Muhammad Hussain Naini: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Iranian Islamic scholar (1860–1936)}} |
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[[Marja'|Grand Ayatollah]] [[Sheikh]] ''' |
[[Marja'|Grand Ayatollah]] [[Sheikh]] '''Mohammad-Hossein Naini Gharavi''' ({{lang-fa|{{nq|محمد حسین نائینی غروی}}}}; May 25, 1860 – August 14, 1936) was [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Shia]] [[marja']]. {{Infobox religious biography |
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|honorific_prefix = [[Grand Ayatollah]] [[Sheikh]] |
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| religion = [[Islam]] |
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| honorific_prefix = [[Grand Ayatollah]] [[Sheikh]] |
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| name = Mohammad-Hossein Naini |
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| image = File:Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Naini.jpg |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1860|5|25}} |
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| birth_place = [[Nain, Iran|Nain]], [[Sublime State of Persia]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1936|8|14|1860|5|25|}} |
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|resting_place = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] |
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| death_place = [[Najaf]], Iraq |
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| resting_place = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] |
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| nationality = Iranian |
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| region = [[Najaf]], [[Kingdom of Iraq]] |
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|period=1895–1936|successor=[[Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani]]|predecessor=[[Mirza Shirazi]]|location=[[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]|Madh'hab=[[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]]}} |
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| period = 1911–1936 |
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| successor = [[Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani]] |
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| predecessor = [[Akhund Khorasani]] |
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| Madh'hab = [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]] |
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| background = #ABE9CC |
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| native_name = {{lang|fa|شيخ محمد حسين نائينى غروي}} |
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}} |
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His father Mirza Abdol Rahim and grandfather Haji Mirza Saeed, both one were Sheikhs of Nain and Mohammad Hussein proved himself the most competent student of [[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani|Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani]]. Ayatollah Naini is considered |
His father Mirza Abdol Rahim and grandfather Haji Mirza Saeed, both one were Sheikhs of Nain and Mohammad Hussein proved himself the most competent student of [[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani|Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani]]. Ayatollah Naini is considered to be the most famous theoretician of Iran's Constitutional Revolution. He died in 1936 and was buried next to [[shrine]] of [[Imam Ali]] in Iraq. Among his works, notable references are his Dubios Habit, Vassilat'un Nijat, and Ressalat la Zarar. 50th death anniversary of Ayatollah Mirza Mohammed Hussein Naini was memorialized by issue of Stamps Tickets, in Iran, in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/463006-Mirza_Mohammed_Hossein_Naini_1860-1936-50th_death_of_Ayatollah_Mirza_Mohammed_Hossein_Naini-Iran |title=Stamp: Mirza Mohammed Hossein Naini (1860-1936) (Iran(50th death of Ayatollah Mirza Mohammed Hossein Naini) Mi:IR 2200,Sn:IR 2258,Yt:IR 2004,Sg:IR 2374,Far:IR 2217 |website=colnect.com |access-date=2014-10-07}}</ref> |
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== Biography == |
== Biography == |
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Mirza Muhammad Hossein Naini was born to a respected and religious family of Nain on 25 May 1860 <ref>http://www.geni.com/people/Mirza-Mohammad-Hosein-Naini-Gharawi/6000000013028128763 |
Mirza Muhammad Hossein Naini was born to a respected and religious family of Nain on 25 May 1860 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geni.com/people/Mirza-Mohammad-Hosein-Naini-Gharawi/6000000013028128763 |title=Mirza Mohammad Hosein Naini- Gharawi |website=www.geni.com |access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref> ( 15 [[Dhu al-Qadah|Dzulqadah]] 1276 Lunar Hijrah <ref>{{cite web|url= http://indonesian.irib.ir/islam/sajarah-islam/item/85032-kelahiran-ayatullah-mirza-hossein-naini |title= Birth of Ayatollah Mirza Hossein Naini |date= 2014-09-11|access-date= 2014-10-06}}</ref>). His father Mirza Abdol Rahim and grandfather Haji Mirza Saeed, both one after another were Sheikhs of Nain. Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Naini, who is better known as Mirza Naini, did his primary studies in Nain and then in 1877 when he was 17 years old, moved to [[Isfahan]]. Here he lived with [https://en.wikishia.net/view/Muhammad_Baqir_Aqa_Najafi_Isfahani Haji Shaikh Muhammad Baqir Isfahani] for seven years. The latter belonged to a distinguished clerical family of Isfahan and was himself the most powerful [[Mujtahid]] of that city.<ref>Shi’ism and Constitutionalism in Iran ( A study of the Role played by the Persian Residents of Iraq in Iranian Politics) By Abdul Hadi Hairi - by E.J. Brill Leiden, Netherlands – 1977, Printed in Belgium {{ISBN|90 04 04900 2}}</ref> After completing basic education he moved to [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]], to achieve the degree of [[Ijtihad]]. He proved himself the most competent student of [[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani|Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani]]<ref>Comparative Study Thesis Umma Lalan and Tanbih Al Umma Mirza Naini, by Amir Pourzaman - Rahim Vakilzadeh, Journal of Political & Social Sciences. Vol., 1 (1), 1-5, 2014 (ISSN 2148-5127©2014) Available online at http://www.jpssjournal.com</ref> Ayatollah Naini is considered to be the most famous theoretician of [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Iran's Constitutional Revolution]]. |
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[[File:Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Naini 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Mirza Naini in [[Najaf]]]] |
[[File:Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Naini 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Mirza Naini in [[Najaf]]]] |
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== |
== Ideas and Action == |
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=== Defending democracy === |
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=== Bridge between religion and modern science === |
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One major concern of [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani|Akhund Khurasani]] and other [[Mirza Husayn Tehrani|Marja's]] was to familiarize the public with the ideas of a democratic nation-state and modern constitution. Akhund Khurasani asked Iranian scholars to deliver sermons on the subject to clarify doubts seeded by [[Fazlullah Nouri|Nuri]] and his comrades.{{sfn|Farzaneh|2015|pp=156, 164-166}} His close associate and student, who later rose to the rank of Marja, Muhammad Hussain Naini, wrote a book, “''Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Milla<!--Q5956451-->”''({{Lang-fa|{{nq|تنبیه الامه و تنزیه المله}}}}), to counter the propaganda of Nuri group.{{sfn|Nouraie|1975}} {{sfn|Hermann|2013|pp=434}} {{sfn|Mangol|1991|p=256}} He devoted many pages to distinguish between tyrannical and democratic regimes. In democracies, power is distributed and limited through constitution.{{sfn|Hermann|2013|pp=434}} He maintained that in the absence of Imam Mahdi, all governments are doomed to be imperfect and unjust, and therefore people had to prefer the bad over the worse. Hence, the constitutional democracy was the best option to help improve the condition of the society as compared to absolutism, and run the worldly affairs with consultation and better planning. he saw the elected members of the parliament as representatives of the people, not deputies of the Imam, hence they didn't need a religious justification for their authority. He said that both the “tyrannical Ulema” and the radical societies who promoted majoritarianism were a threat to both Islam and democracy. The people should avoid the destructive, corrupt and divisive forces and maintain national unity.{{sfn|Nouraie|1975}}{{sfn|Mangol|1991|p=257}} He devoted large section of his book to definition and condemnation of religious tyranny. He then went on to defend people's freedom of opinion and expression, equality of all citizens in eyes of the nation-state regardless of their religion, separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers, accountability of the King, people's right to share power.{{sfn|Nouraie|1975}} {{sfn|Mangol|1991|p=258}} |
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Colonialists of last two centuries invented the theory of separation of politics from religion and rivalry between the old and the new sciences in order to create a gulf between these two systems. They not only divided the language of religion from language of modern science, culture and philosophy, but also developed a big difference between the two with the result that conciliation between these two languages becomes difficult. That is why whenever an anyone of those religious minded people who had been to Europe and were conversant with modern civilization and culture, tried to defend and transmit whatever of religion was left to him, he in most cases presented religion in an ambiguous form which materialized to be incompatible with modern civilization and modern sciences. Realizing the situation, many of scholars, especially during the last 100 years have tried to bridge this gulf and to introduce modern science and civilization in a perspective compatible with the broad and progressive outlook of Islam and free from all misconception and misrepresentation. Mirza Naini is considered to be the most influential authority by introducing his revolutionary approaches to combat the gap between religion and modernity. The integrity of his students in the religious and modern world is the criteria for constructive critic and appreciation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/trends-history-quran-muhammad-baqir-al-sadr/foreword-ayatullahs-last-lectures |title= Foreword to Ayatullah's Last Lectures |work= Dr. Sayyid Jamal Musavi |date= |accessdate= 2014-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=3312 |title= Causality and Freedom |work= By: Mohsen Araki |date= |accessdate= 2014-10-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141013024832/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=3312 |archive-date= 2014-10-13 |url-status= dead }}</ref> |
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=== Pupils === |
=== Pupils === |
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Names of the some students benefited from the teaching of Mirza Naini, includes the following [[scholars]] and [[clerics]] of their time: |
Names of the some students benefited from the teaching of Mirza Naini, includes the following [[scholars]] and [[clerics]] of their time: |
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:*1. Sheikh Mohammad Ali Kazemi Khorassani |
:*1. Sheikh Mohammad Ali Kazemi Khorassani |
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:*2. [[Muhsin al-Hakim|Seyyed Mohsen Tabatabai Hakim]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html|title=Imam Abul Qasim al-Khoei |work= Arsalan Rizvi |date= 2008-08-24 | |
:*2. [[Muhsin al-Hakim|Seyyed Mohsen Tabatabai Hakim]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html|title=Imam Abul Qasim al-Khoei |work= Arsalan Rizvi |date= 2008-08-24 |access-date= 2014-10-07}}</ref> |
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:*4. [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei|Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai]] |
:*4. [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei|Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai]] |
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:*5. [[Mohammad Taqi Bahjat|Grand Ayatollah Taqi Bahjat]] |
:*5. [[Mohammad Taqi Bahjat|Grand Ayatollah Taqi Bahjat]] |
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:*6. Sayyed Hadi Milani |
:*6. [[Mohammad Hadi al-Milani|Sayyed Hadi Milani]] |
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:*7. |
:*7. Sayyed Jamal Al din Golpayegani |
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:*8. |
:*8. Sheikh Muhammad Ali Kazemini |
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:*9. |
:*9. Sheikh Mousa Khansari<ref>Interview with Hajj Mehdi Qaravi, Hawzeh Magazine, num:76-77, p.407. 1375 solar</ref> |
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:*10. [[Ali Naqi Naqvi|Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi]] |
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=== Rationality claims merit not the relation === |
=== Rationality claims merit not the relation === |
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Among the modern Usuliyan Shia scholars Mirza Naini is regarded as one of the founders of modern principles of jurisprudence. |
Among the modern Usuliyan Shia scholars Mirza Naini is regarded as one of the founders of modern principles of jurisprudence. Intellectual development in term of social progress of science can be observed between Mirza Naini and his reverenced Master [[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani|Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani]], which establishes the fact that difference of opinion is not the cause of hostilities the very basis of battle is ignorance. His master represents Sadrian Islamic thought. Defending principles of "Sadrian philosophy", with his full support to Sadrian view in the interpretation of causality and its relation to freedom. On the other side, his intelligent pupil (Mirza Naini) was one of the strong critics of Sadrian view. In a new way and method, he criticized the Sadrian philosophical thought and presented a new viewpoint on the relation between causality and human freedom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol17-no2-spring-2003/causality-and-freedom-ayatullah-mohsen-araki/abstract |title=Abstract |website=www.al-islam.org |date= 2 March 2013|access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref> |
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=== Naini as a politician === |
=== Naini as a politician === |
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Ayatollah Naini was active both in |
Ayatollah Naini was active both in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and in [[Iraq]]i [[politics]]. As a politician his principal view with regard to form of government is very clear. |
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He suggested the form of government by |
He suggested the form of government by an infallible ruler fully responsible to the will of God, which might be able to safeguard the interests of people. Such type of ruling is not possible in the era of major occultation of [[Imam Mahdi]]. Therefore, efforts should be made to arrange the ruling of just and honest men with duty to control the government, directly responsible to the will of God through Imam Mahdi. He further argued that in such a situation it is the known fact that access to leaders with such respected characteristics’ becomes unquestionable and people usually have no say over such matters, it is thus obligatory to observe the following two principles: |
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:1. To implement law |
:1. To implement law |
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:2. To appoint wise men as "supervisors" |
:2. To appoint wise men as "supervisors" |
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Obviously these were the |
Obviously these were the possible steps for removal of huge gap between the existing situation and the desired goals of forming progressive government for the betterment of people.<ref>Book: Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah by Mirza Muhammad Husayn Naini</ref><ref>Extracted from: {{cite web |url= http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=4578 |title= A Review of Imam Khumayni's Political Thought |work= By: Kazim Qadizadeh and Mahdi Chamanzar |date= |access-date= 2014-10-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141013030545/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=4578 |archive-date= 2014-10-13 |url-status= dead }}</ref> |
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== Works == |
== Works == |
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Mirza Naini being an expert on Usul al Fiqh was the first human being in the history of Iran to construe the idea of religious dictatorship. Naini stressed the concept of Aql (dialectic reasoning) and believed that [[Islam]] was compatible with progress. He also argued that the most intolerable form of [[autocracy]] is the tyranny imposed by a religious state. He had written a book Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih Al-Milla (the awakening of the community and refinement of the nations) which was translated into [[Arabic]] by Salih Kashi al Gheta and published in 1909 by the Institute of Strategic Studies in [[Baghdad]]. His book mainly relates to theory of constitutional revolution with his deliberations on the major topics of “Ignorance and Despotism”. |
Mirza Naini being an expert on Usul al Fiqh was the first human being in the history of Iran to construe the idea of religious dictatorship. Naini stressed the concept of Aql (dialectic reasoning) and believed that [[Islam]] was compatible with progress. He also argued that the most intolerable form of [[autocracy]] is the tyranny imposed by a religious state. He had written a book Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih Al-Milla (the awakening of the community and refinement of the nations) which was translated into [[Arabic]] by Salih Kashi al Gheta and published in 1909 by the Institute of Strategic Studies in [[Baghdad]]. His book mainly relates to theory of constitutional revolution with his deliberations on the major topics of “Ignorance and Despotism”. In his book, he discussed interalia, the view that freedom of the pen and speech both are God given freedom necessary for liberation from [[despotism]] (taghut). Elaborating his view and in replying to opponents of [[Constitutionalism]] he pointed out that [[Islamic Law]] has two distinct categories: the primary laws are based on the [[Quran]] and other known Islamic principles, were unchangeable. The secondary laws, in contrast, were subject to change, depending on temporal and spatial circumstances, making them the proper sphere for legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2009/07/article55254184 |title= Wilayat al Faqih & Despotism |work=Ataollah Mohajerani |date= 2009-07-22|access-date= 2014-10-06}}</ref><ref>p.70-71 God and Juggernaut by Farzin Vahdat, Syracuse University Press New York, 2002</ref> |
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== Exile == |
== Exile == |
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At <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=984&doc_cat=16 |title= Mohammad Hussein Naini|work= Tahereh Shokuhi |date= | |
At <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=984&doc_cat=16 |title= Mohammad Hussein Naini|work= Tahereh Shokuhi |date= |access-date= 2014-10-06}}</ref> the beginning of [[World War I|World War-I]], the Shiite Scholars and clerics of Iraq were not the supporter of allied powers, however, they entered the scene and declared holy war against the [[Central Powers|Central power]]. Consequently, Mirza Naini was exiled with [[Abu al-Hasan Isfahani|Abul Hassan Isfahani]] to Iran. They were welcome and received by [[Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi]], the then head of Feizieh religious school. However, after a short stay Naini was allowed for his return to Iraq with advice not to be involved in politics. |
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==Death== |
==Death== |
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*[[Intellectual movements in Iran]] |
*[[Intellectual movements in Iran]] |
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*[[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani]] |
*[[Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani]] |
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== Bibliography == |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Nouraie|first=Fereshte M.|date=1975|title=The Constitutional Ideas of a Shi'ite Mujtahid: Muhammad Husayn Na'ini|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310208|jstor=4310208 |journal=Iranian Studies|volume=8|issue=4|pages=234–247|doi=10.1080/00210867508701501 |issn=0021-0862}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Mangol |first1=Bayat |title=Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 |date=1991 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-506822-1 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/irans-first-revolution-9780195068221?cc=us&lang=en&}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Farzaneh |first1=Mateo Mohammad |title=Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani |date=March 2015 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |location=Syracuse, NY |isbn=9780815633884 |oclc=931494838 |url=https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/467}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Hermann|first=Denis|date=1 May 2013|title=Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 |jstor=23471080 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=49|issue=3|pages=430–453|doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.783828|s2cid=143672216 |issn=0026-3206}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Sayej |first1=Caroleen Marji |title=Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq |date=2018 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |page=67|location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=9781501714856 |doi=10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001 |url=https://cornell.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001/upso-9781501715211}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:1860 births]] |
[[Category:1860 births]] |
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[[Category:1936 deaths]] |
[[Category:1936 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Iranian politicians]] |
[[Category:19th-century Iranian politicians]] |
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[[Category:Iranian Shia clerics]] |
[[Category:Iranian Shia clerics]] |
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[[Category:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution]] |
[[Category:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Imam Ali Mosque]] |
[[Category:Burials at Imam Ali Mosque]] |
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[[Category:Pupils of Muhammad Kadhim Khorasani]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:37, 18 May 2024
Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad-Hossein Naini Gharavi (Persian: محمد حسین نائینی غروی; May 25, 1860 – August 14, 1936) was Iranian Shia marja'.
Mohammad-Hossein Naini | |
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شيخ محمد حسين نائينى غروي | |
Personal | |
Born | |
Died | August 14, 1936 Najaf, Iraq | (aged 76)
Resting place | Imam Ali Shrine |
Religion | Islam |
Nationality | Iranian |
Region | Najaf, Kingdom of Iraq |
Jurisprudence | Twelver Shia Islam |
Main interest(s) | Islamic philosophy, Usul al-fiqh |
Notable work(s) | Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Milla Vassilat'un Nijat Ressalat la Zarar |
Muslim leader | |
Based in | Najaf, Iraq |
Period in office | 1911–1936 |
Predecessor | Akhund Khorasani |
Successor | Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani |
His father Mirza Abdol Rahim and grandfather Haji Mirza Saeed, both one were Sheikhs of Nain and Mohammad Hussein proved himself the most competent student of Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani. Ayatollah Naini is considered to be the most famous theoretician of Iran's Constitutional Revolution. He died in 1936 and was buried next to shrine of Imam Ali in Iraq. Among his works, notable references are his Dubios Habit, Vassilat'un Nijat, and Ressalat la Zarar. 50th death anniversary of Ayatollah Mirza Mohammed Hussein Naini was memorialized by issue of Stamps Tickets, in Iran, in 1987.[1]
Biography
[edit]Mirza Muhammad Hossein Naini was born to a respected and religious family of Nain on 25 May 1860 [2] ( 15 Dzulqadah 1276 Lunar Hijrah [3]). His father Mirza Abdol Rahim and grandfather Haji Mirza Saeed, both one after another were Sheikhs of Nain. Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Naini, who is better known as Mirza Naini, did his primary studies in Nain and then in 1877 when he was 17 years old, moved to Isfahan. Here he lived with Haji Shaikh Muhammad Baqir Isfahani for seven years. The latter belonged to a distinguished clerical family of Isfahan and was himself the most powerful Mujtahid of that city.[4] After completing basic education he moved to Najaf, Iraq, to achieve the degree of Ijtihad. He proved himself the most competent student of Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani[5] Ayatollah Naini is considered to be the most famous theoretician of Iran's Constitutional Revolution.
Ideas and Action
[edit]Defending democracy
[edit]One major concern of Akhund Khurasani and other Marja's was to familiarize the public with the ideas of a democratic nation-state and modern constitution. Akhund Khurasani asked Iranian scholars to deliver sermons on the subject to clarify doubts seeded by Nuri and his comrades.[6] His close associate and student, who later rose to the rank of Marja, Muhammad Hussain Naini, wrote a book, “Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Milla”(Persian: تنبیه الامه و تنزیه المله), to counter the propaganda of Nuri group.[7] [8] [9] He devoted many pages to distinguish between tyrannical and democratic regimes. In democracies, power is distributed and limited through constitution.[8] He maintained that in the absence of Imam Mahdi, all governments are doomed to be imperfect and unjust, and therefore people had to prefer the bad over the worse. Hence, the constitutional democracy was the best option to help improve the condition of the society as compared to absolutism, and run the worldly affairs with consultation and better planning. he saw the elected members of the parliament as representatives of the people, not deputies of the Imam, hence they didn't need a religious justification for their authority. He said that both the “tyrannical Ulema” and the radical societies who promoted majoritarianism were a threat to both Islam and democracy. The people should avoid the destructive, corrupt and divisive forces and maintain national unity.[7][10] He devoted large section of his book to definition and condemnation of religious tyranny. He then went on to defend people's freedom of opinion and expression, equality of all citizens in eyes of the nation-state regardless of their religion, separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers, accountability of the King, people's right to share power.[7] [11]
Pupils
[edit]Names of the some students benefited from the teaching of Mirza Naini, includes the following scholars and clerics of their time:
- 1. Sheikh Mohammad Ali Kazemi Khorassani
- 2. Seyyed Mohsen Tabatabai Hakim.[12]
- 3. Grand Ayotollah Khoei.[13]
- 4. Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai
- 5. Grand Ayatollah Taqi Bahjat
- 6. Sayyed Hadi Milani
- 7. Sayyed Jamal Al din Golpayegani
- 8. Sheikh Muhammad Ali Kazemini
- 9. Sheikh Mousa Khansari[14]
- 10. Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi
Rationality claims merit not the relation
[edit]Among the modern Usuliyan Shia scholars Mirza Naini is regarded as one of the founders of modern principles of jurisprudence. Intellectual development in term of social progress of science can be observed between Mirza Naini and his reverenced Master Ayatollah Kazem Khorasani, which establishes the fact that difference of opinion is not the cause of hostilities the very basis of battle is ignorance. His master represents Sadrian Islamic thought. Defending principles of "Sadrian philosophy", with his full support to Sadrian view in the interpretation of causality and its relation to freedom. On the other side, his intelligent pupil (Mirza Naini) was one of the strong critics of Sadrian view. In a new way and method, he criticized the Sadrian philosophical thought and presented a new viewpoint on the relation between causality and human freedom.[15]
Naini as a politician
[edit]Ayatollah Naini was active both in the Persian Constitutional Revolution and in Iraqi politics. As a politician his principal view with regard to form of government is very clear. He suggested the form of government by an infallible ruler fully responsible to the will of God, which might be able to safeguard the interests of people. Such type of ruling is not possible in the era of major occultation of Imam Mahdi. Therefore, efforts should be made to arrange the ruling of just and honest men with duty to control the government, directly responsible to the will of God through Imam Mahdi. He further argued that in such a situation it is the known fact that access to leaders with such respected characteristics’ becomes unquestionable and people usually have no say over such matters, it is thus obligatory to observe the following two principles:
- 1. To implement law
- 2. To appoint wise men as "supervisors"
Obviously these were the possible steps for removal of huge gap between the existing situation and the desired goals of forming progressive government for the betterment of people.[16][17]
Works
[edit]Mirza Naini being an expert on Usul al Fiqh was the first human being in the history of Iran to construe the idea of religious dictatorship. Naini stressed the concept of Aql (dialectic reasoning) and believed that Islam was compatible with progress. He also argued that the most intolerable form of autocracy is the tyranny imposed by a religious state. He had written a book Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih Al-Milla (the awakening of the community and refinement of the nations) which was translated into Arabic by Salih Kashi al Gheta and published in 1909 by the Institute of Strategic Studies in Baghdad. His book mainly relates to theory of constitutional revolution with his deliberations on the major topics of “Ignorance and Despotism”. In his book, he discussed interalia, the view that freedom of the pen and speech both are God given freedom necessary for liberation from despotism (taghut). Elaborating his view and in replying to opponents of Constitutionalism he pointed out that Islamic Law has two distinct categories: the primary laws are based on the Quran and other known Islamic principles, were unchangeable. The secondary laws, in contrast, were subject to change, depending on temporal and spatial circumstances, making them the proper sphere for legislation.[18][19]
Exile
[edit]At [20] the beginning of World War-I, the Shiite Scholars and clerics of Iraq were not the supporter of allied powers, however, they entered the scene and declared holy war against the Central power. Consequently, Mirza Naini was exiled with Abul Hassan Isfahani to Iran. They were welcome and received by Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi, the then head of Feizieh religious school. However, after a short stay Naini was allowed for his return to Iraq with advice not to be involved in politics.
Death
[edit]Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Naini died in 1936 at the age of 76. He is buried in Najaf.
See also
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Nouraie, Fereshte M. (1975). "The Constitutional Ideas of a Shi'ite Mujtahid: Muhammad Husayn Na'ini". Iranian Studies. 8 (4): 234–247. doi:10.1080/00210867508701501. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 4310208.
- Mangol, Bayat (1991). Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506822-1.
- Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015). Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815633884. OCLC 931494838.
- Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). "Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement". Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 430–453. doi:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 23471080. S2CID 143672216.
- Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 67. doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001. ISBN 9781501714856.
References
[edit]- ^ "Stamp: Mirza Mohammed Hossein Naini (1860-1936) (Iran(50th death of Ayatollah Mirza Mohammed Hossein Naini) Mi:IR 2200,Sn:IR 2258,Yt:IR 2004,Sg:IR 2374,Far:IR 2217". colnect.com. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
- ^ "Mirza Mohammad Hosein Naini- Gharawi". www.geni.com. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
- ^ "Birth of Ayatollah Mirza Hossein Naini". 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
- ^ Shi’ism and Constitutionalism in Iran ( A study of the Role played by the Persian Residents of Iraq in Iranian Politics) By Abdul Hadi Hairi - by E.J. Brill Leiden, Netherlands – 1977, Printed in Belgium ISBN 90 04 04900 2
- ^ Comparative Study Thesis Umma Lalan and Tanbih Al Umma Mirza Naini, by Amir Pourzaman - Rahim Vakilzadeh, Journal of Political & Social Sciences. Vol., 1 (1), 1-5, 2014 (ISSN 2148-5127©2014) Available online at http://www.jpssjournal.com
- ^ Farzaneh 2015, pp. 156, 164–166.
- ^ a b c Nouraie 1975.
- ^ a b Hermann 2013, pp. 434.
- ^ Mangol 1991, p. 256.
- ^ Mangol 1991, p. 257.
- ^ Mangol 1991, p. 258.
- ^ "Imam Abul Qasim al-Khoei". Arsalan Rizvi. 2008-08-24. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
- ^ "Imam Abul Qasim al-Khoei". By: Arsalan Rizvi. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
- ^ Interview with Hajj Mehdi Qaravi, Hawzeh Magazine, num:76-77, p.407. 1375 solar
- ^ "Abstract". www.al-islam.org. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
- ^ Book: Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah by Mirza Muhammad Husayn Naini
- ^ Extracted from: "A Review of Imam Khumayni's Political Thought". By: Kazim Qadizadeh and Mahdi Chamanzar. Archived from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
- ^ "Wilayat al Faqih & Despotism". Ataollah Mohajerani. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
- ^ p.70-71 God and Juggernaut by Farzin Vahdat, Syracuse University Press New York, 2002
- ^ "Mohammad Hussein Naini". Tahereh Shokuhi. Retrieved 2014-10-06.