ß: Difference between revisions

ẞ
ẞ
ẞ ß
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Early New High German
Sound values	[s]
In Unicode	U+1E9E, U+00DF
History
Development	, , ς, ζ 𐌔, 𐌆 sz ſʒ ẞ ß; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Time period	~1300s to present
Descendants	None
Sisters	None
Transliterations	ss, sz
Other
Associated graphs	ss, sz
Writing direction	Left-to-Right
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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Variant forms of Eszett (from top-left to bottom-right): Cambria (2004), Lucida Sans (1985), Theuerdank blackletter (1933, based on a 1517 type), handwritten Kurrent (1865)

In German orthography, the letter ß, called Eszett (IPA: [ɛsˈtsɛt], S-Z) or scharfes S (IPA: [ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs], "sharp S"), represents the /s/ phoneme in Standard German when following long vowels and diphthongs. The letter-name Eszett combines the names of the letters of ⟨s⟩ (Es) and ⟨z⟩ (Zett) in German. The character's Unicode names in English are sharp s^[1] and eszett.^[1] The Eszett letter is used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph ⟨ss⟩, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ss in the spelling of Swiss Standard German (Switzerland and Liechtenstein), while remaining Standard German spelling in other varieties of the German language.^[2]

The letter originates as the ⟨sz⟩ digraph as used in late medieval and early modern German orthography, represented as a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ (long s) and ⟨ʒ⟩ (tailed z) in blackletter typefaces, yielding ⟨ſʒ⟩.^[a] This developed from an earlier usage of ⟨z⟩ in Old and Middle High German to represent a separate sibilant sound from ⟨s⟩; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as ⟨sz⟩ in some situations.

Traditionally, ⟨ß⟩ did not have a capital form, although some type designers introduced de facto capitalized variants. In 2017, the Council for German Orthography officially adopted a capital, ⟨ẞ⟩, as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.^[3]

Lowercase ⟨ß⟩ was encoded by ECMA-94 (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by Latin-1 and Unicode (U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S).^[4] The HTML entity ß was introduced with HTML 2.0 (1995). The capital ⟨ẞ⟩ was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at (U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).

Usage

Current usage

In standard German, three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent [s] (the voiceless alveolar fricative) depending on its position in a word: ⟨s⟩, ⟨ss⟩, and ⟨ß⟩. According to current German orthography, ⟨ß⟩ represents the sound [s]:

when it is written after a diphthong or long vowel and is not followed by another consonant in the word stem: Straße, Maß, groß, heißen [Exceptions: aus and words with final devoicing (e.g., Haus)];^[5] and
when a word stem ending with ⟨ß⟩ takes an inflectional ending beginning with a consonant: heißt, größte.^[6]

In verbs with roots where the vowel changes length, this means that some forms may be written with ⟨ß⟩, others with ⟨ss⟩: wissen, er weiß, er wusste.^[5]

The use of ⟨ß⟩ distinguishes minimal pairs such as reißen (IPA: [ˈʁaɪsn̩], to rip) and reisen (IPA: [ˈʁaɪzn̩], to travel) on the one hand ([s] vs. [z]), and Buße (IPA: [ˈbuːsə], penance) and Busse (IPA: [ˈbʊsə], buses) on the other (long vowel before ⟨ß⟩, short vowel before ⟨ss⟩).^[7]^: 123

Some proper names may use ⟨ß⟩ after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., Litfaßsäule; advertising column, named after Ernst Litfaß).^[8]^: 180

If no ⟨ß⟩ is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for ⟨ß⟩ to be replaced with ⟨ss⟩.^[9] Additionally, as of 2017, when capitalized, either capital ⟨ẞ⟩ (STRAẞE) or ⟨SS⟩ (STRASSE) are considered equally valid in all situations (not just when the character is unavailable).^[10] ^[11] The previous rule, codified in the Orthography Reform of 1996, had been always to replace ⟨ß⟩ with ⟨SS⟩ in allcaps.^[12]

In pre-1996 orthography

Replacement street sign in Aachen, adapted to the 1996 spelling reform (old: *Kongreßstraße*, new: *Kongressstraße*)

According to the orthography in use in German prior to the German orthography reform of 1996, ⟨ß⟩ was written to represent [s]:

word internally following a long vowel or diphthong: Straße, reißen; and
at the end of a syllable or before a consonant, so long as [s] is the end of the word stem: muß, faßt, wäßrig.^[8]^: 176

In the old orthography, word stems spelled ⟨ss⟩ internally could thus be written ⟨ß⟩ in certain instances, without this reflecting a change in vowel length: küßt (from küssen), faßt (from fassen), verläßlich and Verlaß (from verlassen), kraß (comparative: krasser).^[7]^: 121–23^[13] In rare occasions, the difference between ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ could help differentiate words: Paßende (expiration of a pass) and passende (appropriate).^[8]^: 178

Capitalization as SZ on a Bundeswehr crate (*ABSCHUSZGERAET* for the pre-reform spelling *Abschußgerät* 'launcher')

As in the new orthography, it was possible to write ⟨ss⟩ for ⟨ß⟩ if the character was not available. When using all capital letters, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering ⟨ß⟩ as ⟨SS⟩ except when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as ⟨SZ⟩. The common example for such a case is IN MASZEN (in Maßen "in moderate amounts") vs. IN MASSEN (in Massen "in massive amounts"); in this example the spelling difference between ⟨ß⟩ vs. ⟨ss⟩ produces completely different meanings.^{[citation needed]}

Switzerland and Liechtenstein

In Swiss Standard German, ⟨ss⟩ usually replaces every ⟨ß⟩.^[14]^[15] This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25 E2: "In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss“ schreiben" ("In Switzerland, one may always write 'ss'"). Liechtenstein follows the same practice. There are very few instances where the difference between spelling ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ affects the meaning of a word, and these can usually be told apart by context.^[16]^: 230^[17]

Other uses

Use of ß (blackletter 'ſz') in Sorbian: *wyßokoſcʒ́i* ("highest", now spelled *wysokosći*). Text of Luke 2:14, in a church in Oßling.

Use of ß in Polish, in 1599 *Jakub Wujek Bible*, in the word *náßéy*, which means *our*, and would be spelled *naszej* in modern orthography

Occasionally, ⟨ß⟩ has been used in unusual ways:

As a surrogate for Greek lowercase ⟨β⟩ (beta), which looks fairly similar. This was used in older operating systems, the character encoding of which (notably Latin-1 and Windows-1252) did not support easy use of Greek letters. Additionally, the original IBM DOS code page, CP437 (aka OEM-US) conflates the two characters, with a glyph that minimizes their differences placed between the Greek letters ⟨α⟩ (alpha) and ⟨γ⟩ (gamma) but named "Sharp s Small".^[18]
In Prussian Lithuanian, as in the first book published in Lithuanian, Martynas Mažvydas' Simple Words of Catechism,^[19] as well as in Sorbian (see example on the left).
For sadhe in Akkadian glosses, in place of the standard ⟨ṣ⟩, when that character is unavailable due to limitations of HTML.^[20]
The letter appeared in the alphabet made by Jan Kochanowski for the Polish language, that was used from the 16th until the 18th century. It represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative ([ʃ]) sound.^[21]^[22] It was for example used in the Jakub Wujek Bible.^[23]
Some authors have used it in German at the beginning of words to transcribe the voiceless s of certain accents.^[24]

History

Origin and development

Use of Middle High German letter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of the Nibelungenlied: "grozer" = "großer"

As a result of the High German consonant shift, Old High German developed a sound generally spelled ⟨zz⟩ or ⟨z⟩ that was probably pronounced [s] and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced [⁠s̠] (voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant) or [z̠] (voiced alveolar retracted sibilant), depending on the place in the word, and spelled ⟨s⟩.^[25] Given that ⟨z⟩ could also represent the affricate [ts], some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling [s] as ⟨zss⟩ or ⟨zs⟩: wazssar (German: Wasser), fuozssi (German: Füße), heizsit (German: heißt).^[26] In Middle High German, ⟨zz⟩ simplified to ⟨z⟩ at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel: wazzer (German: Wasser) vs. lâzen (German: lassen) and fuoz (German: Fuß).^[27]

Use of the late medieval ligature ⟨ſz⟩ in Ulrich Füetrer's *Buch der Abenteuer*: "uſz" (modern German *aus*)

In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between ⟨z⟩ and ⟨s⟩ was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for Gottscheerish.^[25] Word-internally, Old and Middle High German ⟨s⟩ came to be pronounced [z] (the voiced alveolar sibilant), while Old and Middle High German ⟨z⟩ continued to be pronounced [s]. This produces the contrast between modern standard German reisen and reißen. The former is pronounced IPA: [ˈʁaɪzn̩] and comes from Middle High German: reisen, while the latter is pronounced IPA: [ˈʁaɪsn̩] and comes from Middle High German: reizen.^[28]

In the late medieval and early modern periods, [s] was frequently spelled ⟨sz⟩ or ⟨ss⟩. The earliest appearance of ligature resembling the modern ⟨ß⟩ is in a fragment of a manuscript of the poem Wolfdietrich from around 1300.^[16]^: 214^[28] In the Gothic book hands and bastarda scripts of the late medieval period, ⟨sz⟩ is written with long s and the Blackletter "tailed z", as ⟨ſʒ⟩. A recognizable ligature representing the ⟨sz⟩ digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.^[29]^: 67–76

An early modern printed rhyme by Hans Sachs showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of ⟨ſz⟩: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß"

By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between ⟨sz⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: ⟨sz⟩ (⟨ſz⟩) tended to be used in word final position: uſz (Middle High German: ûz, German: aus), -nüſz (Middle High German: -nüss(e), German: -nis); ⟨ss⟩ (⟨ſſ⟩) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels: groſſes (Middle High German: grôzes, German: großes).^[30]^: 171 While Martin Luther's early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such as heyße (German: heiße), early modern printers mostly changed these to ⟨ſſ⟩: heiſſe. Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish between das (the, that [pronoun]) and daß (that [conjunction]).^[30]^: 215

In modern German, the Old and Middle High German ⟨z⟩ is now represented by either ⟨ss⟩, ⟨ß⟩, or, if there are no related forms in which [s] occurs intervocalically, with ⟨s⟩: messen (Middle High German: mezzen), Straße (Middle High German: strâze), and was (Middle High German: waz).^[27]

Standardization of use

The pre-1996 German use of ⟨ß⟩ was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians Johann Christoph Gottsched (1748) and Johann Christoph Adelung (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the German Orthographic Conference of 1901. In this orthography, the use of ⟨ß⟩ was modeled after the use of long and "round"-s in Fraktur. ⟨ß⟩ appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.^[16]^: 217–18 In his Deutsches Wörterbuch (1854) Jacob Grimm called for ⟨ß⟩ or ⟨sz⟩ to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological ⟨z⟩ (e.g., eß instead of es from Middle High German: ez); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.^[30]^: 269

In Austria-Hungary prior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated by Johann Christian August Heyse in 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after the German orthography reform of 1996 in that ⟨ß⟩ was only used after long vowels.^[16]^: 219

Use in Roman type

The ſs ligature used for Latin in 16th-century printing (*utiliſsimæ*)

*Essen* with ſs-ligature reads *Eßen* (Latin Blaeu atlas, text printed in Antiqua, 1650s).

French usage as a ligature for ⟨ss⟩ in 1784 from Gallerie des Modes

In early modern Latin type (antiqua), a ligature similar to modern ⟨ß⟩ developed out of a long s followed by a round s (⟨ſs⟩), and as such was used in languages such as Italian in alternation with ⟨ſſ⟩, usually based on requirements of space on the page.^[31]^: 76 However, despite its resemblance to the modern ⟨ß⟩, this ligature was not commonly used as an equivalent to the Fraktur ⟨sz⟩ in German.^[32]^[33] This ligature generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century, together with the use of long s in antiqua.^[29]^: 73 German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre did not provide any equivalent to the ⟨ß⟩.^[29]^: 74

Jacob Grimm began using ⟨ß⟩ in his Deutsche Grammatik (1819); however, it varied with ⟨ſſ⟩ word internally.^[29]^: 74 Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in their Deutsches Wörterbuch (1838), the Brothers Grimm favored writing it as ⟨sz⟩.^[33]^: 2 The First Orthographic Conference in Berlin (1876) recommended that ß be represented as ⟨ſs⟩ – however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.^[30]^: 269^[16]^: 222 In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the Journal für Buchdruckerkunst. A committee of the Typographic Society of Leipzig chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903, it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.^[33]^: 3–5

Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was common for family names to be written with ⟨ß⟩ in Fraktur and ⟨ss⟩ in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names are written in modern German (such as between Heuss and Heuß).^[8]^: 176

Abolition and attempted abolitions

The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use ⟨ß⟩ in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use of typewriters in Switzerland that did not include ⟨ß⟩ in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities of Swiss German that cause words spelled with ⟨ß⟩ or ⟨ss⟩ to be pronounced with gemination.^[16]^: 221–22 The Education Council of Zürich had decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas the Neue Zürcher Zeitung continued to write ⟨ß⟩ until 1971.^[34] Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.^[35]

When the Nazi German government abolished the use of blackletter typesetting in 1941, it was originally planned to also abolish the use of ⟨ß⟩. However, Hitler intervened to retain ⟨ß⟩, while deciding against the creation of a capital form.^[36] In 1954, a group of reformers in West Germany similarly proposed, among other changes to German spelling, the abolition of ⟨ß⟩; their proposals were publicly opposed by German-language writers Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, and Friedrich Dürrenmatt and were never implemented.^[37] Although the German Orthography Reform of 1996 reduced the use of ⟨ß⟩ in standard German, Adrienne Walder writes that an abolition outside of Switzerland appears unlikely.^[16]^: 235

Development of a capital form

Logo of *Gießener Zeitung* [de] ("*GIEẞENER ZEITUNG*", 2008 design)

Street sign with *Versal-Eszett* ("*MÜHLFELDSTRAẞE*") in *Heiligkreuzsteinach* (2011 photograph)

Because ⟨ß⟩ had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover, allcaps was not normally used in Fraktur printing.^[3] There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of ⟨ß⟩ for use in allcaps writing (where ⟨ß⟩ would otherwise usually be represented as either ⟨SS⟩ or ⟨SZ⟩). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.^[38] The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of ⟨SZ⟩ in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.^[3] Historical typefaces offering a capitalized eszett mostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capital eszett were produced by the Schelter & Giesecke foundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06. Schelter & Giesecke at the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited.

The preface to the 1925 edition of the Duden dictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital ⟨ß⟩:

Die Verwendung zweier Buchstaben für einen Laut ist nur ein Notbehelf, der aufhören muss, sobald ein geeigneter Druckbuchstabe für das große ß geschaffen ist.^[39]

The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed.

The Duden was edited separately in East and West Germany during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German Duden of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital ⟨ß⟩ in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase ⟨ß⟩ was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of ⟨ß⟩.^[40]

In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain typographers to introduce a capital, ⟨ẞ⟩. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the Unicode set submitted in 2004^[41] was rejected.^[42]^[43] A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 (U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).^[44] The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS), ISO/IEC 10646, was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017.^[11]

Representation

Graphical variants

The recommendation of the Sulzbacher form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of ⟨ß⟩ in use in Antiqua fonts:

Four forms of Antiqua Eszett: 1. ſs, 2. ſs ligature, 3. ſʒ ligature, 4. Sulzbacher form

⟨ſs⟩ without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters;
the ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨s⟩ inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces;
a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨ʒ⟩, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua; and
the Sulzbacher form.

The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. The design of modern ⟨ß⟩ tends to follow either the Sulzbacher form, in which ⟨ʒ⟩ (tailed z) is clearly visible, or else be made up of a clear ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨s⟩.^[33]^: 2

Three contemporary handwritten forms of 'ß' demonstrated in the word aß, "(I/he/she/it) ate"

Use of typographic variants in street signs:

Unligatured ſs variant in a street sign in Pirna, Saxony
Antiqua form of the ſʒ ligature (Berlin street signs)
Blackletter form of the ſʒ ligature (Erfurt street signs)
Sulzbacher form (Nuremberg street signs)
Two distinct blackletter typefaces in Mainz. The red sign spells Straße with ſs; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ſʒ ligature.

Screenshot of a web application with a button "SCHLIEẞEN" ("Close") using capital letters and capital ẞ. Above the button, a message says "Für Videoanrufe in Hangouts wird jetzt Google Meet verwendet. Weitere Informationen" — Capital ß in a web application

The inclusion of a capital ⟨ẞ⟩ in Unicode in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of ⟨ẞ⟩ in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of tailed z or of round s, respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,^[45] which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including Arial, Calibri, Cambria, Courier New, Dejavu Serif, Liberation Sans, Liberation Mono, Linux Libertine and Times New Roman; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by Dejavu Sans. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing ⟨ẞ⟩ following the Sulzbacher form of ⟨ß⟩, reminiscent of the Greek ⟨β⟩ (beta); such a shape has been adopted by FreeSans and FreeSerif, Liberation Serif and Verdana.^[46]

Keyboards and encoding

The ß key (as well as Ä, Ö, and Ü) on a 1964 German typewriter

In Germany and Austria, a 'ß' key is present on computer and typewriter keyboards, normally to the right-hand end on the number row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in DIN 2112, first issued in 1928.^[47]

In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with US-International (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using AltGrs (or CtrlAlts) in Microsoft Windows, Linux and ChromeOS; in MacOS, one uses ⌥ Options on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use Alt+0223. On Linux Composess works, and ComposeSS for uppercase. Some modern virtual keyboards show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key.

The HTML entity for ⟨ß⟩ is ß. Its code point in the ISO 8859 character encoding versions 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16 and identically in Unicode is 223, or DF in hexadecimal. In TeX and LaTeX, \ss produces ß. A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by "s (similar to umlauts, which are produced by "a, "o, and "u with this package).^[48]

In modern browsers, "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using text-transform: uppercase in Cascading Style Sheets. The JavaScript in Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., "ß".toUpperCase()).^[49]

Character information
Preview	ẞ		ß
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S		LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	7838	U+1E9E	223	U+00DF
UTF-8	225 186 158	E1 BA 9E	195 159	C3 9F
Numeric character reference	ẞ	ẞ	ß	ß
Named character reference			ß
ISO 8859^[b] and Windows-125x^[c]			223	DF
Mac OS script encodings^[d]			167	A7
DOS code page 437,^[74] 850^[75]			225	E1
EUC-KR^[76] / UHC^[77]			169 172	A9 AC
GB 18030^[78]	129 53 254 50	81 35 FE 32	129 48 137 56	81 30 89 38
EBCDIC 037,^[79] 500,^[80] 1026^[81]			89	59
ISO/IEC 6937			251	FB
Shift JIS-2004^[82]			133 116	85 74
EUC-JIS-2004^[83]			169 213	A9 D5
KPS 9566-2003^[84]			174 223	AE DF
LaTeX^[85]	^[e]		\ss

Notes

^ The IPA symbol ezh (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z ( ${\mathfrak {z}}$ ) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.
^ Parts 1,^[50] 2,^[51] 3,^[52] 4,^[53] 9,^[54] 10,^[55] 13,^[56] 14,^[57] 15^[58] and 16.^[59]
^ Code pages 1250,^[60] 1252,^[61] 1254,^[62] 1257^[63] and 1258.^[64]
^ Mac OS Roman,^[65] Icelandic,^[66] Croatian,^[67] Central European,^[68] Celtic,^[69] Gaelic,^[70] Romanian,^[71] Greek^[72] and Turkish.^[73]
^ The \SS macro exists as the uppercase counterpart of \ss, but displays as a doubled capital S.^[85]

References

^ ^a ^b Unicode Consortium (2018), "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0, retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography") Archived 2012-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, 3rd edition (2007) (in German) from the Swiss Federal Chancellery, retrieved 22-Apr-2012
^ ^a ^b ^c Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017). "Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet". Retrieved 9 August 2017. According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.
^ C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E ẞ; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F ſ, with either 0073 s or with an old-style glyph for 007A z (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 ʒ). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'
^ ^a ^b "Deutsche Rechschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ Duden: Die Grammatik (9 ed.). 2016. p. 84.
^ ^a ^b Augst, Gerhard; Stock, Eberhard (1997). "Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung". In Augst, Gerhard; et al. (eds.). Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik. Max Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-31179-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Poschenrieder, Thorwald (1997). "S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform?". In Eroms, Hans-Werner; Munske, Horst Haider (eds.). Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra. Erich Schmidt. ISBN 3-50303786-1.
^ "Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis". 2.3 E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023. Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss. [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]
^ 3. Bericht des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2011–2016 (2016), p. 7.
^ ^a ^b "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016" (PDF). §25, E3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 29 June 2017. E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]
^ "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006" (PDF). §25, E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023. E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]
^ Munske, Horst Haider (2005). Lob der Rechtschreibung: Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben. C. H. Beck. p. 66. ISBN 3-406-52861-9.
^ Peter Gallmann. [de] "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben." in Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. (Archived.)
^ "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung." Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 19, 21–22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Walder, Adrienne (2020). "Das versale Eszett: Ein neuer Buchstabe im deutschen Alphabet". Zeitschrift für Germanitische Linguistik. 48 (2): 211–237. doi:10.1515/zgl-2020-2001. S2CID 225226660.
^ "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung." Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 21–22.
^ "Code Page (CPGID): 00437". IBM software FTP server. IBM. 1984. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Zinkevičius, Zigmas (1996). The History of the Lithuanian Language. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 230-236. ISBN 9785420013632.
^ Black, J.A.; Cunningham, G.; Fluckiger-Hawker, E.; Robson, E.; Zólyomi, G. (1998–2021). "ETCSL display conventions". The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Oxford University. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ "Skąd się wzięły znaki diakrytyczne?". 2plus3d.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
^ "Bon ton Ę-Ą. Aby pismo było polskie". idb.neon24.pl (in Polish). 5 August 2023.
^ "Tłumaczenia ksiąg biblijnych na język polski". bibliepolskie.pl (in Polish).
^ For example Ssein, ja ßein soll es ßie, ßie, ßie! in May, Karl (1886–1888). Der Weg zum Glück.
^ ^a ^b Salmons, Joseph (2018). A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-872302-8.
^ Braune, Wilhelm (2004). Althochdeutsche Grammatik I. Max Niemeyer. p. 152. ISBN 3-484-10861-4.
^ ^a ^b Paul, Hermann (1998). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (24 ed.). Max Niemeyer. p. 163. ISBN 3-484-10233-0.
^ ^a ^b Penzl, Herbert (1968). "Die mittelhochdeutschen Sibilanten und ihre Weiterentwicklung". Word. 24 (1–3): 344, 348. doi:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435536.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brekle, Herbert E. (2001). "Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten". Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. 76. Mainz. ISSN 0072-9094.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Young, Christopher; Gloning, Thomas (2004). A History of the German Language Through Texts. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-86263-9.
^ Michel, Andreas (2012). "Italian orthography in Early Modern times". In Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (eds.). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. de Gruyter Mouton. pp. 63–96. doi:10.1515/9783110288179.63. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9.
^ Mosley, James (2008-01-31), "Esszet or ß", Typefoundry, retrieved 2019-05-05
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jamra, Mark (2006), "The Eszett", TypeCulture, retrieved 2019-05-05
^ Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten. de Gruyter. p. 254. ISBN 9783110147537.
^ Gallmann, Paul (1997). "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben" (PDF). In Augst, Gerhard; Blüml, Karl; Nerius, Dieter; Sitta, Horst (eds.). Die Neuregelung der deutschenRechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Max Niemeyer. pp. 135–140.
^ Schreiben des Reichsministers und Chefs der Reichskanzlei an den Reichsminister des Innern vom 20. Juli 1941. BA, Potsdam, R 1501, Nr. 27180. cited in: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941 von Silvia Hartman, Peter Lang Verlag. ISBN 978-3-631-33050-0
^ Kranz, Florian (1998). Eine Schifffahrt mit drei f: Positives zur Rechtschreibreform. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. pp. 30–31. ISBN 3-525-34005-2.
^ Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie. Heft 9, 2006.
^ Vorbemerkungen, XII. In: Duden – Rechtschreibung. 9. Auflage, 1925
^ Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.
^ Andreas Stötzner. "Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected)" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-06-25.
^ "Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004". Unicode Consortium. 2005-02-10. Retrieved 2021-06-25. The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.
^ "Archive of Notices of Non-Approval". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2021-06-25. 2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.
^ "DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-30. "Unicode chart" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-30.
^ "Latin Extended Additional" (PDF).
^ "Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support". www.fileformat.info.
^ Vom Sekretariat zum Office Management: Geschichte — Gegenwart — Zukunft, Springer-Verlag (2013), p. 68.
^ "German". ShareLaTeX. 2016. Reference guide. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
^ "cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/". Coarse Rosinflower. 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-10-11]. "ISO/IEC 8859-10:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-13:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Kuhn, Markus; Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-14:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Kuhn, Markus; Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Kuhn, Markus (2015-12-02) [2001-07-26]. "ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1250 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1252 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1254 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1257 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1258 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-04) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Croatian character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-04) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Central European character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-01). "Map (external version) from Mac OS Celtic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-01). "Map (external version) from Mac OS Gaelic character set to Unicode 3.0 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Romanian character set to Unicode 3.0 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp850_DOSLatin1 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Unicode Consortium; IBM. "IBM-970". International Components for Unicode.
^ Steele, Shawn (2000). "cp949 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set.
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.
^ Project X0213 (2009-05-03). "Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Project X0213 (2009-05-03). "EUC-JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 3) vs Unicode mapping table".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "KPS 9566-2003 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.
^ ^a ^b Pakin, Scott (2020-06-25). "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (PDF).

[3] The IPA symbol ezh (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z ( ${\mathfrak {z}}$ ) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.

[61] Parts 1,^[50] 2,^[51] 3,^[52] 4,^[53] 9,^[54] 10,^[55] 13,^[56] 14,^[57] 15^[58] and 16.^[59]

[67] Code pages 1250,^[60] 1252,^[61] 1254,^[62] 1257^[63] and 1258.^[64]

[77] Mac OS Roman,^[65] Icelandic,^[66] Croatian,^[67] Central European,^[68] Celtic,^[69] Gaelic,^[70] Romanian,^[71] Greek^[72] and Turkish.^[73]

[90] The \SS macro exists as the uppercase counterpart of \ss, but displays as a doubled capital S.^[85]

[Unicode_00DF-1] Unicode Consortium (2018), "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0, retrieved 2018-08-09.

[Swiss-2] Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography") Archived 2012-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, 3rd edition (2007) (in German) from the Swiss Federal Chancellery, retrieved 22-Apr-2012

[Long_debate-4] Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017). "Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet". Retrieved 9 August 2017. According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.

[5] C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E ẞ; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F ſ, with either 0073 s or with an old-style glyph for 007A z (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 ʒ). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'

[auto1-6] "Deutsche Rechschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25". Retrieved 28 January 2021.

[7] Duden: Die Grammatik (9 ed.). 2016. p. 84.

[augst-8] Augst, Gerhard; Stock, Eberhard (1997). "Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung". In Augst, Gerhard; et al. (eds.). Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik. Max Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-31179-7.

[poschenrieder-9] Poschenrieder, Thorwald (1997). "S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform?". In Eroms, Hans-Werner; Munske, Horst Haider (eds.). Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra. Erich Schmidt. ISBN 3-50303786-1.

[10] "Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis". 2.3 E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023. Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss. [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]

[11] 3. Bericht des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2011–2016 (2016), p. 7.

[auto-12] "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016" (PDF). §25, E3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 29 June 2017. E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]

[13] "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006" (PDF). §25, E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023. E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]

[munske-14] Munske, Horst Haider (2005). Lob der Rechtschreibung: Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben. C. H. Beck. p. 66. ISBN 3-406-52861-9.

[15] Peter Gallmann. [de] "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben." in Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. (Archived.)

[16] "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung." Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 19, 21–22.

[walder-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Walder, Adrienne (2020). "Das versale Eszett: Ein neuer Buchstabe im deutschen Alphabet". Zeitschrift für Germanitische Linguistik. 48 (2): 211–237. doi:10.1515/zgl-2020-2001. S2CID 225226660.

[18] "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung." Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 21–22.

[19] "Code Page (CPGID): 00437". IBM software FTP server. IBM. 1984. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[20] Zinkevičius, Zigmas (1996). The History of the Lithuanian Language. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 230-236. ISBN 9785420013632.

[21] Black, J.A.; Cunningham, G.; Fluckiger-Hawker, E.; Robson, E.; Zólyomi, G. (1998–2021). "ETCSL display conventions". The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Oxford University. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[p1-22] "Skąd się wzięły znaki diakrytyczne?". 2plus3d.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-08-29.

[p2-23] "Bon ton Ę-Ą. Aby pismo było polskie". idb.neon24.pl (in Polish). 5 August 2023.

[24] "Tłumaczenia ksiąg biblijnych na język polski". bibliepolskie.pl (in Polish).

[25] For example Ssein, ja ßein soll es ßie, ßie, ßie! in May, Karl (1886–1888). Der Weg zum Glück.

[auto2-26] Salmons, Joseph (2018). A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-872302-8.

[27] Braune, Wilhelm (2004). Althochdeutsche Grammatik I. Max Niemeyer. p. 152. ISBN 3-484-10861-4.

[auto3-28] Paul, Hermann (1998). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (24 ed.). Max Niemeyer. p. 163. ISBN 3-484-10233-0.

[penzl-29] Penzl, Herbert (1968). "Die mittelhochdeutschen Sibilanten und ihre Weiterentwicklung". Word. 24 (1–3): 344, 348. doi:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435536.

[brekle-30] Brekle, Herbert E. (2001). "Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten". Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. 76. Mainz. ISSN 0072-9094.

[young-31] Young, Christopher; Gloning, Thomas (2004). A History of the German Language Through Texts. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-86263-9.

[32] Michel, Andreas (2012). "Italian orthography in Early Modern times". In Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (eds.). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. de Gruyter Mouton. pp. 63–96. doi:10.1515/9783110288179.63. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9.

[mosley-33] Mosley, James (2008-01-31), "Esszet or ß", Typefoundry, retrieved 2019-05-05

[jamra-34] Jamra, Mark (2006), "The Eszett", TypeCulture, retrieved 2019-05-05

[35] Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten. de Gruyter. p. 254. ISBN 9783110147537.

[36] Gallmann, Paul (1997). "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben" (PDF). In Augst, Gerhard; Blüml, Karl; Nerius, Dieter; Sitta, Horst (eds.). Die Neuregelung der deutschenRechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Max Niemeyer. pp. 135–140.

[37] Schreiben des Reichsministers und Chefs der Reichskanzlei an den Reichsminister des Innern vom 20. Juli 1941. BA, Potsdam, R 1501, Nr. 27180. cited in: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941 von Silvia Hartman, Peter Lang Verlag. ISBN 978-3-631-33050-0

[38] Kranz, Florian (1998). Eine Schifffahrt mit drei f: Positives zur Rechtschreibreform. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. pp. 30–31. ISBN 3-525-34005-2.

[39] Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie. Heft 9, 2006.

[40] Vorbemerkungen, XII. In: Duden – Rechtschreibung. 9. Auflage, 1925

[41] Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.

[42] Andreas Stötzner. "Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected)" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-06-25.

[43] "Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004". Unicode Consortium. 2005-02-10. Retrieved 2021-06-25. The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.

[44] "Archive of Notices of Non-Approval". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2021-06-25. 2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.

[45] "DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-30. "Unicode chart" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-30.

[46] "Latin Extended Additional" (PDF).

[47] "Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support". www.fileformat.info.

[48] Vom Sekretariat zum Office Management: Geschichte — Gegenwart — Zukunft, Springer-Verlag (2013), p. 68.

[49] "German". ShareLaTeX. 2016. Reference guide. Retrieved 17 March 2016.

[50] "cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/". Coarse Rosinflower. 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.

[51] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[52] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[53] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[54] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[55] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[56] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-10-11]. "ISO/IEC 8859-10:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[57] Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-13:1998 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[58] Kuhn, Markus; Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-14:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[59] Kuhn, Markus; Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. "ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[60] Kuhn, Markus (2015-12-02) [2001-07-26]. "ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[62] Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1250 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[63] Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1252 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[64] Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1254 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[65] Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1257 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[66] Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). "cp1258 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[68] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[69] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[70] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-04) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Croatian character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[71] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-04) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Central European character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[72] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-01). "Map (external version) from Mac OS Celtic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[73] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-01). "Map (external version) from Mac OS Gaelic character set to Unicode 3.0 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[74] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Romanian character set to Unicode 3.0 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[75] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[76] Apple Computer, Inc. (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later". Unicode Consortium.

[78] Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[79] Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp850_DOSLatin1 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[euc-kr-ibm970-80] Unicode Consortium; IBM. "IBM-970". International Components for Unicode.

[uhc-ms949-81] Steele, Shawn (2000). "cp949 to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[gb18030-82] Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set.

[83] Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[84] Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[85] Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table". Microsoft / Unicode Consortium.

[shift-jis-2004-86] Project X0213 (2009-05-03). "Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[euc-jis-2004-87] Project X0213 (2009-05-03). "EUC-JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 3) vs Unicode mapping table".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[kps9566txt-88] "KPS 9566-2003 to Unicode". Unicode Consortium.

[latexnames-89] Pakin, Scott (2020-06-25). "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (PDF).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Letter of the Latin alphabet; used in German}}
+{{Lowercase title}}
-{{about|the German eszett|the Greek letter that looks similar|Beta|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|ഭ}}
+{{about|the German eszett|the Greek letter that looks similar|Beta|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|Bha (Indic) #Malayalam Bha}}
 {{hatnote|Not to be confused with the Latin letter [[B]].}}
 {{Infobox grapheme
@@ Line 38: / Line 39: @@
 }}
-In [[German orthography]], the letter '''ß''', called  '''{{lang|de|Eszett}}''' ({{IPA-de|ɛsˈtsɛt|IPA}}) or '''{{lang|de|scharfes S}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs|IPA}}, "sharp S"), represents the {{IPAslink|s}} phoneme in [[Standard German]] when following [[long vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s. The letter-name {{wikt-lang|de|Eszett}} combines the [[names of the letters]] of {{angbr|s}} ({{lang|de|Es}}) and {{angbr|z}} ({{lang|de|Zett}}) in German. The character's [[Unicode]] names in English are '''sharp s'''<ref name="Unicode_00DF">{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium |year=2018 |title=C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf |access-date=2018-08-09 |postscript=.}}</ref> and '''eszett'''.<ref name="Unicode_00DF" /> The ''Eszett'' letter is used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph {{angbr|ss}}, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ''ss'' in the spelling of [[Swiss Standard German]] (Switzerland and [[Liechtenstein]]), while remaining [[Standard German]] spelling in other varieties of the German language.<ref name="Swiss">[http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708004012/http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf |date=2012-07-08 }}, 3rd edition (2007) {{in lang|de}} from the [[Swiss Federal Chancellery]], retrieved 22-Apr-2012</ref>
+In [[German orthography]], the letter '''ß''', called  '''{{lang|de|Eszett}}''' ({{IPA-de|ɛsˈtsɛt|IPA}}, S-Z) or '''{{lang|de|scharfes S}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs|IPA}}, "sharp S"), represents the {{IPAslink|s}} phoneme in [[Standard German]] when following [[long vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s. The letter-name {{wikt-lang|de|Eszett}} combines the [[names of the letters]] of {{angbr|s}} ({{lang|de|Es}}) and {{angbr|z}} ({{lang|de|Zett}}) in German. The character's [[Unicode]] names in English are '''sharp s'''<ref name="Unicode_00DF">{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium |year=2018 |title=C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf |access-date=2018-08-09 |postscript=.}}</ref> and '''eszett'''.<ref name="Unicode_00DF" /> The ''Eszett'' letter is used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph {{angbr|ss}}, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ''ss'' in the spelling of [[Swiss Standard German]] (Switzerland and [[Liechtenstein]]), while remaining [[Standard German]] spelling in other varieties of the German language.<ref name="Swiss">[http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708004012/http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf |date=2012-07-08 }}, 3rd edition (2007) {{in lang|de}} from the [[Swiss Federal Chancellery]], retrieved 22-Apr-2012</ref>
 The letter originates as the {{angbr|[[sz (digraph)|sz]]}} [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] as used in [[Early New High German|late medieval and early modern German]] orthography, represented as a [[typographic ligature|ligature]] of {{angbr|ſ}} ([[long s]]) and {{angbr|ʒ}} ([[Z#Variant and derived forms|tailed z]]) in [[blackletter]] typefaces, yielding {{angbr|ſʒ}}.{{efn|The IPA symbol [[ezh]] (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z (<math>\mathfrak{z}</math>) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.}} This developed from an earlier usage of {{angbr|z}} in [[Old High German|Old]] and [[Middle High German]] to represent a separate [[sibilant]] sound from {{angbr|s}}; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as {{angbr|sz}} in some situations.
+Traditionally, {{angbr|ß}} did not have a capital form, although some [[type design]]ers introduced ''de facto'' capitalized variants. In 2017, the [[Council for German Orthography]] officially adopted a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}, as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.<ref name="Long debate">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet|title=Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet|last=Ha|first=Thu-Huong|date=20 July 2017 |language=English|access-date=9 August 2017|quote=According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It’s also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.}}</ref>
-Traditionally, {{angbr|ß}} did not have a capital form, although some [[type design]]ers introduced ''de facto'' capitalized variants.
-In 2017, the [[Council for German Orthography]] officially adopted a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}, into German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.<ref name="Long debate">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet|title=Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet|last=Ha|first=Thu-Huong|date=20 July 2017 |language=English|access-date=9 August 2017|quote=According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It’s also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.}}</ref>
-Lowercase {{angbr|ß}} was encoded by [[ECMA-94]] (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by [[Latin-1]] and [[Unicode]] ({{unichar|00DF|Latin small letter sharp s}}).<ref>[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E '''ẞ'''; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F '''ſ''', with either 0073 '''s''' or with an old-style glyph for 007A '''z''' (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 '''ʒ'''). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'</ref>
+Lowercase {{angbr|ß}} was [[codepoint|encoded]] by [[ECMA-94]] (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by [[Latin-1]] and [[Unicode]] ({{unichar|00DF|Latin small letter sharp s}}).<ref>[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E '''ẞ'''; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F '''ſ''', with either 0073 '''s''' or with an old-style glyph for 007A '''z''' (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 '''ʒ'''). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'</ref>
-The [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|HTML entity]]  <code>&amp;szlig;</code> was introduced with [[HTML|HTML 2.0]] (1995). The capital {{angbr|ẞ}} was [[codepoint|encoded]] by [[ISO 10646]] in 2008 at ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin Capital Letter Sharp S}}).
+The [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|HTML entity]]  <code>&amp;szlig;</code> was introduced with [[HTML|HTML 2.0]] (1995). The capital {{angbr|ẞ}} was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin Capital Letter Sharp S}}).
 == Usage ==
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 Some proper names may use {{angbr|ß}} after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., {{lang|de|Litfaßsäule; [[advertising column]]}}, named after [[Ernst Litfaß]]).<ref name="poschenrieder">{{cite book|last=Poschenrieder |first=Thorwald |chapter=S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform? |title=Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra |editor-last1=Eroms |editor-first1=Hans-Werner |editor-last2=Munske |editor-first2=Horst Haider|publisher=Erich Schmidt |year=1997 |isbn=3-50303786-1}}</ref>{{rp|180}}
-If no {{angbr|ß}} is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for {{angbr|ß}} to be replaced with {{angbr|ss}}.<ref> {{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis |at=2.3 E3 |quote={{lang|de|Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.}} [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]}}</ref> Additionally, as of 2017, when capitalized, either capital {{angbr|ß}} ({{lang|de|STRAẞE}}) or {{angbr|SS}} ({{lang|de|STRASSE}}) are considered equally valid in all situations (not just when the character is unavailable).<ref>{{lang|de|[http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Bericht_2011-2016.pdf#8 3.&nbsp;Bericht des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2011–2016]}} (2016), p. 7.</ref>
+If no {{angbr|ß}} is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for {{angbr|ß}} to be replaced with {{angbr|ss}}.<ref> {{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis |at=2.3 E3 |quote={{lang|de|Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.}} [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]}}</ref> Additionally, as of 2017, when capitalized, either capital {{angbr|ẞ}} ({{lang|de|STRAẞE}}) or {{angbr|SS}} ({{lang|de|STRASSE}}) are considered equally valid in all situations (not just when the character is unavailable).<ref>{{lang|de|[http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Bericht_2011-2016.pdf#8 3.&nbsp;Bericht des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2011–2016]}} (2016), p. 7.</ref>
-<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |access-date=29 June 2017 |url=http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706162042/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf# |archive-date=2017-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The previous rule, codified in the Orthography Reform of 1996, had been always to replace {{angbr|ß}} with {{angbr|SS}} in allcaps.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]}}</ref>
+<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |access-date=29 June 2017 |url=http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706162042/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The previous rule, codified in the Orthography Reform of 1996, had been always to replace {{angbr|ß}} with {{angbr|SS}} in allcaps.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]}}</ref>
 ===In pre-1996 orthography===
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 [[File:ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg|thumb|Capitalization as SZ on a [[Bundeswehr]] crate ({{lang|de|ABSCHUSZGERAET}} for the pre-reform spelling {{lang|de|Abschußgerät}} 'launcher')]]
-As in the new orthography, it was possible to write {{angbr|ss}} for {{angbr|ß}} if the character was not available. When using allcaps, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering {{angbr|ß}} as {{angbr|SS}} in allcaps ''except'' when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as {{angbr|SZ}}. The common example for such a case is {{lang|de|IN MASZEN}} ({{lang|de|in Maßen}} "in moderate amounts") vs. {{lang|de|IN MASSEN}} ({{lang|de|in Massen}} "in massive amounts"); in this example the spelling difference between {{angbr|ß}} vs. {{angbr|ss}} produces completely different meanings.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
+As in the new orthography, it was possible to write {{angbr|ss}} for {{angbr|ß}} if the character was not available. When using all capital letters, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering {{angbr|ß}} as {{angbr|SS}} except when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as {{angbr|SZ}}. The common example for such a case is {{lang|de|IN MASZEN}} ({{lang|de|in Maßen}} "in moderate amounts") vs. {{lang|de|IN MASSEN}} ({{lang|de|in Massen}} "in massive amounts"); in this example the spelling difference between {{angbr|ß}} vs. {{angbr|ss}} produces completely different meanings.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
 === Switzerland and Liechtenstein ===
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 === Other uses ===
-[[File:Kirche Oßling AB 2011 14.JPG|thumb|left|Use of ß (blackletter 'ſz') in [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]]: ''wyßokoſcʒ́i'' ("highest", now spelled ''wysokosći''). Text of [[Luke 2]]:14, in a church in [[Oßling]].]][[File:BibliaWujka.PNG|thumb|Use of ß in [[Polish language]], in 1599 ''[[Jakub Wujek Bible]]'', in the word ''náßéy'', which means ''our'', and would be spelled ''naszej'' in modern orthography]]
+[[File:Kirche Oßling AB 2011 14.JPG|thumb|left|Use of ß (blackletter 'ſz') in [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]]: ''wyßokoſcʒ́i'' ("highest", now spelled ''wysokosći''). Text of [[Luke 2]]:14, in a church in [[Oßling]].]]
+[[File:BibliaWujka.PNG|thumb|Use of ß in [[Polish language|Polish]], in 1599 ''[[Jakub Wujek Bible]]'', in the word ''náßéy'', which means ''our'', and would be spelled ''naszej'' in modern orthography]]
 Occasionally, {{angbr|ß}} has been used in unusual ways:
 * As a surrogate for Greek lowercase {{angbr|β}} ([[beta (letter)|beta]]), which looks fairly similar. This was used in older operating systems, the [[character encoding]] of which (notably [[ISO/IEC 8859-1|Latin-1]] and [[Windows-1252]]) did not support easy use of Greek letters. Additionally, the original IBM DOS [[code page]], [[Code page 437|CP437]] (aka OEM-US) conflates the two characters, with a glyph that minimizes their differences placed between the Greek letters {{angbr|α}} (alpha) and {{angbr|γ}} (gamma) but named "Sharp s Small".<ref>{{cite web
@@ Line 115: / Line 117: @@
  |access-date=11 April 2021
  }}</ref>
-* The letter appeared in the alphabet made by [[Jan Kochanowski]] for the [[Polish language]], that was used from the 16th until the 18th century. It represented the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] ([ʃ]) sound.<ref name=p1>{{cite web|url=https://www.2plus3d.pl/artykuly/skad-sie-wziely-znaki-diakrytyczne|website=2plus3d.pl|title=Skąd się wzięły znaki diakrytyczne?|language=pl|access-date=2021-08-29|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421114922/https://www.2plus3d.pl/artykuly/skad-sie-wziely-znaki-diakrytyczne|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=p2>{{cite web|url=https://idb.neon24.pl/post/106082,bon-ton-e-a-aby-pismo-bylo-polskie|website=idb.neon24.pl|title=Bon ton Ę-Ą. Aby pismo było polskie.|date=5 August 2023 |language=pl}}</ref> It was for example used in the ''[[Jakub Wujek Bible]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliepolskie.pl/przeklady.php?tid=4|website=bibliepolskie.pl|language=pl|title=Tłumaczenia ksiąg biblijnych na język polski}}</ref>
+* The letter appeared in the alphabet made by [[Jan Kochanowski]] for the [[Polish language]], that was used from the 16th until the 18th century. It represented the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] ({{IPA|[ʃ]}}) sound.<ref name=p1>{{cite web|url=https://www.2plus3d.pl/artykuly/skad-sie-wziely-znaki-diakrytyczne|website=2plus3d.pl|title=Skąd się wzięły znaki diakrytyczne?|language=pl|access-date=2021-08-29|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421114922/https://www.2plus3d.pl/artykuly/skad-sie-wziely-znaki-diakrytyczne|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=p2>{{cite web|url=https://idb.neon24.pl/post/106082,bon-ton-e-a-aby-pismo-bylo-polskie|website=idb.neon24.pl|title=Bon ton Ę-Ą. Aby pismo było polskie.|date=5 August 2023 |language=pl}}</ref> It was for example used in the ''[[Jakub Wujek Bible]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliepolskie.pl/przeklady.php?tid=4|website=bibliepolskie.pl|language=pl|title=Tłumaczenia ksiąg biblijnych na język polski}}</ref>
+* Some authors have used it in German at the beginning of words to transcribe the voiceless s of certain accents.<ref>For example ''Ssein, ja ßein soll es ßie, ßie, ßie!'' in {{cite work|first1=Karl|last1=May|title=Der Weg zum Glück|date=1886–1888|url=https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/may/wegglue1/chap004.html}}</ref>
 == History ==
 ===Origin and development===
-[[File:Nibelungenlied manuscript - “grozer”.jpg|thumb|Use of [[Middle High German]] letter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of the [[Nibelungenlied]]: "grozer" = "großer".]]
+[[File:Nibelungenlied manuscript - “grozer”.jpg|thumb|Use of [[Middle High German]] letter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of the [[Nibelungenlied]]: "grozer" = "großer"]]
 As a result of the [[High German consonant shift]], [[Old High German]] developed a sound generally spelled {{angbr|zz}} or {{angbr|z}} that was probably pronounced {{IPA|[s]}} and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced {{IPA|[⁠s̠]}} ([[voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant]]) or {{IPA|[z̠]}} ([[voiced alveolar retracted sibilant]]), depending on the place in the word, and spelled {{angbr|s}}.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last=Salmons |first=Joseph |title=A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language |edition=2 |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872302-8|page=203}}</ref> Given that {{angbr|z}} could also represent the [[affricate]] {{IPA|[ts]}}, some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling {{IPA|[s]}} as {{angbr|zss}} or {{angbr|zs}}: {{lang|goh|wazssar}} ({{lang-de|Wasser}}), {{lang|goh|fuozssi}} ({{lang-de|Füße}}), {{lang|goh|heizsit}} ({{lang-de|heißt}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Braune |first=Wilhelm |title=Althochdeutsche Grammatik I |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=2004 |isbn=3-484-10861-4 |page=152}}</ref> In [[Middle High German]], {{angbr|zz}} simplified to {{angbr|z}} at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel: {{lang|gmh|wazzer}} ({{lang-de|Wasser}}) vs. {{lang|gmh|lâzen}} ({{lang-de|lassen}}) and {{lang|mhg|fuoz}} ({{lang-de|Fuß}}).<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Paul |first=Hermann |title=Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik |edition=24 |year=1998 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |isbn=3-484-10233-0 |page=163 }}</ref>
-[[File:Crop of vsz from History vom Herr Flordimar Cod Don 140 fol 37r.jpg|thumb|Use of the late medieval ligature {{angbr|ſz}} in [[Ulrich Füetrer]]'s {{lang|de|Buch der Abenteuer}}: "uſz" (modern German {{lang|de|aus}}).]]
+[[File:Crop of vsz from History vom Herr Flordimar Cod Don 140 fol 37r.jpg|thumb|Use of the late medieval ligature {{angbr|ſz}} in [[Ulrich Füetrer]]'s {{lang|de|Buch der Abenteuer}}: "uſz" (modern German {{lang|de|aus}})]]
 In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between {{angbr|z}} and {{angbr|s}} was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for [[Gottscheerish]].<ref name="auto2"/> Word-internally, Old and Middle High German {{angbr|s}} came to be pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} (the [[voiced alveolar sibilant]]), while Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} continued to be pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}. This produces the contrast between modern standard German {{lang|de|reisen}} and {{lang|de|reißen}}. The former is pronounced {{IPA-de|ˈʁaɪzn̩|IPA}} and comes from {{lang-gmh|reisen}}, while the latter is pronounced {{IPA-de|ˈʁaɪsn̩|IPA}} and comes from {{lang-gmh|reizen}}.<ref name="penzl">{{cite journal|last=Penzl |first=Herbert |title=Die mittelhochdeutschen Sibilanten und ihre Weiterentwicklung |journal=Word |volume=24 |year=1968 |issue=1–3 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1968.11435536 |pages=344, 348}}</ref>
 In the late medieval and early modern periods, {{IPA|[s]}} was frequently spelled {{angbr|sz}} or {{angbr|ss}}. The earliest appearance of [[Orthographic ligature|ligature]] resembling the modern {{angbr|ß}} is in a fragment of a [[manuscript]] of the poem ''[[Wolfdietrich]]'' from around 1300.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|214}}<ref name="penzl"/> In the Gothic [[book hand]]s and [[bastarda]] scripts of the [[late medieval]] period, {{angbr|sz}} is written with [[long s]] and the Blackletter "tailed z", as {{angbr|ſʒ}}. A recognizable [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] representing the {{angbr|sz}} digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.<ref name="brekle">{{cite journal |first=Herbert E. |last=Brekle |title=Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten |journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]] |volume=76 |location=Mainz |year=2001 |issn=0072-9094 }}</ref>{{rp|67-76}}
-[[File:Crop of Der Bierbreuwer from Jost Amman's Stände und Handwerker Wellcome L0069606.jpg|thumb|An early modern printed rhyme by [[Hans Sachs]] showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſz}}: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß".]]
+[[File:Crop of Der Bierbreuwer from Jost Amman's Stände und Handwerker Wellcome L0069606.jpg|thumb|An early modern printed rhyme by [[Hans Sachs]] showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſz}}: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß"]]
 By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between {{angbr|sz}} and {{angbr|ss}} was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: {{angbr|sz}} ({{angbr|ſz}}) tended to be used in word final position: {{lang|de|uſz}} ({{lang-gmh|ûz}}, {{lang-de|aus}}), {{lang|de|-nüſz}} ({{lang-gmh|-nüss(e)}}, {{lang-de|-nis}}); {{angbr|ss}} ({{angbr|ſſ}}) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels: {{lang|de|groſſes}} ({{lang-gmh|grôzes}}, {{lang-de|großes}}).<ref name="young">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Christopher |last2=Gloning |first2=Thomas |title=A History of the German Language Through Texts |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-86263-9}}</ref>{{rp|171}} While [[Martin Luther]]'s early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such as {{lang|de|heyße}} ({{lang-de|heiße}}), early modern printers mostly changed these to {{angbr|ſſ}}: {{lang|de|heiſſe}}. Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish between {{lang|de|das}} (the, that [pronoun]) and {{lang|de|daß}} (that [conjunction]).<ref name="young"/>{{rp|215}}
@@ Line 141: / Line 147: @@
 [[File:Lang-s-Rund-s Blaeu_Essen.gif|thumb|''[[Essen]]'' with ſs-ligature reads ''Eßen'' (Latin [[Joan Blaeu|Blaeu]] atlas, text printed in Antiqua, 1650s).]]
 [[File:French Eszett.jpg|thumb|left|French usage as a ligature for ⟨ss⟩ in 1784 from [[Galerie des Modes et Costumes Français|Gallerie des Modes]]]]
-Although there are early examples in [[Roman type]] (called ''Antiqua'' in a German context) of a {{angbr|ſs}}-ligature that looks like the letter {{angbr|ß}}, it was not commonly used for {{angbr|sz}}.<ref name="mosley">{{citation|last=Mosley|first=James|date=2008-01-31|title=Esszet or ß|website=Typefoundry|url=https://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/esszett-or.html|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref name="jamra">{{citation|last=Jamra|first=Mark|year=2006|title=The Eszett| website=TypeCulture|url=https://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/the-eszett/|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> These forms generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century and were used in [[Italic text]] only;<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|73}} German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such as [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]]'s {{lang|de|Wissenschaftslehre}} did not provide any equivalent to the {{angbr|ß}}. [[Jacob Grimm]] began using {{angbr|ß}} in his {{lang|de|Deutsche Grammatik}} (1819), however it varied with {{angbr|ſſ}} word internally.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|74}} Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in their {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]}} (1838), the [[Brothers Grimm]] favored writing it as {{angbr|sz}}.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|2}} The [[First Orthographic Conference (German)|First Orthographic Conference]] in Berlin (1876) recommended that ''ß'' be represented as {{angbr|ſs}} - however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.<ref name="young"/>{{rp|269}}<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|222}} In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the ''[[Journal für Buchdruckerkunst]]''.  A committee of the [[Typographic Society of Leipzig]] chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903 it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|3-5}}
+In early modern Latin type ([[antiqua (typeface class)|antiqua]]), a ligature similar to modern {{angbr|ß}} developed out of a long s followed by a round s ({{angbr|ſs}}), and as such was used in languages such as Italian in alternation with {{angbr|ſſ}}, usually based on requirements of space on the page.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Michel |author-first=Andreas |chapter=Italian orthography in Early Modern times |title=Orthographies in Early Modern Europe |editor-last1=Baddeley |editor-first1=Susan |editor-last2=Voeste |editor-first2=Anja |year=2012 |publisher=de Gruyter Mouton |doi=10.1515/9783110288179.63 |pages=63–96|isbn=978-3-11-028817-9 }}</ref>{{rp|76}} However, despite its resemblance to the modern {{angbr|ß}}, this ligature was not commonly used as an equivalent to the Fraktur {{angbr|sz}} in German.<ref name="mosley">{{citation|last=Mosley|first=James|date=2008-01-31|title=Esszet or ß|website=Typefoundry|url=https://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/esszett-or.html|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref name="jamra">{{citation|last=Jamra|first=Mark|year=2006|title=The Eszett| website=TypeCulture|url=https://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/the-eszett/|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> This ligature generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century, together with the use of long s in antiqua.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|73}} German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such as [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]]'s {{lang|de|Wissenschaftslehre}} did not provide any equivalent to the {{angbr|ß}}.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|74}}
-Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was nevertheless common for [[family name]]s to be written with {{angbr|ß}} in Fraktur and {{angbr|ss}} in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names such as Heuss/Heuß are written in modern German.<ref name="poschenrieder"/>{{rp|176}}
+[[Jacob Grimm]] began using {{angbr|ß}} in his {{lang|de|Deutsche Grammatik}} (1819); however, it varied with {{angbr|ſſ}} word internally.<ref name="brekle"/>{{rp|74}} Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in their {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]}} (1838), the [[Brothers Grimm]] favored writing it as {{angbr|sz}}.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|2}} The [[First Orthographic Conference (German)|First Orthographic Conference]] in Berlin (1876) recommended that ''ß'' be represented as {{angbr|ſs}} – however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.<ref name="young"/>{{rp|269}}<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|222}} In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the ''[[Journal für Buchdruckerkunst]]''.  A committee of the [[Typographic Society of Leipzig]] chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903, it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|3-5}}
+Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was common for [[family name]]s to be written with {{angbr|ß}} in Fraktur and {{angbr|ss}} in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names are written in modern German (such as between Heuss and Heuß).<ref name="poschenrieder"/>{{rp|176}}
 ===Abolition and attempted abolitions===
-The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use {{angbr|ß}} in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use of [[typewriter]]s in Switzerland that did not include {{angbr|ß}} in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities of [[Swiss German]] that cause words spelled with {{angbr|ß}} or {{angbr|ss}} to be pronounced with [[gemination]].<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|221-22}} The Education Council of [[Zurich]] had decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas the [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] continued to write {{angbr|ß}} until 1971.<ref>{{cite book| last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |year=1995 |title=Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=9783110147537 |page=254}}</ref> Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.<ref>{{cite book| last=Gallmann |first=Paul |chapter=Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben |title=Die Neuregelung der deutschenRechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik |editor-last1=Augst |editor-first1=Gerhard |editor-last2=Blüml |editor-first2=Karl |editor-last3=Nerius |editor-first3=Dieter |editor-last4=Sitta |editor-first4=Horst |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=1997 |pages=135–140 |chapter-url=http://gallmann.uni-jena.de/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf }}</ref>
+The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use {{angbr|ß}} in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use of [[typewriter]]s in Switzerland that did not include {{angbr|ß}} in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities of [[Swiss German]] that cause words spelled with {{angbr|ß}} or {{angbr|ss}} to be pronounced with [[gemination]].<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|221-22}} The Education Council of [[Zürich]] had decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas the [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] continued to write {{angbr|ß}} until 1971.<ref>{{cite book| last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |year=1995 |title=Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=9783110147537 |page=254}}</ref> Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.<ref>{{cite book| last=Gallmann |first=Paul |chapter=Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben |title=Die Neuregelung der deutschenRechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik |editor-last1=Augst |editor-first1=Gerhard |editor-last2=Blüml |editor-first2=Karl |editor-last3=Nerius |editor-first3=Dieter |editor-last4=Sitta |editor-first4=Horst |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=1997 |pages=135–140 |chapter-url=http://gallmann.uni-jena.de/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf}}</ref>
 When the Nazi German government abolished the use of blackletter typesetting in 1941, it was originally planned to also abolish the use of {{angbr|ß}}. However, Hitler intervened to retain {{angbr|ß}}, while deciding against the creation of a capital form.<ref>Schreiben des Reichsministers und Chefs der Reichskanzlei an den Reichsminister des Innern vom 20. Juli 1941. BA, Potsdam, R 1501, Nr. 27180. cited in: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941 von Silvia Hartman, Peter Lang Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-631-33050-0}}</ref> In 1954, a group of reformers in [[West Germany]] similarly proposed, among other changes to German spelling, the abolition of {{angbr|ß}}; their proposals were publicly opposed by German-language writers [[Thomas Mann]], [[Hermann Hesse]], and [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]] and were never implemented.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kranz |first=Florian |title=Eine Schifffahrt mit drei f: Positives zur Rechtschreibreform |publisher=Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht |year=1998 |isbn=3-525-34005-2 |pages=30–31}}</ref> Although the German Orthography Reform of 1996 reduced the use of {{angbr|ß}} in standard German, Adrienne Walder writes that an abolition outside of Switzerland appears unlikely.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|235}}
@@ Line 154: / Line 163: @@
 [[File:Gießener Zeitung Logo.svg|thumb|Logo of {{Interlanguage link|Gießener Zeitung|lt=''Gießener Zeitung''|de}} ("{{lang|de|GIEẞENER ZEITUNG|l}}", 2008 design)]]
 [[File:Straßenschild-Versal-ß.jpg|thumb|Street sign with {{lang|de|Versal-Eszett}} ("{{lang|de|MÜHLFELDSTRAẞE}}") in {{lang|de|[[Heiligkreuzsteinach]]}} (2011 photograph)]]
-Because {{angbr|ß}} had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover, allcaps was not normally used in Fraktur printing.<ref name="Long debate" /> There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of {{angbr|ß}} for use in [[allcaps]] writing (where {{angbr|ß}} would otherwise usually be represented as either {{angbr|SS}} or {{angbr|SZ}}). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.<ref>{{lang|de|Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie}}. Heft 9, 2006.</ref> The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of {{angbr|SZ}} in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.<ref name="Long debate" /> Historical typefaces offering a capitalized {{lang|de|eszett}} mostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capital {{lang|de|eszett}} were produced by the {{lang|de|Schelter & Giesecke}} foundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06. {{lang|de|Schelter & Giesecke}} at the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited.
+Because {{angbr|ß}} had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover, [[allcaps]] was not normally used in Fraktur printing.<ref name="Long debate" /> There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of {{angbr|ß}} for use in allcaps writing (where {{angbr|ß}} would otherwise usually be represented as either {{angbr|SS}} or {{angbr|SZ}}). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.<ref>{{lang|de|Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie}}. Heft 9, 2006.</ref> The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of {{angbr|SZ}} in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.<ref name="Long debate" /> Historical typefaces offering a capitalized {{lang|de|eszett}} mostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capital {{lang|de|eszett}} were produced by the {{lang|de|Schelter & Giesecke}} foundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06. {{lang|de|Schelter & Giesecke}} at the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited.
 The preface to the 1925 edition of the {{lang|de|[[Duden]]}} dictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital {{angbr|ß}}:
@@ Line 160: / Line 169: @@
 {{quote|The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed.}}
-The {{lang|de|Duden}} was edited separately in [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]] during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German {{lang|de|Duden}} of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital {{angbr|ß}}, in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase {{angbr|ß}} was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of {{angbr|ß}}.<ref>{{lang|de|Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.}}</ref>
+The {{lang|de|Duden}} was edited separately in [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]] during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German {{lang|de|Duden}} of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital {{angbr|ß}} in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase {{angbr|ß}} was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of {{angbr|ß}}.<ref>{{lang|de|Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.}}</ref>
 In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain [[typographer]]s to introduce a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the [[Unicode]] set submitted in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2888.pdf |author=Andreas Stötzner |title=Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected) |access-date=2021-06-25 }}</ref> was rejected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04361.htm#101-C22 |title=Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/nonapprovals.html |title=Archive of Notices of Non-Approval |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.}}</ref> A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin capital letter sharp s}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3227.pdf |title=DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E |access-date=2014-01-30}}
@@ Line 168: / Line 177: @@
 ===Graphical variants===
 {{More references needed|date=March 2021}}
-The recommendation of the Sulzbacher form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing.
+The recommendation of the Sulzbacher form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of {{angbr|ß}} in use in Antiqua fonts:
-There were four distinct variants of {{angbr|ß}} in use in Antiqua fonts:
 [[File:Sz modern.svg|thumb|245px|Four forms of Antiqua Eszett: 1. ſs, 2. ſs ligature, 3. ſʒ ligature, 4. Sulzbacher form]]
 #{{angbr|ſs}} without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters;
@@ Line 175: / Line 183: @@
 #a ligature of {{angbr|ſ}} and {{angbr|ʒ}}, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua; and
 #the Sulzbacher form.
 The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. The design of modern {{angbr|ß}} tends to follow either the Sulzbacher form, in which {{angbr|ʒ}} (tailed z) is clearly visible, or else be made up of a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſ}} and {{angbr|s}}.<ref name="jamra"/>{{rp|2}}
@@ Line 182: / Line 191: @@
 File:WaldstraßePirna.JPG|Un[[typographic ligature|ligature]]d ſs variant in a street sign in [[Pirna]], Saxony
 File:Berliner Straße.JPG| [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] form of the ſʒ ligature ([[Berlin]] street signs)
-File:Erfurt Straße.jpg| [[Blackletter]] form of the ſʒ ligature ([[Erfurt]] street signs)
+File:Schloßſtraße, Schloßhof - street signs in 2008.jpg| [[Blackletter]] form of the ſʒ ligature ([[Erfurt]] street signs)
-File:Nürnberg Straße.jpg|[[#Sulzbacher form|Sulzbacher form]] ([[Nürnberg]] street signs)
+File:Nürnberg Straße.jpg|[[#Sulzbacher form|Sulzbacher form]] ([[Nuremberg]] street signs)
 File:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|Two distinct blackletter typefaces in [[Mainz]]. The red sign spells {{lang|de|Straße}} with ''ſs''; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ''ſʒ'' ligature.
-File:Zeichen 220-20 - Einbahnstraße (rechtsweisend), StVO 1992.svg|Sulzbacher form in the German {{lang|de|Einbahnstraße}} ("one-way street") sign
 </gallery>
 [[File:Versal-Eszett-in-Webanwendung.png|thumb|alt=Screenshot of a web application with a button "SCHLIEẞEN" ("Close") using capital letters and capital ẞ. Above the button, a message says "Für Videoanrufe in Hangouts wird jetzt Google Meet verwendet. Weitere Informationen"|Capital ß in a web application]]
-The inclusion of a capital {{angbr|ẞ}}  in [[ISO 10646]] in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of {{angbr|ẞ}} in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of [[Ezh|tailed z]] or of [[s|round s]], respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional}}</ref> which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including [[Arial]], [[Calibri]], [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]], [[Courier New]], [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Serif]], [[Liberation Sans]], [[Liberation Mono]], [[Linux Libertine]] and [[Times New Roman]]; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Sans]]. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing {{angbr|ẞ}} following the [[Sulzbacher form]] of {{angbr|ß}}, reminiscent of the Greek {{angbr|[[β]]}} (beta); such a shape has been adopted by [[FreeSans]] and [[FreeSerif]], [[Liberation Serif]] and [[Verdana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1e9e/fontsupport.htm|title=Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support|website=www.fileformat.info}}</ref>
+The inclusion of a capital {{angbr|ẞ}} in [[Unicode]] in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of {{angbr|ẞ}} in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of [[Ezh|tailed z]] or of [[s|round s]], respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional}}</ref> which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including [[Arial]], [[Calibri]], [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]], [[Courier New]], [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Serif]], [[Liberation Sans]], [[Liberation Mono]], [[Linux Libertine]] and [[Times New Roman]]; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Sans]]. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing {{angbr|ẞ}} following the [[Sulzbacher form]] of {{angbr|ß}}, reminiscent of the Greek {{angbr|[[β]]}} (beta); such a shape has been adopted by [[FreeSans]] and [[FreeSerif]], [[Liberation Serif]] and [[Verdana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1e9e/fontsupport.htm|title=Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support|website=www.fileformat.info}}</ref>
 === Keyboards and encoding ===
@@ Line 197: / Line 205: @@
 The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in [[DIN]] 2112, first issued in 1928.<ref>''Vom Sekretariat zum Office Management: Geschichte — Gegenwart — Zukunft'', Springer-Verlag (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2WGiBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 p. 68].</ref>
-In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with [[US-International]] (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using {{keypress|AltGr|s|chain=}} (or {{keypress|Ctrl|Alt|s|chain=}}) in [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[ChromeOS]]; in [[MacOS]], one uses {{keypress|Option|s|chain=}} on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use {{keypress|[[alt code|Alt]]|0}}{{keypress|2|2|3|chain=}}. On Linux {{keypress|[[compose key|Compose]]|s|s|chain=}} works, and {{keypress|Compose|S|S|chain=}} for uppercase.
+In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with [[US-International]] (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using {{keypress|AltGr|s|chain=}} (or {{keypress|Ctrl|Alt|s|chain=}}) in [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[ChromeOS]]; in [[MacOS]], one uses {{keypress|Option|s|chain=}} on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use {{keypress|[[alt code|Alt]]|0}}{{keypress|2|2|3|chain=}}. On Linux {{keypress|[[compose key|Compose]]|s|s|chain=}} works, and {{keypress|Compose|S|S|chain=}} for uppercase. Some modern [[virtual keyboards]] show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key.
-Some modern [[virtual keyboards]] show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key.
-The [[HTML entity]] for {{angbr|ß}} is <code>&amp;szlig;</code>.  Its code point in the [[ISO 8859]] character encoding versions [[ISO 8859-1|1]], [[ISO 8859-2|2]], [[ISO 8859-3|3]], [[ISO 8859-4|4]], [[ISO 8859-9|9]], [[ISO 8859-10|10]], [[ISO 8859-13|13]], [[ISO 8859-14|14]], [[ISO 8859-15|15]], [[ISO 8859-16|16]] and identically in [[Unicode]] is 223, or DF in [[hexadecimal]]. In [[TeX]] and [[LaTeX]], <code>\ss</code> produces ß. A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by <code>"s</code> (similar to [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]], which are produced by <code>"a</code>, <code>"o</code>, and <code>"u</code> with this package).<ref>{{cite web
+The [[HTML entity]] for {{angbr|ß}} is <code>&amp;szlig;</code>. Its code point in the [[ISO 8859]] character encoding versions [[ISO 8859-1|1]], [[ISO 8859-2|2]], [[ISO 8859-3|3]], [[ISO 8859-4|4]], [[ISO 8859-9|9]], [[ISO 8859-10|10]], [[ISO 8859-13|13]], [[ISO 8859-14|14]], [[ISO 8859-15|15]], [[ISO 8859-16|16]] and identically in [[Unicode]] is 223, or DF in [[hexadecimal]]. In [[TeX]] and [[LaTeX]], <code>\ss</code> produces ß. A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by <code>"s</code> (similar to [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]], which are produced by <code>"a</code>, <code>"o</code>, and <code>"u</code> with this package).<ref>{{cite web
 |url=https://de.sharelatex.com/learn/German
 |title=German
@@ Line 209: / Line 215: @@
 |access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref>
-In modern browsers, "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using <code>text-transform: uppercase</code> in [[Cascading Style Sheets]]. The [[JavaScript]] in [[Google Chrome]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., <code>"ß".toUpperCase()</code>).{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}
+In modern browsers, "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using <code>text-transform: uppercase</code> in [[Cascading Style Sheets]]. The [[JavaScript]] in [[Google Chrome]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., <code>"ß".toUpperCase()</code>).<ref>{{cite web
+|url=https://cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/
+|title=cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/
+|year=2024
+|publisher=Coarse Rosinflower
+|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
 {{charmap
@@ Line 253: / Line 264: @@
 ==See also==
-* [[long s]]
+* [[Long s]]
 * {{annotated link|Beta|β}}
 * {{annotated link|阝}}