-ke
Dutch
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From earlier -ken, from Middle Dutch -ken, -kin, -kijn, apparently representing Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn, a double diminutive, from *-uk. The standard Dutch -tje and its variants are derived from -ke(n) through palatalization. Cognate with German -chen, Low German -ken, English -kin, -ock.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Suffix
[edit]-ke n (plural -kes)
- (colloquial, Southern) Synonym of -tje (“diminutive noun suffix”)
Estonian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-ke (genitive -kese, partitive -kest)
- A noun suffix that builds (endearing) diminutives from nouns.
- kivi (stone) → kivike (a small stone)
Usage notes
[edit]Diminutives can be stacked, yielding -kene, -keseke, -kesekene. The longer forms are rarely used, as they are used to further emphasize either on endearing or diminutive value.
Declension
[edit]Declension of -ke (ÕS type 12/oluline, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -ke | -kesed | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -kese | ||
genitive | -keste | ||
partitive | -kest | -kesi | |
illative | -kesse -kesesse |
-kestesse -kesisse | |
inessive | -keses | -kestes -kesis | |
elative | -kesest | -kestest -kesist | |
allative | -kesele | -kestele -kesile | |
adessive | -kesel | -kestel -kesil | |
ablative | -keselt | -kestelt -kesilt | |
translative | -keseks | -kesteks -kesiks | |
terminative | -keseni | -kesteni | |
essive | -kesena | -kestena | |
abessive | -keseta | -kesteta | |
comitative | -kesega | -kestega |
Declension of -ke (ÕS type 10/soolane, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -ke | -kesed | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -kese | ||
genitive | -keste | ||
partitive | -kest | -keseid | |
illative | -kesesse | -kestesse -keseisse | |
inessive | -keses | -kestes -keseis | |
elative | -kesest | -kestest -keseist | |
allative | -kesele | -kestele -keseile | |
adessive | -kesel | -kestel -keseil | |
ablative | -keselt | -kestelt -keseilt | |
translative | -keseks | -kesteks -keseiks | |
terminative | -keseni | -kesteni | |
essive | -kesena | -kestena | |
abessive | -keseta | -kesteta | |
comitative | -kesega | -kestega |
Derived terms
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ke
- Forms diminutive forms of nouns.
- Forms nouns from verbs, often to describe the result of an action.
- (rare) Forms nouns from adjectives.
Declension
[edit]Back vowel harmony:
Inflection of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk-k gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
partitive | -ketta | -kkeita | |
illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
accusative | nom. | -ke | -kkeet |
gen. | -kkeen | ||
genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
partitive | -ketta | -kkeita | |
inessive | -kkeessa | -kkeissa | |
elative | -kkeesta | -kkeista | |
illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
adessive | -kkeella | -kkeilla | |
ablative | -kkeelta | -kkeilta | |
allative | -kkeelle | -kkeille | |
essive | -kkeena | -kkeina | |
translative | -kkeeksi | -kkeiksi | |
abessive | -kkeetta | -kkeitta | |
instructive | — | -kkein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk-k gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony:
Inflection of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk-k gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
partitive | -kettä | -kkeitä | |
illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
accusative | nom. | -ke | -kkeet |
gen. | -kkeen | ||
genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
partitive | -kettä | -kkeitä | |
inessive | -kkeessä | -kkeissä | |
elative | -kkeestä | -kkeistä | |
illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
adessive | -kkeellä | -kkeillä | |
ablative | -kkeeltä | -kkeiltä | |
allative | -kkeelle | -kkeille | |
essive | -kkeenä | -kkeinä | |
translative | -kkeeksi | -kkeiksi | |
abessive | -kkeettä | -kkeittä | |
instructive | — | -kkein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk-k gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004) “§ 257 ke-sanojen koostumus ja merkitys”, in Iso suomen kielioppi[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN
Anagrams
[edit]German Low German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -ken (in other dialects)
Etymology
[edit]From Middle Low German -eken, from Old Saxon *-ukīn, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn. Compare German -chen, Dutch -ke.
Suffix
[edit]-ke n (noun plural -kes)
- (Low Prussian) Suffix used to form the diminutive of nouns and hypocoristic forms of proper nouns and other parts of speech.
- Brotke ― bread
- Anke ― Annie
- Gottke ― God
- kommke ― come (second-person singular present imperative, hypocoristic)
References
[edit]- Erhard Riemann (et al.), Preußisches Wörterbuch: deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreußens (1974)
- A. Treichel, Dialectische Räthsel, Reime und Märchen aus dem Ermlande, in Altpreussische Monatsschrift neue Folge. Der Preussischen Provinzial-Blätter vierte Folge, volume 27 (1890), edited by Rudolf Reicke and Ernst Wichert, pp. 327–332; on p. 332:
- Aus Braunsberg wird mir noch gemeldet (Pfr. Preuschoff), daß dort und in der Umgegend die Verkleinerungs-Endsilbe -chen und -lein, erstere in -ke verplattdeutscht, überaus häufig und überall angehängt werden, wie z. B. Jacke! nêke! kommke! Ebenso an Personennamen. Man hört die Schulkinder ihren Gefährten also zurufen: Albrechtke, Ehmke, Eadmannke (Erdmannchen), Wulfke u. s. w.
- H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen, volume 1, A–K (1882)
- H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen, volume 2, L–Z (1883)
Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka and Estonian -ke.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ke
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notes
[edit]- (diminutive suffix) Variants:
- -ka is added to back-vowel words
- -ke is added to front-vowel words
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Ingrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From -kka + -e. Akin to Finnish -ke.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ke
- (rare, unproductive) Used to form nouns from adjectives.
Declension
[edit](back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
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Derived terms
[edit]Mohawk
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-North Iroquoian *keh.
Suffix
[edit]-ke
References
[edit]- Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 104
South Slavey
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ke
- Used to form collective nouns.
Usage notes
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 247
Ye'kwana
[edit]ALIV | -ke |
---|---|
Brazilian standard | -ke |
New Tribes | -que |
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -che (allomorph after i)
Suffix
[edit]-ke
- forms adverbs from nouns with a resulting meaning of ‘having X’, ‘with X’; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and can also follow a possessive suffix -i
Usage notes
[edit]It is unclear if t- -ke is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -ke.
Etymology 2
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ke
- Only used in -kene (distant past imperfective suffix).
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ke
- allomorph of -e (adverbializer) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k
References
[edit]- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ke”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, pages 150–151, 213–222
Zulu
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-ke
Usage notes
[edit]The suffix is usually affixed to the first word of the sentence.
References
[edit]- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-ke”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ke”
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
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- Dutch noun-forming suffixes
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- Dutch colloquialisms
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- Estonian noun-forming suffixes
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- Estonian oluline-type nominals
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- Finnish terms suffixed with -e
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- German Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German
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- German Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
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- German Low German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
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- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric
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- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɛ
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