CSS Generated Content Module Level 3

Editor’s Draft,

More details about this document
This version:
https://drafts.csswg.org/css-content-3/
Latest published version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/css-content-3/
Previous Versions:
Feedback:
CSSWG Issues Repository
Inline In Spec
Editors:
Elika J. Etemad / fantasai (W3C Invited Expert)
(BFO)
Former Editors:
(Hachette Livre)
(Opera Software)
(Google)
Suggest an Edit for this Spec:
GitHub Editor

Abstract

This CSS3 Module describes how to insert content in a document.

CSS is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents (such as HTML and XML) on screen, on paper, etc.

Status of this document

This is a public copy of the editors’ draft. It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress.

Please send feedback by filing issues in GitHub (preferred), including the spec code “css-content” in the title, like this: “[css-content] …summary of comment…”. All issues and comments are archived. Alternately, feedback can be sent to the (archived) public mailing list www-style@w3.org.

This document is governed by the 03 November 2023 W3C Process Document.

This is a very rough draft, and is not ready for implementation.

Introduction

Authors sometimes want user agents to render content that does not come from the document tree. One familiar example of this is numbered headings; the author does not want to mark the numbers up explicitly, they want the user agent to generate them automatically. Counters and markers are used to achieve these effects.

h1::before { content: counter(section) ": "; }

Similarly, authors may want the user agent to insert the word "Figure" before the caption of a figure, or "Chapter 7" on a line before the seventh chapter title.

chapter { counter-increment: chapter; }
chapter > title::before { content: "Chapter " counter(chapter) "\A"; }

Another common effect is replacing elements with images or other multimedia content. Since not all user agents support all multimedia formats, fallbacks may have to be provided.

/* Replace <logo> elements with the site’s logo, using a format
 * supported by the UA */
logo { content: url(logo.mov), url(logo.mng), url(logo.png), none; }

/* Replace <figure> elements with the referenced document, or,
 * failing that, with either the contents of the alt attribute or the
 * contents of the element itself if there is no alt attribute */
figure[alt] { content: attr(href url), attr(alt); }
figure:not([alt]) { content: attr(href url), contents; }

Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS2] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

1. Inserting and Replacing Content: the content property

Name: content
Value: normal | none | [ <content-replacement> | <content-list> ] [/ [ <string> | <counter> | <attr()> ]+ ]?
Initial: normal
Applies to: all elements, tree-abiding pseudo-elements, and page margin boxes
Inherited: no
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: See prose below
Canonical order: per grammar
Animation type: discrete

User agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.

The content property dictates what is rendered inside an element or pseudo-element.

For elements, it has only one purpose: specifying that the element renders as normal, or replacing the element with an image (and possibly some associated "alt text").

For pseudo-elements and margin boxes, it is more powerful. It controls whether the element renders at all, can replace the element with an image, or replace it with arbitrary inline content (text and images).

normal
For an element or page margin box, this computes to contents.

For ::before and ::after, this computes to none.

For ::marker, ::placeholder, and ::file-selector-button, this computes to itself (normal).

none
On elements, this behaves as normal.

On pseudo-elements it inhibits the creation of the pseudo-element as if it had display: none.

In neither case does it prevent any pseudo-elements which have this element or pseudo-element as an originating element from being generated.

<content-replacement>
Equal to:
<image>

Makes the element or pseudo-element a replaced element, filled with the specified <image>. Its normal contents are suppressed and do not generate boxes, as if they were display: none.

If the <image> represents an invalid image, then it must be treated as instead representing an image with zero natural width and height, filled with transparent black.

The above invalid image behavior appears to be what Chrome is doing. Is this okay? Is there a better behavior we can/should use?

Note: Replaced elements use different layout rules than normal elements. (In effect, it becomes equivalent to an HTML img element.)

Note: Replaced elements do not have ::before or ::after pseudo-elements; the content property replaces their entire contents.

This value has historically been treated as <content-list> on ::before and ::after. Presumably there’s a Web-compat requirement on this, so these pseudo-elements might need an exception. [Issue #2889]

<content-list>
Replaces the element’s contents with one or more anonymous inline boxes corresponding to the specified values, in the order specified. Its normal contents are suppressed and do not generate boxes, as if they were display: none.

Each value contributes an inline box to the element’s contents. For <image>, this is an inline anonymous replaced element; for the others, it’s an anonymous inline run of text.

If an <image> represents an invalid image, the user agent must do one of the following:

  • "Skip" the <image>, generating nothing for it.

  • Display some indication that the image can’t be displayed in place of the <image>, such as a "broken image" icon.

This specification intentionally does not define which behavior a user agent must use, but it must use one or the other consistently.

Note: If the value of <content-list> is a single <image>, it must instead be interpreted as a <content-replacement>.

/ [ <string> | <counter> | <attr()> ]+
Specifies the "alt text" for the element. See § 1.2 Alternative Text for Accessibility for details. If omitted, the element has no "alt text".

Should the contents keyword be replaced with content()?

1.1. Accessibility of Generated Content

Generated content should be searchable, selectable, and available to assistive technologies. The content property applies to speech and generated content must be rendered for speech output. [CSS3-SPEECH]

Start work on an AAM for CSS.

1.2. Alternative Text for Accessibility

Content intended for visual media sometimes needs alternative text for speech output or other non-visual mediums. The content property thus accepts alternative text to be specified after a slash (/) after the last <content-list>. If such alternative text is provided, it must be used for speech output instead.

This allows, for example, purely decorative text to be elided in speech output (by providing the empty string as alternative text), and allows authors to provide more readable alternatives to images, icons, or text-encoded symbols.

Here the content property is an image, so the alt value is required to provide alternative text.
.new::before {
 content: url(./img/star.png) / "New!";
  /* or a localized attribute from the DOM: attr("data-alt") */
}
If the pseudo-element is purely decorative and its function is covered elsewhere, setting alt to the empty string can avoid reading out the decorative element. Here the ARIA attribute will be spoken as "collapsed". Without the empty string alt value, the content would also be spoken as "Black right-pointing pointer".
.expandable::before {
 content: "\25BA" / "";
/* a.k.a. ► */
 /* aria-expanded="false" already in DOM,
   so this pseudo-element is decorative */
}

2. Generated Content Values: the <content-list> type

The <content-list> value is used in content to fill an element with one or more anonymous inline boxes, including images, strings, the values of counters, and the text value of elements. In this section we enumerate the possibilities.

The syntax of <content-list> is defined as:

<content-list> = [ <string> | <image> | <attr()> | contents | <quote> | <leader()> | <target> | <string()> | <content()> | <counter> ]+

2.1. Basic Strings: <string> and <attr()> values

<string>
Represents an anonymous inline box filled with the specified text.

Note: White space in the string is handled the same as in literal text, and controlled by the properties in [CSS-TEXT-3] and elsewhere. In particular, white space character can collapse, even across multiple strings, such as in content: "First " " Second";, which by default will render similar to "First Second" (with a single visible space between the two words).

<attr()>
The attr() functional notation represents the string stored as the specified attribute’s value. Its argument is a CSS qualified name (qname) representing the attribute name and namespace, if any. See [CSS3-NAMESPACE].

Note: As in attribute selectors, attribute names without an explicit namespace do not associate with any default namespace.

2.2. 2D Images: <image> values

<image>
Represents an anonymous inline replaced element filled with the specified <image>.

If the <image> represents an invalid image, this value instead represents nothing. (No inline content is added to the element, as if this value were "skipped".)

CSS2.1 explicitly allowed the UA to substitute a broken image icon if the image was invalid. However, no browser appears to do this. Is this removal okay?

2.3. Elemental Content: the contents keyword

contents
The element’s descendants. Since this can only be used once per element (you can’t duplicate the children if, e.g., one is a plugin or form control), it is handled as follows:
If set on the element:

Always honoured. Note that this is the default, since the initial value of content is normal and normal computes to contents on an element.

If set on one of the element’s other pseudo-elements:

Check to see that it is not set on a "previous" pseudo-element, in the following order, depth first:

  1. the element itself

  2. ::before

  3. ::after

Should this behave as an empty string on pseudo-elements?

If it is already used, then it evaluates to nothing (like none). Only pseudo-elements that are actually generated are checked.

In the following case:
foo { content: normal; }  /* this is the initial value */
foo::after { content: contents; }

...the element’s content property would compute to contents and the after pseudo element would have no contents (equivalent to none) and thus would not appear.

foo { content: none; }
foo::after { content: contents; }

But in this example, the ::after pseudo-element will contain the contents of the foo element.

Use cases for suppressing the content on the element and using it in a pseudo-element would be welcome.

Note: While it is useless to include contents twice in a single content property, that is not a parse error. The second occurrence simply has no effect, as it has already been used. It is also not a parse error to use it on a ::marker pseudo-element, it is only during the rendering stage that it gets treated like none.

Do we need the statement about marker pseudo-elements here? Or is this legacy from the old version of the spec?

2.4. Quotation Marks

The quotes property, which defines the quotation mark system of an element, in conjunction with the various *-quote values of the content property, which insert corresponding quotation marks as generated content, can be used to automatically insert opening and closing quotation marks, such as for the HTML q element.

2.4.1. Quotation Mark System: the quotes property

Name: quotes
Value: auto | none | match-parent | [ <string> <string> ]+
Initial: auto
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: the keyword none, the keyword auto or match-parent, or a list, each item a pair of string values
Canonical order: per grammar
Animation type: discrete

User agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.

This property specifies the quotation mark system for the element, defining how the content property’s open-quote and close-quote values behave. See § 2.4.2 Inserting Quotation Marks: the *-quote keywords. Values have the following meanings:

none
The open-quote and close-quote values of the content property produce no quotations marks, as if they were no-open-quote and no-close-quote respectively.
auto
A typographically appropriate quotation mark system is automatically chosen by the UA based on the content language of the parent (or, if there is no parent, of the element itself).

Note: The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository [CLDR] maintains information on typographically appropriate quotation marks. UAs can use other sources of information as well, particularly as typographic preferences can vary; however it is encouraged to submit any improvements to Unicode so that the entire software ecosystem can benefit.

match-parent
Specifies the same quotation mark system as the parent. In general this is equivalent to inheriting the parent’s computed value, except that auto it resolves using the same content language that the parent used.

Two possible approaches here, currently speccing the latter: a) this computes to the relevant string values, and inherits as such. b) this value effectively inherits as a keyword + a language code, meaning auto, but with this language.

[ <string> <string> ]+
The quotation mark system is defined as the specified list of pairs of quotation marks (opening and closing). The first pair represents the outermost level of quotation, the second pair the next level of embedding, etc. Within a pair, the open-quote value refers to the first <string>, close-quote refers to the second.

2.4.2. Inserting Quotation Marks: the *-quote keywords

<quote> = open-quote | close-quote | no-open-quote | no-close-quote
open-quote
close-quote
These values are replaced by the appropriate string as defined by the quotes property, and increments (for no-open-quote) or decrements (for no-close-quote) the level of nesting for quotes.
no-open-quote
no-close-quote
Inserts nothing (as in none), but increments (for no-open-quote) or decrements (for no-close-quote) the level of nesting for quotes.

Quotation marks can be inserted in appropriate places in a document with the open-quote and close-quote values of the content property. Each occurrence of open-quote or close-quote is replaced by a quotation mark string as defined by the quotation mark system specified by the quotes property, based on the depth of nesting.

Which pair of quotes is used depends on the nesting level of quotes (the quote depth): the number of occurrences of open-quote in all generated text before the current occurrence, minus the number of occurrences of close-quote in all generated text before and including the current occurence. If the depth is 0, the first pair is used, if the depth is 1, the second pair is used, etc. If the depth is greater than the number of pairs, the last pair is repeated.

Note: Quote depth is independent of the nesting of the source document or the formatting structure. Also, like counter inheritance, it operates on the “flattened element tree” in the context of the [DOM].

A close-quote or no-close-quote that would make the quote depth negative is in error and is ignored (at rendering time): the depth stays at 0 and no quote mark is inserted (although the rest of the content property’s value is still inserted).

Some typographic styles require open quotation marks to be repeated before every paragraph of a quote spanning several paragraphs, but only the last paragraph ends with a closing quotation mark. In CSS, this can be achieved by inserting "phantom" closing quotes. The keyword no-close-quote decrements the quoting level, but does not insert a quotation mark.

The following style sheet puts opening quotation marks on every paragraph in a blockquote, and inserts a single closing quote at the end:

blockquote p::before { content: open-quote }
blockquote p::after { content: no-close-quote }
blockquote p:last-child::after { content: close-quote }

For symmetry, there is also a no-open-quote keyword, which inserts nothing, but increments the quotation depth by one.

Note: If a quotation is in a different language than the surrounding text, it is customary to quote the text with the quote marks of the language of the surrounding text, not the language of the quotation itself.

For example, French inside English:
The device of the order of the garter is “Honi soit qui mal y pense.”

English inside French:

Il disait: « Il faut mettre l’action en ‹ fast forward ›. »

A style sheet like the following will set the quotes property so that open-quote and close-quote will work correctly on all elements. These rules are for documents that contain only English, French, or both. One rule is needed for every additional language. Note the use of the child combinator (">") to set quotes on elements based on the language of the surrounding text:

:lang(fr) > * { quotes: "\00AB\2005" "\2005\00BB" "\2039\2005" "\2005\203A" }
:lang(en) > * { quotes: "\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019" }

The quotation marks are shown here in a form that most people will be able to type. If you can type them directly, they will look like this:

:lang(fr) > * { quotes: "« " " »" "‹ " " ›" }
:lang(en) > * { quotes: "“" "”" "‘" "’" }
For example, applying the following style sheet:
/* Specify pairs of quotes for two levels in two languages */
:lang(en) > q { quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'" }
:lang(no) > q { quotes: "«" "»" "’" "’" }

/* Insert quotes before and after Q element content */
q::before { content: open-quote }
q::after  { content: close-quote }

to the following HTML fragment:

<html lang="en">
  <head>
   <title>Quotes</title>
  </head>
  <body>
   <p><q>Quote me!</q></p>
  </body>
</html>

would allow a user agent to produce:

"Quote me!"

while this HTML fragment:

<html lang="no">
  <head>
   <title>Quotes</title>
  </head>
  <body>
   <p><q>Trøndere gråter når <q>Vinsjan på kaia</q> blir deklamert.</q></p>
  </body>
</html>

would produce:

«Trøndere gråter når ’Vinsjan på kaia’ blir deklamert.»

2.5. Leaders

A leader, sometimes known as a tab leader or a dot leader, is a repeating pattern used to visually connect content across horizontal spaces. They are most commonly used in tables of contents, between titles and page numbers. The leader() function, as a value for the content property, is used to create leaders in CSS. This function takes a string (the leader string), which describes the repeating pattern for the leader.

2.5.1. The leader() function

leader( <leader-type> )
Inserts a leader. See the section on leaders for more information.
leader() = leader( <leader-type> )
<leader-type> = dotted | solid | space | <string>

Three keywords are shorthand values for common strings:

dotted
Equivalent to leader(".")
solid
Equivalent to leader("_")
space
Equivalent to leader(" ")
<string>
Issue: Define this.
ol.toc a::after {
  content: leader('.') target-counter(attr(href), page);
}

<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#chapter1">Loomings</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter2">The Carpet-Bag</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter3">The Spouter-Inn</a></li>
</ol>

This might result in:

Table of Contents

1. Loomings.....................1
2. The Carpet-Bag...............9
3. The Spouter-Inn.............13

Do leaders depend on the assumption that the content after the leader is right-aligned (end-aligned)?

2.5.2. Rendering leaders

Consider a line which contains the content before the leader (the “before content”), the leader, and the content after the leader (the “after content”). Leaders obey the following rules:

  1. The leader string must appear in full at least once.

  2. The leader should be as long as possible

  3. Visible characters in leaders should vertically align with each other when possible.

  4. Line break characters in the leader string must be ignored.

  5. White space in the leader string follows normal CSS rules.

  6. A leader only appears between the start content and the end content.

  7. A leader only appears on a single line, even if the before content and after content are on different lines.

  8. A leader can’t be the only thing on a line.

2.5.3. Procedure for rendering leaders

  1. Lay out the before content, until reaching the line where the before content ends.

    BBBBBBBBBB
    BBB
    
  2. The leader string consists of one or more glyphs, and is thus an inline box. A leader is a row of these boxes, drawn from the end edge to the start edge, where only those boxes not overlaid by the before or after content. On this line, draw the leader string, starting from the end edge, repeating as many times as possible until reaching the start edge.

    BBBBBBBBBB
    ..........
    
  3. Draw the before and after content on top of the leader. If any part of the before content or after content overlaps a glyph in a leader string box, that glyph is not displayed.

    BBBBBBBBBB
    BBB....AAA
    
  4. If one full copy of the leader string is not visible:

    BBBBBBB
    BBBBBBA
    

    Insert a line break after the before content, draw the leader on the next line, and draw the after content on top, and hide any leader strings that are not fully displayed.

    BBBBBBB
    BBBBBB
    ......A
    

what to do if after content is wider than the line box?

Leaders don’t quite work in table layouts. How can we fix this?

drawing leaders
Procedure for drawing leaders
drawing leaders
Procedure for drawing leaders when the content doesn’t fit on a single line

2.6. Cross References

Many documents contain internal references:

Three new values for the content property are used to automatically create these types of cross-references: target-counter(), target-counters(), and target-text(). Each of these displays information obtained from the target end of a link.

<target> = <target-counter()> | <target-counters()> | <target-text()>

See sections below for details on each of these.

2.6.1. The target-counter() function

target-counter() = target-counter( [ <string> | <url> ] , <custom-ident> , <counter-style>? )

The target-counter() function retrieves the value of the innermost counter with a given name. The required arguments are the url of the target and the name of the counter. An optional counter-style argument can be used to format the result.

These functions only take a fragment URL which points to a location in the current document. If there’s no fragment, if the ID referenced isn’t there, or if the URL points to an outside document, the user agent must treat that as an error.

what should error handling be?

restrict syntactically to local references for now.

HTML:
…which will be discussed on page <a href="#chapter4_sec2"></a>.

CSS:

a::after { content: target-counter(attr(href url), page) }

Result:

…which will be discussed on page 137.
Page numbers in tables of contents can be generated automatically:

HTML:

<nav>
  <ol>
   <li class="frontmatter"><a href="#pref_01">Preface</a></li>
   <li class="frontmatter"><a href="#intr_01">Introduction</a></li>
   <li class="bodymatter"><a href="#chap_01">Chapter One</a></li>
  </ol>
</nav>

CSS:

.frontmatter a::after { content: leader('.') target-counter(attr(href url), page, lower-roman) }
.bodymatter a::after { content: leader('.') target-counter(attr(href url), page, decimal) }

Result:

Preface.............vii
Introduction.........xi
Chapter One...........1

2.6.2. The target-counters() function

This functions fetches the value of all counters of a given name from the end of a link, and formats them by inserting a given string between the value of each nested counter.

target-counters() = target-counters( [ <string> | <url> ] , <custom-ident> , <string> , <counter-style>? )
I have not found a compelling example for target-counters() yet.

found a compelling example, in CSS specs. Do something.

2.6.3. The target-text() function

The target-text() function retrieves the text value of the element referred to by the URL. An optional second argument specifies what content is retrieved, using the same values as the string-set property above.

target-text() = target-text( [ <string> | <url> ] , [ content | before | after | first-letter ]? )

A simpler syntax has been proposed by fantasai: http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2012Feb/0745.html

…which will be discussed <a href="#chapter_h1_1">later</a>.

a::after { content: ", in the chapter entitled " target-text(attr(href url)) }

Result: …which will be discussed later, in the chapter entitled Loomings.

2.7. Named Strings

This section introduces named strings, which are the textual equivalent of counters and which have a distinct namespace from counters. Named strings follow the same nesting rules as counters. The string-set property accepts values similar to the content property, including the extraction of the current value of counters.

Named strings are a convenient way to pull metadata out of the document for insertion into headers and footers. In HTML, for example, META elements contained in the document HEAD can set the value of named strings. In conjunction with attribute selectors, this can be a powerful mechanism:

meta[author] { string-set: author attr(author); }
head > title { string-set: title contents; }
@page:left {
  @top {
   text-align: left;
   vertical-align: middle;
   content: string(title);
  }
}
@page:right {
  @top {
   text-align: right;
   vertical-align: middle;
   content: string(author);
  }
}

2.7.1. Naming Strings: the string-set property

Name: string-set
Value: none | [ <custom-ident> <string>+ ]#
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements, but not pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: the keyword none or a list, each item an identifier paired with a list of string values
Canonical order: per grammar
Animation type: discrete

User agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.

The string-set property copies the text content of an element into a named string, which functions as a variable. The text content of this named string can be retrieved using the string() function. Since these variables may change on a given page, an optional second value for the string() function allows authors to choose which value on a page is used.

none
The element does not set any named strings.
[ <custom-ident> <string>+ ]#
The element establishes one or more named strings, corresponding to each comma-separated entry in the list.

For each entry, the <custom-ident> gives the name of the named string. It’s followed by one or more <string> values, which are concatenated together to form the value of the named string.

If an element has style containment, the string-set property must have no effects on descendants of that element.

The following example captures the contents of H1 elements, which represent chapter names in this hypothetical document.
H1 { string-set: chapter contents; }

When an H1 element is encountered, the chapter string is set to the element’s textual contents, and the previous value of chapter, if any, is overwritten.

2.7.2. Inserting Named Strings: the string() function

string() = string( <custom-ident> , [ first | start | last | first-except ]? )

The string() function is used to copy the value of a named string to the document, via the content property. This function requires one argument, the name of the named string. Since the value of a named string may change several times on a page (as multiple elements defining the string can appear) an optional second argument indicates which value of the named string should be used.

The second argument of the string() function is one of the following keywords:

first
The value of the first assignment on the page is used. If there is no assignment on the page, the entry value is used. If no second argument is provided, this is the default value.
start
If the element is the first element on the page, the value of the first assignment is used. Otherwise the entry value is used. The entry value may be empty if the named string hasn’t yet appeared.
last
The exit value of the named string is used.
first-except
This is identical to first, except that the empty string is used on the page where the value is assigned.

we may need to kill the entire content string. Is this necessary?

The content values of named strings are assigned at the point when the content box of the element is first created (or would have been created if the element’s display value is none). The entry value for a page is the assignment in effect at the end of the previous page. The exit value for a page is the assignment in effect at the end of the current page.

CSS:
@page {
  size: 15cm 10cm;
  margin: 1.5cm;

  @top-left {
  content: "first: " string(heading, first);
  }
  @top-center {
  content: "start: " string(heading, start);
  }
   @top-right {
   content: "last: " string(heading, last);
  }
  }

h2 { string-set: heading content() }

The following figures show the first, start, and last assignments of the “heading” string on various pages.

The start value is empty, as the string had not yet been set at the start of the page.
Since the page starts with an h2, the start value is the value of that head.
Since there’s not an h2 at the top of this page, the start value is the exit value of the previous page.

2.7.3. The content() function

content() = content( [ text | before | after | first-letter | marker ]? )
text
The string value of the element. If no value is specified in content(), it acts as if text were specified.
before
The string value of the ::before pseudo-element.
after
The string value of the ::after pseudo-element.
first-letter
The first letter of the element, as defined for the ::first-letter pseudo-element
marker
The string value of the ::marker pseudo-element.
HTML:
<h1>Loomings</h1>

CSS:

h1::before { content: 'Chapter ' counter(chapter); }
h1 { string-set: header content(before) ':' content(text); }
h1::after { content: '.'; }

The value of the named string “header” will be “Chapter 1: Loomings”.

HTML:
<section title="Loomings">

CSS:

section { string-set: header attr(title) }

The value of the “header” string will be “Loomings”.

2.8. Automatic Counters and Numbering

See CSS Lists 3 § 4 Automatic Numbering With Counters.

Should this move back to CSS Content?

3. Bookmarks

Some document formats, most notably PDF, allow the use of bookmarks as an aid to navigation. Bookmarks provide a list of links to document elements, as well as text to label the links and a level value. A bookmark has three properties: bookmark-level, bookmark-label, and bookmark-state.

When a user activates a bookmark, the user agent must bring that reference point to the user’s attention, exactly as if navigating to that element by fragment URL. This will also trigger matching the :target pseudo-class.

If an element has style containment, the bookmark-level, bookmark-label, and bookmark-state properties must have no effect on descendants of the element.

3.1. Setting a Bookmark: the bookmark-level property

The bookmark-level property determines if a bookmark is created, and at what level. If this property is absent, or has value none, no bookmark should be generated, regardless of the values of bookmark-label or bookmark-state.

Name: bookmark-level
Value: none | <integer [1,∞]>
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: the keyword none or the specified integer
Canonical order: per grammar
Animation type: by computed value type
<integer [1,∞]>
defines the level of the bookmark, with the top level being 1 (negative and zero values are invalid).
none
no bookmark is generated.
section h1 { bookmark-level: 1; }
section section h1 { bookmark-level: 2; }
section section section h1 { bookmark-level: 3; }

Note: Bookmarks do not need to create a strict hierarchy of levels.

Should a bookmark be created for elements with display: none?

3.2. Labelling a Bookmark: the bookmark-label property

Name: bookmark-label
Value: <content-list>
Initial: content(text)
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: specified value
Canonical order: per grammar
Animation type: discrete
<content-list>
<content-list> is defined above, in the section on the string-set property. The value of <content-list> becomes the text content of the bookmark label.
HTML:
<h1>Loomings</h1>

CSS:

h1 {
bookmark-label: content(text);
bookmark-level: 1;
}

The bookmark label will be “Loomings”.

3.3. Initial Bookmark Toggle State: the bookmark-state property

The bookmark-state may be open or closed. The user must be able to toggle the bookmark state.

Name: bookmark-state
Value: open | closed
Initial: open
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: specified keyword
Canonical order: per grammar
Animation type: discrete
open
Subsequent bookmarks with bookmark-level greater than the given bookmark are displayed, until reaching another bookmark of the same level or lower. If one of subsequent bookmark is closed, apply the same test to determine if its subsequent bookmarks should be displayed.
closed
Subsequent bookmarks of bookmark-level greater than the given bookmark are not displayed, until reaching another bookmark of the same level or lower.

Is the initial bookmark state, or the bookmark state updated by the UA as appropriate?

4. Changes

Significant changes since the 2 August 2019 Working Draft consist primarily of:

See also previous changes.

Acknowledgements

Stuart Ballard, David Baron, Bert Bos, Tantek Çelik, and James Craig provided invaluable suggestions used in this specification.

Privacy Considerations

No new privacy considerations have been reported on this specification.

Security Considerations

No new security considerations have been reported on this specification.

Conformance

Document conventions

Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification.

All of the text of this specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. [RFC2119]

Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for example” or are set apart from the normative text with class="example", like this:

This is an example of an informative example.

Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from the normative text with class="note", like this:

Note, this is an informative note.

Advisements are normative sections styled to evoke special attention and are set apart from other normative text with <strong class="advisement">, like this: UAs MUST provide an accessible alternative.

Tests

Tests relating to the content of this specification may be documented in “Tests” blocks like this one. Any such block is non-normative.


Conformance classes

Conformance to this specification is defined for three conformance classes:

style sheet
A CSS style sheet.
renderer
A UA that interprets the semantics of a style sheet and renders documents that use them.
authoring tool
A UA that writes a style sheet.

A style sheet is conformant to this specification if all of its statements that use syntax defined in this module are valid according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature defined in this module.

A renderer is conformant to this specification if, in addition to interpreting the style sheet as defined by the appropriate specifications, it supports all the features defined by this specification by parsing them correctly and rendering the document accordingly. However, the inability of a UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not required to render color on a monochrome monitor.)

An authoring tool is conformant to this specification if it writes style sheets that are syntactically correct according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature in this module, and meet all other conformance requirements of style sheets as described in this module.

Partial implementations

So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to assign fallback values, CSS renderers must treat as invalid (and ignore as appropriate) any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and other syntactic constructs for which they have no usable level of support. In particular, user agents must not selectively ignore unsupported component values and honor supported values in a single multi-value property declaration: if any value is considered invalid (as unsupported values must be), CSS requires that the entire declaration be ignored.

Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features

To avoid clashes with future stable CSS features, the CSSWG recommends following best practices for the implementation of unstable features and proprietary extensions to CSS.

Non-experimental implementations

Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage, non-experimental implementations are possible, and implementors should release an unprefixed implementation of any CR-level feature they can demonstrate to be correctly implemented according to spec.

To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental CSS renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before releasing an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases submitted to W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS Working Group.

Further information on submitting testcases and implementation reports can be found from on the CSS Working Group’s website at http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/. Questions should be directed to the public-css-testsuite@w3.org mailing list.

Index

Terms defined by this specification

Terms defined by reference

References

Normative References

[CSS-CASCADE-5]
Elika Etemad; Miriam Suzanne; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 5. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-5/
[CSS-CONTAIN-2]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Florian Rivoal; Vladimir Levin. CSS Containment Module Level 2. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-contain-2/
[CSS-COUNTER-STYLES-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Counter Styles Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-counter-styles/
[CSS-DISPLAY-4]
CSS Display Module Level 4. Editor's Draft. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-display-4/
[CSS-IMAGES-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad; Lea Verou. CSS Images Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-images-3/
[CSS-IMAGES-4]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad; Lea Verou. CSS Images Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-images-4/
[CSS-LISTS-3]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Lists and Counters Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-lists-3/
[CSS-PSEUDO-4]
Daniel Glazman; Elika Etemad; Alan Stearns. CSS Pseudo-Elements Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-pseudo-4/
[CSS-TEXT-4]
Elika Etemad; et al. CSS Text Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text-4/
[CSS-VALUES-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Values and Units Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/
[CSS-VALUES-4]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Values and Units Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/
[CSS-VALUES-5]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad; Miriam Suzanne. CSS Values and Units Module Level 5. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-5/
[CSS2]
Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/
[CSS3-NAMESPACE]
Elika Etemad. CSS Namespaces Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-namespaces/
[CSS3-SPEECH]
Léonie Watson; Elika Etemad. CSS Speech Module Level 1. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-speech-1/
[HTML]
Anne van Kesteren; et al. HTML Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
[RFC2119]
S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2119
[SELECTORS-4]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. Selectors Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors/

Informative References

[CLDR]
Unicode Common Locale Data Repository. URL: https://cldr.unicode.org/
[CSS-TEXT-3]
Elika Etemad; Koji Ishii; Florian Rivoal. CSS Text Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text-3/
[DOM]
Anne van Kesteren. DOM Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/

Property Index

Name Value Initial Applies to Inh. %ages Anim­ation type Canonical order Com­puted value
bookmark-label <content-list> content(text) all elements no N/A discrete per grammar specified value
bookmark-level none | <integer [1,∞]> none all elements no N/A by computed value type per grammar the keyword none or the specified integer
bookmark-state open | closed open block-level elements no N/A discrete per grammar specified keyword
content normal | none | [ <content-replacement> | <content-list> ] [/ [ <string> | <counter> | <attr()> ]+ ]? normal all elements, tree-abiding pseudo-elements, and page margin boxes no n/a discrete per grammar See prose below
quotes auto | none | match-parent | [ <string> <string> ]+ auto all elements yes n/a discrete per grammar the keyword none, the keyword auto or match-parent, or a list, each item a pair of string values
string-set none | [ <custom-ident> <string>+ ]# none all elements, but not pseudo-elements no N/A discrete per grammar the keyword none or a list, each item an identifier paired with a list of string values

Issues Index

The above invalid image behavior appears to be what Chrome is doing. Is this okay? Is there a better behavior we can/should use?
This value has historically been treated as <content-list> on ::before and ::after. Presumably there’s a Web-compat requirement on this, so these pseudo-elements might need an exception. [Issue #2889]
Should the contents keyword be replaced with content()?
Start work on an AAM for CSS.
CSS2.1 explicitly allowed the UA to substitute a broken image icon if the image was invalid. However, no browser appears to do this. Is this removal okay?
Should this behave as an empty string on pseudo-elements?
Use cases for suppressing the content on the element and using it in a pseudo-element would be welcome.
Do we need the statement about marker pseudo-elements here? Or is this legacy from the old version of the spec?
Two possible approaches here, currently speccing the latter: a) this computes to the relevant string values, and inherits as such. b) this value effectively inherits as a keyword + a language code, meaning auto, but with this language.
Do leaders depend on the assumption that the content after the leader is right-aligned (end-aligned)?
what to do if after content is wider than the line box?
Leaders don’t quite work in table layouts. How can we fix this?
what should error handling be?
restrict syntactically to local references for now.
found a compelling example, in CSS specs. Do something.
A simpler syntax has been proposed by fantasai: http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2012Feb/0745.html
we may need to kill the entire content string. Is this necessary?
Should this move back to CSS Content?
Should a bookmark be created for elements with display: none?
Is the initial bookmark state, or the bookmark state updated by the UA as appropriate?
MDN

content

In all current engines.

Firefox1+Safari1+Chrome1+
Opera4+Edge79+
Edge (Legacy)12+IE8+
Firefox for Android?iOS Safari?Chrome for Android?Android WebView?Samsung Internet?Opera Mobile10.1+
MDN

quotes

In all current engines.

Firefox1.5+Safari9+Chrome11+
Opera4+Edge79+
Edge (Legacy)12+IE8+
Firefox for Android?iOS Safari?Chrome for Android?Android WebView37+Samsung Internet?Opera Mobile?