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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
{{PIE root|la|(s)pend}}
{{root|la|ine-pro|*(s)pend-}}
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*pendēō}}, from {{inh|la|ine-pro||*(s)pn̥d-éh₁ye-ti}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*(s)pend-||stretch, pull, draw}}.
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*pendēō}}, from earlier ''*pendējō'', from {{inh|la|ine-pro||*(s)pn̥d-éh₁ye-ti}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*(s)pend-|t=to stretch, pull, draw}}. Related to {{m|la|pendō}}, {{m|la|pondus}}.<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|page=457|head=pendō, -ere (> Derivatives > (2) pendēre)}}</ref>


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|pendeō}}
* {{la-IPA|pendeō}}
* {{audio|la-cls-pendeo.ogg|Audio (Classical)|lang=la}}


===Verb===
===Verb===
{{la-verb|pendeō|pendēre|pependī|conj=2|pattern=nopass}}
{{la-verb|2.nopass|pendeō|pepend}} {{tlb|la|intransitive}}


# I [[hang]] (down), I am [[suspended]]; [[hover]], [[overhang]], [[float]].
# to [[hang]] (down), to be [[suspended]]; [[hover]], [[overhang]], [[float]]
#: {{syn|la|haereō}}
⚫
# I [[hang about]], [[loiter]], [[tarry]], [[linger]].
#* {{Q|la|Virgil|Aeneid|4|88-89|quote=[...] '''pendent''' opera interrupta, minaeque<br/>mūrōrum ingentēs aequātaque māchina caelō.|trans=[...] Works are interrupted — [pieces] '''hang''' [in mid-air] — [for] the massive battlements of walls and machines level with the sky.<br/>(Cranes, hoists, and scaffolds sit idle — construction of Carthage halts — because the queen has become so distracted: The work is both literally and figuratively “suspended.”)}}
# I hang down; I am [[weak]] or without strength; [[sag]], [[droop]].
⚫
# to [[hang about]], [[loiter]], [[tarry]], [[linger]]
⚫
# I [[weigh]].
# to be [[put]] in [[public]], [[exposed]] for [[sale]]
# I have weight or [[value]].
#: {{syn|la|liceō}}
# I [[rest]] or [[depend]] upon.
# I hang upon a person's words; [[listen]] attentively to.
# to hang down; to be [[weak]] or without strength; [[sag]], [[droop]]
⚫
# to [[weigh]]
⚫
# I am suspended, [[interrupted]] or [[discontinued]].
# I am ready to [[fall]], hang suspended.
# to have weight or [[value]]
# I am [[uncertain]], [[perplexed]] or in [[suspense]].
# to [[rest]] or [[depend]] upon
#* {{Q|la|Ovid|Fasti|3|680|quote='''pendet''' ab officiō spēs mihi magna tuō.|trans=''A great hope of mine '''hangs''' on what you can do for me.'' (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)}}
# to [[hang]] upon a person's words; [[listen]] attentively to
#* {{Q|la|Virgil|Aeneid|4|79|quote=[...] '''pendet'''que iterum nārrantis ab ōre.|trans=[...] and once again [Dido] '''hangs''' on [Aeneas’s] lips [with every] retelling [of his story].}}
⚫
# to be suspended, [[interrupted]] or [[discontinued]]
# to be ready to [[fall]], hang suspended
# to be [[uncertain]], [[perplexed]] or in [[suspense]], [[waver]]
#: {{syn|la|errō|dubitō|fluitō|vagor}}
#: {{ant|la|cōnstō}}


====Inflection====
====Conjugation====
{{la-conj-2nd|type=nopass|pend|pepend}}
{{la-conj|2.nopass|pendeō|pepend}}


====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
{{der4
{{der4
|circumpendeō
|la|circumpendeō
|dēpendeō
|dēpendeō
|impendeō
|impendeō
Line 35: Line 42:
|praependeō
|praependeō
|prōpendeō
|prōpendeō
}}
|lang=la}}


====Related terms====
====Related terms====
Line 42: Line 49:
====Descendants====
====Descendants====
{{top3}}
{{top3}}
⚫
* {{desc|ca|penjar}}
* {{desc|dlm|piandar}}
* {{desc|dlm|piandar}}
* {{desc|en|pend}}, {{l|en|depend}}, {{l|en|suspend}}, {{l|en|pendant}}, {{l|en|pendulum}}
⚫
* {{desc|fr|pendre}}
* {{desc|fur|pendâ}}
* {{desc|fur|pendâ}}
⚫
* {{desc|gl|pender}}
* {{desc|it|pendere}}
* {{desc|it|pendere}}
* {{desc|oc|penjar}}
* {{desctree|fro|pendre}}
* {{desc|pt|pender}}
* {{desc|pt|pender}}
* {{desc|rm|pender}}
* {{desc|rm|pender}}
* {{desc|sc|pendhere}}, {{l|sc|pendiri}}, {{l|sc|pennere}}
* {{desc|sc|pendhere|pendiri|pennere}}
* {{desc|scn|pènniri}}
* {{desc|es|pender}}
* {{desc|es|pender}}
* {{desc|VL.|*pendicāre|der=1}}
⚫
** {{desc|ca|penjar}}
** {{desc|gl|pingar}}
** {{desc|oc|penjar}}
** {{desc|pt|pingar}}
** {{desc|es|pingar}}
{{bottom}}
{{bottom}}


===References===
===References===
<references />

===Further reading===
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:la:Olivetti|lemma=PENDEO100}}
* {{R:Gaffiot}}
* {{R:Gaffiot}}
* {{R:M&A}}
* {{R:M&A}}
* {{R:ine:IEW|vol=III|page=988}}
* {{R:ine:IEW|page=988}}

{{cln|la|reduplicative verbs}}

Latest revision as of 03:07, 17 November 2024

Latin

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Etymology

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From Proto-Italic *pendēō, from earlier *pendējō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pn̥d-éh₁ye-ti, from *(s)pend- (“to stretch, pull, draw”). Related to pendō, pondus.[1]

Pronunciation

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Verb

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pendeō (present infinitive pendēre, perfect active pependī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem (intransitive)

  1. to hang (down), to be suspended; hover, overhang, float
    Synonym: haereō
    • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.88-89:
      [...] pendent opera interrupta, minaeque
      mūrōrum ingentēs aequātaque māchina caelō.
      [...] Works are interrupted — [pieces] hang [in mid-air] — [for] the massive battlements of walls and machines level with the sky.
      (Cranes, hoists, and scaffolds sit idle — construction of Carthage halts — because the queen has become so distracted: The work is both literally and figuratively “suspended.”)
  2. to hang about, loiter, tarry, linger
  3. to be put in public, exposed for sale
    Synonym: liceō
  4. to hang down; to be weak or without strength; sag, droop
  5. to weigh
  6. to have weight or value
  7. to rest or depend upon
    • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.680:
      pendet ab officiō spēs mihi magna tuō.
      A great hope of mine hangs on what you can do for me. (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)
  8. to hang upon a person's words; listen attentively to
    • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.79:
      [...] pendetque iterum nārrantis ab ōre.
      [...] and once again [Dido] hangs on [Aeneas’s] lips [with every] retelling [of his story].
  9. to be suspended, interrupted or discontinued
  10. to be ready to fall, hang suspended
  11. to be uncertain, perplexed or in suspense, waver
    Synonyms: errō, dubitō, fluitō, vagor
    Antonym: cōnstō

Conjugation

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   Conjugation of pendeō (second conjugation, no supine stem, active only)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present pendeō pendēs pendet pendēmus pendētis pendent
imperfect pendēbam pendēbās pendēbat pendēbāmus pendēbātis pendēbant
future pendēbō pendēbis pendēbit pendēbimus pendēbitis pendēbunt
perfect pependī pependistī pependit pependimus pependistis pependērunt,
pependēre
pluperfect pependeram pependerās pependerat pependerāmus pependerātis pependerant
future perfect pependerō pependeris pependerit pependerimus pependeritis pependerint
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present pendeam pendeās pendeat pendeāmus pendeātis pendeant
imperfect pendērem pendērēs pendēret pendērēmus pendērētis pendērent
perfect pependerim pependerīs pependerit pependerīmus pependerītis pependerint
pluperfect pependissem pependissēs pependisset pependissēmus pependissētis pependissent
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — pendē — — pendēte —
future — pendētō pendētō — pendētōte pendentō
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives pendēre pependisse — — — —
participles pendēns — — — — —
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
pendendī pendendō pendendum pendendō — —

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pendō, -ere (> Derivatives > (2) pendēre)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 457

Further reading

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  • “pendeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “pendeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • pendeo in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
  • pendeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • (ambiguous) important results are often produced by trivial causes: ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent
    • (ambiguous) to pay taxes: vectigalia, tributa pendere
    • (ambiguous) to be punished by some one (on account of a thing): poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)
  • Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 988
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