pro
Translingual
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Abbreviation of English Provençal + abbreviation of English old.
Symbol
[edit]pro
English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pɹəʊ/
Audio (Southern England): (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /pɹoʊ/
- Rhymes: -əʊ
Etymology 1
[edit]From Late Middle English pro, from Latin prō (“on behalf of”).
Noun
[edit]pro (plural pros)
- An advantage of something, especially when contrasted with its disadvantages (cons).
- A person who supports a concept or principle.
- Antonym: anti
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
- In favor of.
- Antonym: anti
- He is pro exercise but against physical exertion, quite a conundrum.
Translations
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Clipping of professional.
Noun
[edit]pro (plural pros)
- A professional sportsman.
- (colloquial) Professional.
- When it comes to DIY, he's a real pro.
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]
|
|
Adjective
[edit]pro (comparative more pro, superlative most pro)
- Professional.
- He landed a pro mentorship gig.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Clipping of prostitute.
Noun
[edit]pro (plural pros)
- (slang) A prostitute.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
- Millie was one of the dozen or so pros who had a house at the top of the street.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro (plural pros)
- (UK, slang, archaic) A proproctor.
References
[edit]- John Camden Hotten (1873) The Slang Dictionary
Etymology 5
[edit]Clipping of prophylaxis.
Noun
[edit]pro (plural pros)
- (slang, historical) A chemical prophylaxis taken after sex to avoid contracting venereal disease.
See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Catalan
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro m (plural pros)
Preposition
[edit]pro
Chinese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From clipping of English professional.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]pro
Synonyms
[edit]See also
[edit]Czech
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Old Czech pro, from Proto-Slavic *pro.
Preposition
[edit]pro [with accusative]
- for
- Zabili ho pro peníze. ― They killed him for his money.
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro n (indeclinable)
- pro (advantage)
Further reading
[edit]- “pro”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935-1957
- “pro”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
Esperanto
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Preposition
[edit]pro
- caused by, because of, owing to, due to
- motivated by, for the sake of, on account of, for
- in exchange for
See also
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Learned borrowing from Latin pro or Ancient Greek πρό (pró).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]pro (not comparable) (with nominative)
- instead of, rather than
- Synonym: sijaan
- Sana taipuu kusi:kusen (pro "kusin").
- The word is inflected kusi:kusen (not "kusin").
References
[edit]- Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)[1] (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
Further reading
[edit]- “1. pro”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from English pro, from professional.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]pro (not comparable) (colloquial)
Declension
[edit]Inflection of pro (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | pro | prot | |
genitive | pron | proiden proitten | |
partitive | prota | proita | |
illative | prohon | proihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | pro | prot | |
accusative | nom. | pro | prot |
gen. | pron | ||
genitive | pron | proiden proitten | |
partitive | prota | proita | |
inessive | prossa | proissa | |
elative | prosta | proista | |
illative | prohon | proihin | |
adessive | prolla | proilla | |
ablative | prolta | proilta | |
allative | prolle | proille | |
essive | prona | proina | |
translative | proksi | proiksi | |
abessive | protta | proitta | |
instructive | — | proin | |
comitative | — | proine |
Further reading
[edit]- “2. pro”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
French
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Clipping of professionnel(le).
Adjective
[edit]pro (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Il est très pro.
- He's a real pro.
Noun
[edit]pro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Elle est une vraie pro.
- She's a real pro.
- (informal) a whiz, someone who is very good at something
- Nous avons affaire à un pro !
- We're dealing with a pro!
Further reading
[edit]- “pro”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Etymology 2
[edit]From prochain.
Adjective
[edit]pro (plural pros)
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin prō (“for”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Preposition
[edit]pro [with accusative or dative]
- per, each
- Synonyms: je, für
- Samt Mehrwertsteuer ergibt sich ein Kaufpreis von rund 30 Euro pro Stück
- After VAT the price comes to around 30 euros each.
- Der durchschnittliche Pro-Kopf-Konsum von Bier in Deutschland im Jahr 2018 summierte sich auf rund 101,1 Liter.
- Average beer consumption in Germany in 2018 came to 101.1 liters per head.
Usage notes
[edit]- Followed by a noun in either the accusative or dative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden:
- pro gefahrenen / gefahrenem Kilometer ― per kilometer travelled
- pro verkauftes / verkauftem Exemplar ― for every copy sold
- When used in a Latin phrase, the ablative is used according to the rules of Latin grammar: pars pro toto or Pars pro Toto, and pro forma or pro Forma.
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “pro, je, zu, jeweils, für” in Duden online
- “pro, für, dafür” in Duden online
- “pro” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Ido
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
Indonesian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Learned borrowing from Latin pro.
Adjective
[edit]pro
- (colloquial) pro, in favor of.
- Synonym: setuju
- more.
- Synonym: lebih
Etymology 2
[edit]From clipping of profesional (“professional”).
Noun
[edit]pro (first-person possessive proku, second-person possessive promu, third-person possessive pronya)
- Clipping of profesional (“professional”).
Further reading
[edit]- “pro” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin prō, which is the predecessor of French pour, Italian pro and Spanish para via Vulgar Latin por. See also por.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
- for, to, for the sake of, not against
- Ille ha un dono pro te.
- He has a gift for you.
- Io ha votate pro iste candidato.
- I've voted for this candidate.
- Medicamento pro uso interne.
- Medication for internal use
- in place of, in exchange for, in return for
- Illa prendeva le robo pro solmente vinti euros!
- She got the dress for only twenty euros!
- (+ infinitive) to, in order to (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
- Io vole cantar pro facer te retornar.
- I want to sing to make you return.
Italian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Latin prō (“for, on behalf of”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/°, /pro/° (preposition)
- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/* (noun)
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Hyphenation: prò
- The preposition does not trigger syntactic gemination in the following word, but the noun does.
Preposition
[edit]pro
Related terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro m (invariable)
- (dated) good, benefit, advantage, weal
- 1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno, Le Monnier, published 1994, Canto II, p. 29, vv. 109-111:
- Al mondo non fur mai persone ratte ¶ a far lor pro o a fuggir lor danno, ¶ com'io, dopo cotai parole fatte.
- Never were persons in the world so swift ¶ to work their weal and to escape their woe, ¶ as I, after such words as these were uttered.
- pro (as in English “pros and cons”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro m (invariable)
Ladin
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro m (plural pro)
Latin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Italic *prō, from an innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ derived from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).
Use with accusative nouns is originally by analogy to ante, amplified in Late Latin due to the merger of other cases with the accusative.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /proː/, [proː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /pro/, [prɔː]
Preposition
[edit]prō (+ ablative, accusative) (accusative in Late Latin)
- for
- on behalf of, in the interest of, for the sake of
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- 𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd. - Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- before, in front of
- instead of
- about
- according to
- as, like
- as befitting
Derived terms
[edit]- mōs prō lēge (literally “custom for law”)
- pars prō tōtō (literally “part for the whole”)
- prō fōrmā (literally “for (the sake of) form”)
- prō rata
- prō salūte Imperātōris
- prō tantō
- prōnus
- prope
- prōtinus
- quid prō quō
- semel prō semper (“once and for all”)
Descendants
[edit]- Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)
- Sardinian: pro, po
- → English: pro
- → Finnish: pro
- → German: pro
- → Indonesian: pro
- → Portuguese: pró
References
[edit]- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- pro in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- pro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro viribus or pro mea parte
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro virili parte (cf. sect. V. 22.)
- to die for one's country: mortem occumbere pro patria
- to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: vitam profundere pro patria
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: se morti offerre pro salute patriae
- according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore
- according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re
- to avoid no risk in order to..: nullum periculum recusare pro
- to show gratitude (in one's acts): gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re
- to thank a person (in words): gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re
- to return good for evil: pro maleficiis beneficia reddere
- according to a man's deserts: ex, pro merito
- to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter: pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut
- this much I can vouch for: illud pro certo affirmare licet
- to quote an argument in favour of immortality: argumentum immortalitatis afferre (not pro)
- this goes to prove what I say: hoc est a (pro) me
- the matter speaks for itself: res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur
- to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): verbum pro verbo reddere
- to be security for some one: sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo
- to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf: ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo or pro aliqua re
- to give some one satisfaction for an injury: satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis
- to tell lies: falsa (pro veris) dicere
- a religious war: bellum pro religionibus susceptum
- to sacrifice human victims: pro victimis homines immolare
- to fight for hearth and home: pro aris et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare
- to support a bill (before the people): pro lege dicere
- to go to Cilicia as pro-consul: pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci
- to give evidence on some one's behalf: testimonium dicere pro aliquo
- to state as evidence: pro testimonio dicere
- to defend a person: causam dicere pro aliquo
- to punish some one: ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)
- to be on duty before the gates: stationes agere pro portis
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- pro in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[5], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
Luxembourgish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
Middle English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro
Descendants
[edit]- English: pro
References
[edit]- “prō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-07-10.
Occitan
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
Old French
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
- (very early Old French) Alternative form of por
Etymology 2
[edit]From Late Latin prōde. Doublet of preu.
Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro oblique singular, m (nominative singular pro)
- profit, advantage
- ca. 1050, Vie de Saint Alexis :
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- Good was the time of the ancients, as there was trust, in which nowadays there is no profit. Everything has changed and has lost its color.
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- 11th century, Chanson de Roland, 221-222 :
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
- (Ganelon speaks to Charlemaigne) And he said to the king, "You should never believe a madman: [believe] neither me nor anyone else, unless it is of your advantage. [...]"
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
Descendants
[edit]- French: prou (in the idiom peu ou prou)
Old Spanish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Late Latin prōde (“useful”), perhaps via Old Occitan pro.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]pro f (usually uncountable)
- usefulness, advantage, benefit
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:
- Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. […]
- “Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! […] ”
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mio Cid 1374:
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- We would do well marrying his daughters, out of need for [our own] benefit.
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 1913:
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
- I want to always support the Cid.
- (literally, “I want to walk for my Cid in every advantage.”)
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
Related terms
[edit]Portuguese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Contraction of pra o.
Pronunciation
[edit]
- Hyphenation: pro
Contraction
[edit]pro (feminine pra, masculine plural pros, feminine plural pras)
- (colloquial) Contraction of pra o (“for/to the (masculine singular)”).
- Ana foi pros Estados Unidos, num foi? (=para os)
- Ana went to the United States, didn't she?
Sardinian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
Spanish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Old Spanish pro, from Late Latin prōde (“useful”).
Noun
[edit]pro m (plural pros)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]A recent Latinism, borrowed from Latin prō; see above. Doublet of por.
Preposition
[edit]pro
Usage notes
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]A very recent anglicism, borrowed from English pro.
Noun
[edit]pro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- pro (professional)
- Ella es toda una pro.
- She's a real pro.
Adjective
[edit]pro m or f (masculine and feminine plural pro or pros)
- pro (professional)
- Los atletas pro llegaron ayer, los otros vienen hoy.
- The pro athletes arrived yesterday, the rest are coming today.
- 2016, Club de la Lucha, 2016-01-12 Entrevista The Fight Cub Torre Del Mar:https://www.clubdelalucha.es/blog/entrevistas/entrevista-the-fight-cub-torre-del-mar
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
- We've had pro and newbie fighters, but right now they're not active.
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
Further reading
[edit]- “pro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Volapük
[edit]Preposition
[edit]pro
- for
- 1938, “Pö yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:
- Yel epasetiköl no ebinon bönik pro muf obsik.
- The past year has not been favorable for our movement.
- 1938, “Ge lü Volapük!”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, pages 17-19:
- If xamobs yufapükis dabinöl, täno mutobs dasevön, das ons valik jenöfo binons geboviks pro disein.
- If we examine the existing auxiliary languages, we must admit that they are all indeed useful for the purpose.
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- Rhymes:Spanish/o
- Rhymes:Spanish/o/1 syllable
- Spanish terms inherited from Old Spanish
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