Editing Muhammad Hussain Naini
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== Ideas and Action == |
== Ideas and Action == |
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=== Defending democracy === |
=== Defending democracy === |
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One major concern of [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]] and other [[Mirza Husayn Tehrani|Marja's]] was to familiarize the public with the ideas of a democratic nation-state and modern constitution. Akhund Khurasani asked Iranian scholars to deliver sermons on the subject to clarify doubts seeded by |
One major concern of [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]] and other [[Mirza Husayn Tehrani|Marja's]] was to familiarize the public with the ideas of a democratic nation-state and modern constitution. Akhund Khurasani asked Iranian scholars to deliver sermons on the subject to clarify doubts seeded by Nuri and his comrades.{{sfn|Farzaneh|2015|pp=156, 164-166}} His close associate and student, who later rose to the rank of Marja, Muhammad Hussain Naini, wrote a book, “''Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Milla<!--Q5956451-->”''({{Lang-fa|{{nq|تنبیه الامه و تنزیه المله}}}}), to counter the propaganda of Nuri group.{{sfn|Nouraie|1975}} {{sfn|Hermann|2013|pp=434}} {{sfn|Mangol|1991|p=256}} He devoted many pages to distinguish between tyrannical and democratic regimes. In democracies, power is distributed and limited through constitution.{{sfn|Hermann|2013|pp=434}} He maintained that in the absence of Imam Mahdi, all governments are doomed to be imperfect and unjust, and therefore people had to prefer the bad over the worse. Hence, the constitutional democracy was the best option to help improve the condition of the society as compared to absolutism, and run the worldly affairs with consultation and better planning. he saw the elected members of the parliament as representatives of the people, not deputies of the Imam, hence they didn't need a religious justification for their authority. He said that both the “tyrannical Ulema” and the radical societies who promoted majoritarianism were a threat to both Islam and democracy. The people should avoid the destructive, corrupt and divisive forces and maintain national unity.{{sfn|Nouraie|1975}}{{sfn|Mangol|1991|p=257}} He devoted large section of his book to definition and condemnation of religious tyranny. He then went on to defend people's freedom of opinion and expression, equality of all citizens in eyes of the nation-state regardless of their religion, separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers, accountability of the King, people's right to share power.{{sfn|Nouraie|1975}} {{sfn|Mangol|1991|p=258}} |
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=== Pupils === |
=== Pupils === |