code consistently with the master branch, allowing them to automatically build new market-ready versions of the product. CD automation runs tests to ensure that each new build can be released into production.
- Continuous Deployment—an extreme form of continuous delivery, continuous deployment means that for each major code change, the pipeline generates a new build and immediately deploys it to the production environment, with no manual intervention. This is the "Holy Grail" of the DevOps team. This is the “holy grail” of DevOps teams, because it ensures every code change is immediately running in production and the entire team can instantly see its quality and operational properties.
Learn more in the in-depth guides to:
The Transition to DevSecOps
The term DevSecOps stands for development, security, and operations. DevSecOps is a methodology that automates security processes across all phases of the software development lifecycle, including the initial design, testing, deployment in production, and software delivery. DevSecOps is generally considered an improvement of former software development practices, enabling teams to integrate security seamlessly into the pipeline.
Past development paradigms tacked security on at the end of the cycle, assigning this task to a separate, often siloed, security team. When done, the security team passed the product to an independent quality assurance (QA) team for testing. It was possible when teams released software updates only once or twice annually. However, as teams adopted agile and DevOps practices to reduce development cycles to weeks or days, this traditional approach to security resulted in unacceptable bottlenecks.
Here are the core benefits of DevSecOps:
- Early remediation - DevSecOps aims to integrate infrastructure and application security seamlessly into agile and DevOps processes. It enables teams to address security issues as they emerge while it is easier, faster, and cost-effective to fix them - and teams can handle many security issues before releasing the product into production.
- A security culture - DevSecOps ensures all teams, including development, security, and IT operations, share the responsibility over application and infrastructure security, eliminating the security silo.
- Automation - DevSecOps pipelines enable faster release of secure software by using automation. It allows teams to automate the delivery of secure software without slowing the development cycle.
SRE and DevOps
Software reliability engineering (SRE), also called site reliability engineering, is a practice that is being adopted at many organizations alongside DevOps, and can complement and benefit DevOps teams.
The SRE approach is to apply software engineering ideas to operations topics. Instead of treating operations as an ongoing maintenance effort, software reliability engineers build systems that make software services more reliable and easier to operate.
SRE vs DevOps
Most practitioners agree that SRE is not a competitor to DevOps, rather it is a complementary methodology. In the Google book defining SRE, DevOps is compared to a programming language, while SRE is a class that implements it. The DevOps philosophy defines the overall behavior of the service management framework, while SRE is a way to implement DevOps and measure its success in improving product reliability.
There are four key ways SRE complements DevOps:
Accept failure as normal
Like DevOps, SRE encourages shared responsibility between IT and development. SRE makes it possible to innovate and make drastic changes to products, which may result in faults. It introduces the concept of a “risk budget”, which SREs to set measurable limits for risk, while encouraging innovation. SRE also assumes that aiming for 100% availability is not compatible with growth and ongoing development.
Implement gradual changes
SRE, like DevOps, leverage gradual change to promote continuous improvement. SRE encourages small changes and frequent deployments, meaning that negative impact will be smaller, easier to test and remediate. SREs implement automated testing of production changes, which can operate alongside CI/CD pipelines used by DevOps teams.
Use tools and automation consistently
DevOps pipelines rely heavily on automation and the adoption of new tools. SRE workflows, on the other hand, prioritize standardizing technology and information across the organization. To achieve this, SRE implementations require collaborators to use the same stacks. This can be beneficial for DevOps, because even in a full DevOps environment, the use of different technologies and tools may cause teams to unintentionally split into silos.
Measuring everything
Measurements are crucial in both DevOps and SRE. DevOps focuses primarily on process performance and achieves continuous improvement via the CI/CD feedback loop. SRE treats operations issues as software engineering issues, so it measures service level objectives (SLO) as its key indicator. By combining process goals with production SLOs, teams can achieve not only faster delivery, but also software that becomes more robust and reliable with each release.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to software documentation
DevOps and Performance Optimization
Performance monitoring and testing are critical components of DevOps, ensuring that applications meet performance expectations and can handle real-world conditions. These practices help identify and resolve performance bottlenecks early in the development process, improving user experience and system reliability.
Capacity Planning and Scalability Testing
Capacity planning and scalability testing are crucial for understanding how an application performs under different load conditions and ensuring it can scale to meet future demands.
Key Aspects of Capacity Planning and Scalability Testing:
- Load Testing: Simulate increasing load on the application to identify its maximum capacity and detect performance bottlenecks.
- Stress Testing: Push the application beyond its limits to see how it behaves under extreme conditions and identify failure points.
- Auto-Scaling: Test the effectiveness of auto-scaling mechanisms to ensure the application can scale up or down based on demand.
- Resource Allocation: Analyze the application's resource usage patterns to optimize resource allocation and improve cost efficiency.
Application Performance Monitoring
Application performance monitoring (APM) involves tracking the performance and availability of software applications. APM tools provide insights into application behavior, helping teams detect and diagnose performance issues before they impact users.
Key Components of APM:
- Real User Monitoring (RUM): Measures actual user interactions with the application, providing insights into user experience.
- Synthetic Monitoring: Simulates user transactions to test application performance and availability.
- Application Metrics: Tracks metrics like response time, error rates, and throughput to assess application health.
- Distributed Tracing: Provides visibility into the flow of requests across different services, helping identify performance bottlenecks.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to application performance monitoring
Kubernetes Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Kubernetes monitoring and troubleshooting are essential for maintaining the health and performance of containerized applications. Given the complexity and dynamic nature of Kubernetes, continuous monitoring and effective troubleshooting practices help ensure that the clusters and applications running on them remain reliable, efficient, and scalable.
Key aspects of Kubernetes monitoring and troubleshooting:
- Cluster health monitoring: Track the overall health of the Kubernetes cluster by monitoring key metrics such as CPU, memory usage, and disk I/O across nodes. This helps identify resource constraints and potential failures before they impact the applications.
Pod and container monitoring: Monitor the status, resource usage, and lifecycle events of individual pods and containers. This provides insights into issues like container crashes, resource contention, and improper scheduling. - Log aggregation and analysis: Centralize and analyze logs from Kubernetes components, applications, and containers. Aggregated logging facilitates quick identification of issues such as failed deployments, network errors, and application crashes.
- Network performance monitoring: Observe network traffic between services and pods to detect latency, packet loss, or misconfigurations. Tools like service mesh observability can help in identifying bottlenecks and ensuring communication reliability across microservices.
- Alerting and incident response: Set up alerts for anomalies in cluster and application performance, such as high pod eviction rates or API server errors. Automated alerts enable rapid incident response and minimize downtime.
- Troubleshooting with metrics and traces: Utilize detailed metrics and distributed traces to diagnose issues within the Kubernetes environment. For example, tracing requests across services can help pinpoint latency issues or failures in the application's request flow.
- Resource optimization: Continuously analyze resource usage to optimize Kubernetes deployments. This includes adjusting resource requests and limits, tuning autoscaling policies, and ensuring that workloads are efficiently distributed across nodes.
Learn more in the in-depth guides to
API Testing
API testing focuses on verifying that application programming interfaces (APIs) function correctly, reliably, and securely. It involves sending requests to API endpoints and validating responses, ensuring the API performs as expected under various conditions.
Key aspects of API testing include:
- Functional Testing: Validates the correctness of API operations, such as data retrieval or submission.
- Load Testing: Assesses how the API handles high traffic volumes, identifying potential performance issues.
- Security Testing: Ensures APIs are secure from vulnerabilities like SQL injection or unauthorized access.
- Integration Testing: Verifies that APIs integrate seamlessly with other components of the system.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to API testing
Synthetic Transaction Monitoring
Synthetic transaction monitoring involves using automated scripts to simulate user interactions with an application. This technique helps DevOps teams measure application performance and availability from the end-user's perspective.
Key aspects of synthetic transaction monitoring:
- Scripted User Journeys: Define common user paths and automate these transactions to monitor application performance continuously.
- Geographic Testing: Simulate transactions from various geographical locations to identify region-specific performance issues.
- Benchmarking: Compare performance metrics over time to detect regressions and improvements.
- Alerting: Set up alerts for deviations from expected performance metrics, enabling rapid response to potential issues.
DevOps and Digital Transformation
DevOps and Digital Transformation
Digital transformation is a global transition of businesses to processes and strategies using digital technology. It is widely recognized that without digital transformation, businesses will find it difficult to compete in the modern economy.
A digital transformation requires constant efforts from development and operations teams, to create and integrate new technologies supporting business processes, employees and customers. One of the key elements of a successful digital transformation is a DevOps mindset.
DevOps ensures that organizations build technologies that are useful, easy to maintain, and capable of evolving to support changing requirements. While traditional IT is associated with legacy technology that supported old-school business, DevOps will gradually become synonymous with digital transformation.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to digital transformation
DevOps and Cloud Cost Management
As organizations transition infrastructure to the cloud, cost management plays a pivotal role. DevOps can have a significant impact on cloud costs, by introducing efficiency, automation, and better resource management.
DevOps' inherent emphasis on automation and efficient deployment of resources plays a crucial role in keeping cloud costs under control. Automated provisioning and de-provisioning of resources in response to demand spikes, load balancing, and continuous monitoring for idle or underused resources are some of the ways DevOps can contribute to efficient use of cloud resources, ultimately leading to cost savings.
For instance, Infrastructure as Code (IaC) can help ensure efficient resource use by standardizing environments, eliminating "environmental drift", and reducing the need for over-provisioning. Similarly, continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines help reduce wastage and streamline processes by enabling teams to identify and fix issues early in the development lifecycle, which can prevent costly failures in production.
AWS Cost Management
AWS offers a variety of tools and practices to help organizations manage and optimize their cloud costs effectively. Key AWS cost management tools include:
- AWS Cost Explorer: This tool provides detailed insights into your AWS spending patterns. You can visualize your costs and usage data with custom reports, helping to identify trends and detect anomalies. Cost Explorer allows you to forecast future costs based on historical data, making budgeting more accurate.
- AWS Budgets: With AWS Budgets, you can set custom cost and usage budgets that alert you when your spending exceeds predefined thresholds. This proactive approach helps prevent unexpected expenses and enables better financial planning.
- AWS Trusted Advisor: This service provides recommendations for cost optimization, performance improvements, security enhancements, and fault tolerance. Trusted Advisor highlights opportunities to save money, such as underutilized resources and idle instances.
- Reserved Instances and Savings Plans: AWS offers pricing models like Reserved Instances and Savings Plans that provide significant discounts compared to on-demand pricing. By committing to use AWS services for a one- or three-year term, organizations can achieve substantial cost savings.
Learn more in the in-depth guides to:
Azure Cost Management
Azure provides comprehensive tools and practices to help manage and optimize cloud spending:
- Azure Cost Management and Billing: This service offers detailed cost analysis, budgeting, and forecasting capabilities. You can track spending patterns, create budgets, and receive alerts when costs exceed predefined limits. The service also provides recommendations for optimizing resource usage and reducing costs.
- Azure Advisor: Similar to AWS Trusted Advisor, Azure Advisor provides personalized recommendations for cost optimization, high availability, performance, and security. It identifies underutilized resources and suggests ways to reduce expenses.
- Azure Reserved Instances: By purchasing reserved instances, organizations can save up to 72% compared to pay-as-you-go pricing. Azure also offers a hybrid benefit, allowing you to use existing on-premises licenses for further cost savings.
- Azure Cost Alerts: These alerts notify you when your spending approaches or exceeds your budget, helping you take corrective actions promptly. You can set up alerts based on various metrics, such as total cost, resource usage, and specific service expenses.
Learn more in the in-depth guides to:
Google Cloud Cost Management
Google Cloud provides robust tools and practices to help organizations control and optimize their cloud expenditures:
- Google Cloud Billing Reports and Cost Management: This tool offers detailed insights into your cloud spending, enabling you to analyze and visualize costs. You can create budgets, set up alerts, and receive notifications when spending exceeds predefined thresholds.
- Google Cloud Recommender: This service provides actionable recommendations to optimize costs and improve resource utilization. It identifies idle resources, suggests rightsizing opportunities, and offers guidance on purchasing committed use contracts for cost savings.
- Committed Use Contracts: Google Cloud offers committed use contracts that provide significant discounts in exchange for committing to use a specific amount of resources for a one- or three-year term. This model helps organizations achieve predictable cost savings.
- Resource Labeling and Budget Tracking: Google Cloud allows you to assign labels to resources, making it easier to track and allocate costs accurately. You can create detailed budgets and track spending against them, ensuring better financial control.
Learn more in the in-depth guides to:
DevOps Vs FinOps
DevOps vs FinOps
FinOps, short for Financial Operations, is a framework that brings financial accountability to the variable spend model of cloud computing. It enables organizations to manage their cloud costs efficiently by fostering a culture of collaboration between finance, operations, and engineering teams.
The goal of FinOps is to ensure that organizations get the most value from their cloud investments by making informed decisions about spending and usage. Here are some of the key differences between DevOps and FinOps:
Focus Areas
DevOps concentrates on the integration and delivery of software through automation, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD), and collaboration between development and operations teams. The primary aim is to improve the speed and quality of software delivery.
FinOps centers on the financial management of cloud resources. It aims to optimize cloud spending and ensure that every dollar spent on cloud services is utilized effectively.
Metrics and Goals
In DevOps, success is measured by metrics such as deployment frequency, lead time for changes, mean time to recovery, and change failure rate. The focus is on improving the efficiency and reliability of the software development lifecycle.
In FinOps, success is measured by financial metrics, including cost savings, budget adherence, and cost allocation accuracy. The focus is on managing and optimizing cloud expenditures.
Teams Involved
DevOps primarily involves development and operations teams working together to streamline the software delivery process.
FinOps involves finance, operations, and engineering teams. Collaboration is crucial to ensure that cloud resources are used efficiently and cost-effectively.
Processes
DevOps emphasizes automation and continuous improvement in software development and deployment processes. It uses tools like CI/CD pipelines, configuration management, and infrastructure as code.
FinOps emphasizes continuous monitoring and optimization of cloud spending. It involves processes such as cost allocation, forecasting, budgeting, and real-time spending visibility.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to FinOps
The DevOps Technology Stack
The DevOps development pipeline relies on an entire technology stack that enables automation, efficiency and collaboration. Below we describe several elements of this stack, which may be used in different combinations by different teams.
Cloud Automation
Cloud automation allows IT teams and developers to automatically create, modify, and delete environments in the cloud. DevOps has leveraged cloud computing since its early days, to enable complete end-to-end automation of development and delivery pipelines.
However, automation is not built into the cloud. It requires specialized knowledge and uses specialized tools, some of them offered by public cloud providers, some as part of private cloud platforms, and some third-party tools, notably configuration management, infrastructure as code (IaC) tools, and orchestration tools like Kubernetes. These skills and tools are an essential part of any DevOps team.
Feature Flags
Feature flags, also known as feature toggles, are a powerful tool in the DevOps toolkit. They allow developers to hide, enable, or disable a feature during runtime. This means that developers can deliver new features to production even if they aren't complete or fully tested, without affecting the end users.
Feature flags can be used to perform A/B testing, canary releases, or phased rollouts. For example, a new feature can be released to a small percentage of users, and if everything works as expected, the feature can be gradually released to all users.
This approach reduces the risk associated with deploying new features and gives developers more control over the release process. Furthermore, it allows for quicker feedback, as features can be tested in the production environment early in the development process.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to feature flags
Infrastructure as Code for DevOps
Infrastructure as code (IaC) uses the same descriptive model that the DevOps team uses for code—version control—to manage infrastructure, including virtual machines, networks, and storage. Just like the same source code always produces the same binary code, an environment configuration should be able to consistently reproduce an environment every time.
IaC solves the age old problem of environmental drift. Without IaC, IT teams had to maintain the setup of each deployment environment. Over time, each environment becomes a “snowflake”, a unique creation which cannot be replicated automatically. Inconsistencies between dev, test, and production environments can cause problems during deployment, introduce errors and involve complex manual processes.
Infrastructure as code allows DevOps teams to test applications in a production-like environment early in the development cycle. They use it to reliably set up multiple test environments as needed. Environment configuration code can be checked into version control, tested, and modified as needed, until a stable environment configuration is found.
DevOps teams implementing IaC can provision stable environments quickly and at scale. They ensure consistency by expressing the required environment state in code, without ever manually configuring the environment. Infrastructure becomes repeatable and reliable.
Learn more in our in-depth guide to infrastructure as code for DevOps.
Infrastructure as Code (IaC) on Amazon Web Services (AWS)
The primary IaC service on AWS is CloudFormation. It uses templates, which are simple configuration files using YAML or JSON syntax. Templates are easy to read and edit, and can be used to define resources for deployment. CloudFormation reads templates and then creates a set of ready-to-use resources for AWS.
CloudFormation allows DevOps teams to use templates to automatically build anything, including basic resources and complex applications using many resources. You can fine-tune configuration and repeat the process to create reliable environments, which can then be replicated for development, testing and production stages of the DevOps pipeline.
Learn more in our in-depth guides to:
Infrastructure as Code on Azure
Microsoft Azure allows DevOps teams to define and deploy infrastructure as code using Azure Resource Manager (ARM) templates. ARM templates provide declarative definitions of any cloud resources within an environment. Azure automatically sets up resources reliably and consistently from the template.
Azure also provides "blueprints" which package ARM templates with policy and RBAC definitions—giving DevOps teams everything they need to set up cloud resources end-to-end for dev, test, and production environments.
Learn more in our in-depth guides to:
GitOps
GitOps enables you to implement continuous deployment (CD) for cloud native applications. It provides a developer-centric experience for operating infrastructure, enabling developers to use tools they are already familiar with, such as Git, to operate and automate the infrastructure.
You can implement GitOps by setting up a Git repository containing IaC templates that represent the desired production environment. GitOps creates an automated process that matches the production environment with the desired state described in the repository.
Once you have configured GitOps for your environment, you can deploy new applications or update existing ones by updating the repository. The automated process you already have in place handles the rest.
Learn more in the in-depth guide to:
Cloud Native and DevOps
“Cloud native” is a way to build and run applications that take advantage of the cloud computing delivery model. Cloud native is not about where you deploy your application, but about how applications are built and deployed. Cloud native applications can live both in the public cloud and on-premises, assuming that the local data center has cloud automation capabilities.
DevOps is one of the primary use cases for cloud native techniques. The DevOps approach naturally complements cloud native concepts like containerization, serverless, and microservices architectures:
- Containerization and serverless frameworks make applications environment independent, eliminating conflicts between developers and operations teams, and improving collaboration between developers and testers.
- Microservices architectures split large applications into smaller, functional elements, each of which can be iteratively developed and maintained by a DevOps team. This improves agility, reliability, and makes collaboration easier, because each element in a microservices architecture is simple and well understood.
DevOps and Kubernetes
Most if not all DevOps teams are developing and running applications in containers. Orchestration engines like Kubernetes are required to keep containers running at scale.
Kubernetes helps DevOps teams meet customer needs without worrying about the details of the infrastructure. Kubernetes replaces the old manual task of deploying, scaling, and building a resilient application. Instead, it dynamically provisions applications on available resources.
Kubernetes is essential for DevOps teams looking to automatically scale and ensure resiliency of applications, while minimizing the operations burden. For example, it allows teams to manage the scalability and elasticity of an application based on load metrics. Developers can focus on building new functionality, without worrying about whether the application can serve users during peak times.
However, Kubernetes makes certain aspects of the IT environment more complex. These include security, storage management, and management of CI/CD pipelines.
Learn more in these detailed guides:
Why is Kubernetes Essential for Modern DevOps Teams?
- Portability—Kubernetes makes it possible to deploy applications anywhere without tight coupling to infrastructure. Making it easier to replicate dev, test and production environments.
- Infrastructure as code—everything in Kubernetes works in an IaC paradigm, so both infrastructure and applications are fully declarative and can be provisioned automatically.
- Hybrid—Kubernetes can run locally, in any public cloud, or at the edge, providing additional flexibility for DevOps teams.
- Open—Kubernetes is an open source platform, supported by a large ecosystem of innovative services and tools.
- Deployments with no downtime—Kubernetes provides multiple deployment strategies, enabling DevOps teams to test and conduct experiments in production, for example, using blue/green or canary deployments.
- Immutability—containers can be stopped, deleted or re-deployed with minimal impact to the application. Servers become “cattle, not pets”.
Learn more in these detailed guides:
4 Kubernetes Deployment Strategies for DevOps Teams
Here are several ways DevOps teams can leverage Kubernetes to deploy dev, test, and production environments.
- Recreate deployment
All replicas of an existing deployment are deleted and replaced with new ones. There is some downtime between shutdown and restart of each container. This method is suitable for infrequently used applications and for applications that users do not want need 24/7 availability.
- Rolling update
By default, Kubernetes is updated in stages. After running the deploy command, Kubernetes starts replacing existing containers with new updates, deploying each new container at a time. This can be used both for software updates, and for rolling back an update and reverting to a previous version.
- Blue-green deployment
Blue-green deployments are not built into Kubernetes, but are easy to set up. The "blue" copy is the existing version and is replaced by the "green" copy which has a new software version.
To achieve blue-green deployment, first create a deployment, and roll out green replicas alongside the existing blue ones. While the green replicas are being deployed, the system will use additional resources, but this is only temporary. After deploying and testing green replicas, you need to route traffic from the "blue" to the "green" replicas. You can do that by using an external load balancer. Linkerd and similar tools can help you define how much traffic you want to route to the blue vs. the green deployment. - Canary Releases
This technique enables you to deploy a basic new version of the application for a fraction of its users. For example, 10% of users get the new version while the rest continue seeing the existing one. Once the version is tested on the initial 10%, it is released to a larger subset, and eventually pushed to the entire user base.
The main advantage of a canary release is that you can test your applications on real users in a production environment. However, to ensure the release maintains a positive user experience, you need to carefully plan in advance.
DevOps and Serverless
Serverless computing is an innovative way to deliver backend services. Serverless architecture allows users to write and deploy code without worrying about the infrastructure. There are still physical servers, but developers do not know about or interact with them.
Serverless architecture is commonly used to implement DevOps. Serverless makes it possible to build an efficient CI/CD pipeline, simply by declaring application requirements, with an on-demand pricing model. DevOps teams can implement an entire build, test, and deployment pipeline just by writing code and deploying it as serverless functions, with no hosted solutions.
Another advantage of serverless technology is that it makes updates easier. DevOps teams can introduce new versions of serverless services, while keeping existing instances running, and switch between services very easily. This makes it even easier to leverage canary and blue/green deployments, compared to a containerized approach.
Learn more in the in-depth guides:
The DevOps Toolset
DevOps teams see tooling as a means, not an end. DevOps unifies teams by automating and tracking functional processes from initial check-in of code to a repository, all the way to production deployment. To fully improve these processes, all stages of DevOps pipeline must be automated, controlled and monitored.
DevOps tools enable automation and control for planning, development, testing, deployment, operations and monitoring. In addition, some tools have a view of the entire DevOps pipeline, and can help orchestrate the entire process.
DevOps Tools Map
A wide range of tools are available for DevOps implementations and new tools are consistently being developed. Below are the most common types of tools that are included by DevOps teams and some examples of the specific tools in use.
|
Function |
Examples of Tools |
|
Automated deployment |
Spinnaker |
|
Public cloud platforms |
Amazon Web Services |
|
Containerization |
Docker |
|
Collaboration |
Slack |
|
Infrastructure as code |
Puppet |
|
Logging |
Fluentd |
|
Logging, monitoring and alerting |
Logstash |
|
Security |
Snyk |
|
CI/CD systems |
Codefresh |
|
Application Mapping Application mapping is a process that involves identifying and documenting the interactions between various software applications within an organization. |
AppDynamics |
|
Documentation tools These tools can create, manage, and update technical documentation, including system overviews, developer guides, API documentation, and more. |
Confluence |
Learn more about DevOps tools in our in-depth guides to:
DevOps Storage Automation with NetApp Cloud Volumes ONTAP
NetApp Cloud Volumes ONTAP, the leading enterprise-grade storage management solution, delivers secure, proven storage management services on AWS, Azure and Google Cloud. Cloud Volumes ONTAP supports up to a capacity of 2 PB, and supports various use cases such as file services, databases, DevOps or any other enterprise workload, with a strong set of features including high availability, data protection, storage efficiencies, Kubernetes integration, and more.
In particular, Cloud Volumes ONTAP provides Cloud Manager, a UI and APIs for management, automation and orchestration, supporting hybrid & multi-cloud architectures, and letting you treat pools of storage as one more element in your Infrastructure as Code setup.
Cloud Manager is completely API driven and is highly geared towards automating cloud operations. Cloud Volumes ONTAP and Cloud Manager deployment through infrastructure- as- code automation helps to address the DevOps challenges faced by organizations when it comes to configuring enterprise cloud storage solutions. When implementing infrastructure as code, Cloud Volumes ONTAP and Cloud Manager go hand in hand with Terraform to achieve the level of efficiency expected in large scale cloud storage deployments.
See Additional Guides About Key DevOps Topics
NetApp, together with several partner websites, has authored a large repository of content that can help you learn about many aspects of DevOps. Check out the articles below for objective, concise reviews of key DevOps topics.