meng-
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "meng"
Indonesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Malay meng-, from Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]meng-
- transitive agent focus, frequently but erroneously called "active voice", for AVO word order.
- mengatur (“to arrange; arranges; arranging”)
- membaca (“to read; reads; reading”)
- mencabut (“to remove; removes; removing”)
- menderma (“to donate; donates; donating”)
- mengelak (“to avoid; avoids; avoiding”)
- memahami (“to understand; understands; understanding”)
- memfitnah (“to lie; lies; lying (about someone)”)
- menggali (“to dig; digs; digging”)
- menghantar (“to deliver; delivers; delivering”)
- mengikat (“to tie; ties; tying”)
- menjolok (“to poke; pokes; poking”)
- mengira (“to count; counts; counting”)
- melamar (“to propose; proposes; proposing”)
- memakan (“to eat; eats; eating”)
- menyanyi (“to sing; sings; singing”)
- mengolah (“to edit; edits; editing”)
- memukul (“to hit; hits; hitting”)
- merawat (“to treat; treats; treating”)
- menyapu (“to sweep; sweep; sweeping”)
- menambah (“to add; adds; adding”)
- mengurus (“to manage; manages; managing”)
- mengebom (“to bomb; bombs; bombing”)
- intransitive verbal prefix of a nominal root
- intransitive verbal prefix of a adjectival root
- to become as the root
- to give effect as the root
Usage notes
[edit]- Along with the prefix peng-, this prefix are affected by initial consonant mutations.
- The standard forms are shown in the list below:
- me- (IPA(key): /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
- mem- (IPA(key): /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/, /v/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
- men- (IPA(key): /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
- meng- (IPA(key): /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /ə/ ⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ ⟪é⟫, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
- menge- (IPA(key): /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
- meny- (IPA(key): /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
- Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted as a form of non-standard spelling (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr- /ŋr/, -nyt- /ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
- The colloquial forms are shown, because of Betawi n-, in the list below:
- For the word mempunyai, the initial /p/ is not removed because of habit or etymological reasons.
- For the word kaji has two prefixed forms, (regular) mengaji and (irregular) mengkaji, which have different meanings. The former means "to read Quran", while the latter means "to study".
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “meng-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Malay
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (with ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨ny⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨y⟩-initial stems)
- (with ⟨p⟩-initial stems)
- (with ⟨b⟩ and ⟨f⟩-initial stems)
- (with ⟨t⟩-initial stems)
- (with ⟨d⟩ and ⟨z⟩-initial stems)
- (with ⟨k⟩ and vowel-initial stems)
- (with ⟨g⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨h⟩-initial stems)
- IPA(key): /məŋ-/
- Written as ⟨meng-⟩ with initial consonant
- meng- + gambarkan (“to imagine”) → menggambarkan
- (with ⟨s⟩-initial stems)
- (with ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩-initial stems)
- (with monosyllabic stems)
Prefix
[edit]meng- (Jawi spelling مڠ-)
- Agent focus or active voice marker of a verb.
- Gives a meaning of doing an action.
- Doing something.
- Letting out a voice.
- Throwing away, searching for, or collecting something.
- Approaching a target.
- Acting like or to be akin to something.
- Gives a meaning of stating a condition.
- Gives a meaning of doing an action.
Usage notes
[edit]- In everyday spoken Malay, this prefix is usually not used with transitive verbs.
See also
[edit]- meng- -i (active causitive or locative)
- meng- -kan (active causitive or benefactive)
- di- (passive)
Categories:
- Indonesian terms inherited from Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Malay
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayic
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayic
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Chamic
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Chamic
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan
- Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Indonesian 1-syllable words
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Indonesian terms with audio links
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian prefixes
- Indonesian 2-syllable words
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayic
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayic
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Chamic
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Chamic
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Malay lemmas
- Malay prefixes