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{{short description|German zoologist and biologist}}
{{short description|German zoologist and biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
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| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Zuelzer as a student in Heidelberg in the summer semester of 1902
| caption = Zuelzer as a student in Heidelberg in the summer semester of 1902
| birth_date = {{birth date |1877|02|02}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1877|02|02|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age |1943|08|29 |1877|02|02}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1943|08|29|1877|02|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Westerbork transit camp]], [[Hooghalen]], Netherlands
| death_place = [[Westerbork transit camp]], [[Hooghalen]], Netherlands
| death_cause = [[Starvation]]
| death_cause = [[Starvation]]
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==Biography==
==Biography==


Margarete Zuelzer was the daughter of Jewish textile manufacturer Julius Zuelzer (1838–1889) and Henriette née Friedlaender (1852–1931). She studied natural sciences at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] and at the [[University of Heidelberg]]. She was among the first generation of women to officially attend university in Germany.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.siedlung-eichkamp.de/stolpersteine/zuelzer.html|title=Zuelzer / Stolperstein-Initiative Berlin Siedlerverein Eichkamp / Berlin, Charlottenburg|website=www.siedlung-eichkamp.de|access-date=2016-06-07}}</ref> Studying science in particular was so unusual for a woman at the time that Zuelzer had to get special permission from each of her professors to attend their classes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/zuelzer-margarete|title=Margarete Zuelzer|last=Vogt|first=Annette B.|encyclopedia=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|date=1 March 2009|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref> She earned her doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation on Difflugia urceolata Carter, a [[protozoa]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIo7AQAAIAAJ|title=Bibliographie Der Deutschen Naturwissenschaftlichen Litteratur|date=1904|publisher=German Bureau of International Bibliography|volume=5|language=German}}</ref> This made her the 37th woman to have earned a doctorate at the University of Heidelberg and the sixth to have earned one from its faculty of natural sciences.<ref name=":0">Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg, Sign. H-V-5/2</ref>
Margarete Zuelzer was the daughter of Jewish textile manufacturer Julius Zuelzer (1838–1889) and Henriette née Friedlaender (1852–1931). She studied natural sciences at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] and at the [[University of Heidelberg]]. She was among the first generation of women to officially attend university in Germany.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.siedlung-eichkamp.de/stolpersteine/zuelzer.html|title=Zuelzer / Stolperstein-Initiative Berlin Siedlerverein Eichkamp / Berlin, Charlottenburg|website=www.siedlung-eichkamp.de|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> Studying science in particular was so unusual for a woman at the time that Zuelzer had to get special permission from each of her professors to attend their classes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/zuelzer-margarete|title=Margarete Zuelzer|last=Vogt|first=Annette B.|encyclopedia=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|date=1 March 2009|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref> She earned her doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation on Difflugia urceolata Carter, a [[protozoa]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIo7AQAAIAAJ|title=Bibliographie Der Deutschen Naturwissenschaftlichen Litteratur|date=1904|publisher=German Bureau of International Bibliography|volume=5|language=German}}</ref> This made her the 37th woman to have earned a doctorate at the University of Heidelberg and the sixth to have earned one from its faculty of natural sciences.<ref name=":0">Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg, Sign. H-V-5/2</ref>


In 1907, she became the assistant at the water treatment center in Berlin. In 1916, she took a position at the Imperial Ministry of Health (Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt), later the Reich's Ministry of Health (Reichsgesundheitsamt).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/jmb_journal/docs/jmb_journal_2015_-_2_druck/40|title=Das Leben wird anders schauen nach dieser Schreckenzeit|last=Bogdanov|first=Franziska|year=2015|website=Issuu|publisher=Jewish Museum Berlin|pages=40–41|access-date=2016-06-07}}</ref> After 1919, she led the Protozoa Laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem and continually served as one of the few women on the advisory board, sometimes the only one.<ref name=":1" />
In 1907, she became the assistant at the water treatment center in Berlin. In 1916, she took a position at the Imperial Ministry of Health (Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt), later the Reich's Ministry of Health (Reichsgesundheitsamt).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/jmb_journal/docs/jmb_journal_2015_-_2_druck/40|title=Das Leben wird anders schauen nach dieser Schreckenzeit|last=Bogdanov|first=Franziska|year=2015|website=Issuu|publisher=Jewish Museum Berlin|pages=40–41|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> After 1919, she led the Protozoa Laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem and continually served as one of the few women on the advisory board, sometimes the only one.<ref name=":1" />


From 1926 to 1929, she was invited by the Dutch government to carry out a research study on "Weil's disease" in the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch Indies]], specifically in Bali, Sumatra, and Java.<ref name=":1" /> There, she became friends with German-Dutch biologist Wilhelm Schüffner.
From 1926 to 1929, she was invited by the Dutch government to carry out a research study on "Weil's disease" in the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch Indies]], specifically in Bali, Sumatra, and Java.<ref name=":1" /> There, she became friends with German-Dutch biologist Wilhelm Schüffner.
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In April 1933, she lost her position at the Protozoa Laboratory due to the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]], which allowed civil servants of "non-Aryan descent" to be dismissed.<ref name=memoriam/> Zuelzer wrote an appeal demonstrating her ancestors' support of German nationalism, but this made no difference. In October 1939, Zuelzer immigrated to the Netherlands, where she procured a position at the Institute for Tropical Hygiene, which was led by Wilhelm Schüffner.<ref name=":1" />
In April 1933, she lost her position at the Protozoa Laboratory due to the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]], which allowed civil servants of "non-Aryan descent" to be dismissed.<ref name=memoriam/> Zuelzer wrote an appeal demonstrating her ancestors' support of German nationalism, but this made no difference. In October 1939, Zuelzer immigrated to the Netherlands, where she procured a position at the Institute for Tropical Hygiene, which was led by Wilhelm Schüffner.<ref name=":1" />


Her sister Gertrud Zuelzer, a noted painter, was arrested in September 1942 and sent to [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Theresienstadt]] after a failed attempt to flee Germany to Switzerland. Margarete sent Gertrud packages of clothing and colored pencils with which Gertrud drew portraits of other prisoners in exchange for food. Gertrud credited her sister Margarete's packages as the reason that she was able to survive.<ref>Bloch, Max. "[http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fasch.2014.24.issue-1$002fasch-2014-0019$002fasch-2014-0019.pdf?format=INT&t:ac=j$002fasch.2014.24.issue-1$002fasch-2014-0019$002fasch-2014-0019.xml Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer: Zwei Schwestern im Holocaust]." ''Aschkenas'' 2014; 24(1):195–213.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCuBAAAQBAJ|title=The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993)|last=Strassmann|first=W. Paul|date=2008-06-15|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781845454166|language=en}}</ref>
Her sister Gertrud Zuelzer, a noted painter, was arrested in September 1942 and sent to [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Theresienstadt]] after a failed attempt to flee Germany to Switzerland. Margarete sent Gertrud packages of clothing and colored pencils with which Gertrud drew portraits of other prisoners in exchange for food. Gertrud credited her sister Margarete's packages as the reason that she was able to survive.<ref>Bloch, Max. "[http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fasch.2014.24.issue-1$002fasch-2014-0019$002fasch-2014-0019.pdf?format=INT&t:ac=j$002fasch.2014.24.issue-1$002fasch-2014-0019$002fasch-2014-0019.xml Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer: Zwei Schwestern im Holocaust]." ''Aschkenas'' 2014; 24(1):195–213.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCuBAAAQBAJ|title=The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993)|last=Strassmann|first=W. Paul|date=15 June 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781845454166|language=en}}</ref>


In April 1943, Margarete Zuelzer was forced to move into a Jewish ghetto in Amsterdam. On May 21, she was sent to the [[Westerbork transit camp|Westerbork Transit Camp]]. Before her deportation, her friend and colleague Wilhelm Schüffner had attempted in vain to procure a special position for her.<ref name=":3" /> She died of starvation in the Westerbork Transit Camp on August 23, 1943, aged 66.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=memoriam/>
In April 1943, Margarete Zuelzer was forced to move into a Jewish ghetto in Amsterdam. On 21 May, she was sent to the [[Westerbork transit camp|Westerbork Transit Camp]]. Before her deportation, her friend and colleague Wilhelm Schüffner had attempted in vain to procure a special position for her.<ref name=":3" /> She died of starvation in the Westerbork Transit Camp on 23 August 1943, aged 66.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=memoriam/>


In 2012, a [[Stolperstein]] ("stumbling stone") was laid in her memory at Eichkampstrasse 108 in Berlin, her last residence in the city.<ref name=memoriam>Vogt, Annette. "[http://www.hauseichkamp.de/stolpersteine/literatur/Zuelzer_%20in%20memoriam.pdf In Memoriam: Margarete Zuelzer.]" 2012-02-09. Accessed 2016-06-07.</ref>
In 2012, a [[Stolperstein]] ("stumbling stone") was laid in her memory at Eichkampstrasse 108 in Berlin, her last residence in the city.<ref name=memoriam>Vogt, Annette. "[http://www.hauseichkamp.de/stolpersteine/literatur/Zuelzer_%20in%20memoriam.pdf In Memoriam: Margarete Zuelzer.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202500/http://www.hauseichkamp.de/stolpersteine/literatur/Zuelzer_%20in%20memoriam.pdf |date=20 August 2016 }}" 9 February 2012. Accessed 7 June 2016.</ref>


<gallery mode=packed heights=250px>
<gallery mode=packed heights=250px>
File:Reichsgesundheitsamt.jpg|In the garden of the health department of the empire, fall 1926. Margarete Zuelzer (middle), Wilhelm Schüffner (second from left), and Paul Uhlenhuth (third from right)
File:Reichsgesundheitsamt.jpg|In the garden of the health department of the empire, fall 1926. Margarete Zuelzer (middle), Wilhelm Schüffner (second from left), and Paul Uhlenhuth (third from right)
File:Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer (um 1920).jpg|Gertrud and Margarete Zuelzer (circa 1920)
File:Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer (um 1920).jpg|Gertrud and Margarete Zuelzer (circa 1930)
File:Stolperstein Eichkampstr 108 (Westend) Margarete Zuelzer.jpg|[[Stolperstein]] for Margarete Zuelzer, Eichkampstr 108 Berlin
File:Stolperstein Eichkampstr 108 (Westend) Margarete Zuelzer.jpg|[[Stolperstein]] for Margarete Zuelzer, Eichkampstr 108 Berlin
</gallery>
</gallery>
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuelzer, Margarete}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuelzer, Margarete}}
[[Category:18th-century German zoologists]]
[[Category:20th-century German zoologists]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:German women biologists]]
[[Category:German women biologists]]
[[Category:Women zoologists]]
[[Category:Women zoologists]]
⚫
[[Category:German Jews]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:People who died in Nazi concentration camps]]
[[Category:German people who died in Nazi concentration camps]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:20th-century German women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century German women scientists]]
[[Category:Deaths by starvation]]
⚫
[[Category:German Jews who died in the Holocaust]]

Latest revision as of 00:45, 18 August 2024

Dr. Margarete Zuelzer
Zuelzer as a student in Heidelberg in the summer semester of 1902
Born(1877-02-02)2 February 1877
Died29 August 1943(1943-08-29) (aged 66)
Westerbork transit camp, Hooghalen, Netherlands
Cause of deathStarvation
NationalityGerman
EducationPhD (1904)
Alma mater
Scientific career
FieldsBiology, Zoology
Institutions
  • Imperial Ministry of Health (Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt)
  • Institute for Tropical Hygiene, Netherlands
PatronsWilhelm Schüffner

Margarete Hedwig Zuelzer (2 February 1877 – 29 August 1943) was a German biologist and zoologist specializing in the study of protozoa.

Biography

[edit]

Margarete Zuelzer was the daughter of Jewish textile manufacturer Julius Zuelzer (1838–1889) and Henriette née Friedlaender (1852–1931). She studied natural sciences at the Humboldt University of Berlin and at the University of Heidelberg. She was among the first generation of women to officially attend university in Germany.[1] Studying science in particular was so unusual for a woman at the time that Zuelzer had to get special permission from each of her professors to attend their classes.[2] She earned her doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation on Difflugia urceolata Carter, a protozoa.[3] This made her the 37th woman to have earned a doctorate at the University of Heidelberg and the sixth to have earned one from its faculty of natural sciences.[4]

In 1907, she became the assistant at the water treatment center in Berlin. In 1916, she took a position at the Imperial Ministry of Health (Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt), later the Reich's Ministry of Health (Reichsgesundheitsamt).[5] After 1919, she led the Protozoa Laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem and continually served as one of the few women on the advisory board, sometimes the only one.[1]

From 1926 to 1929, she was invited by the Dutch government to carry out a research study on "Weil's disease" in the Dutch Indies, specifically in Bali, Sumatra, and Java.[1] There, she became friends with German-Dutch biologist Wilhelm Schüffner.

In April 1933, she lost her position at the Protozoa Laboratory due to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which allowed civil servants of "non-Aryan descent" to be dismissed.[6] Zuelzer wrote an appeal demonstrating her ancestors' support of German nationalism, but this made no difference. In October 1939, Zuelzer immigrated to the Netherlands, where she procured a position at the Institute for Tropical Hygiene, which was led by Wilhelm Schüffner.[1]

Her sister Gertrud Zuelzer, a noted painter, was arrested in September 1942 and sent to Theresienstadt after a failed attempt to flee Germany to Switzerland. Margarete sent Gertrud packages of clothing and colored pencils with which Gertrud drew portraits of other prisoners in exchange for food. Gertrud credited her sister Margarete's packages as the reason that she was able to survive.[7][8]

In April 1943, Margarete Zuelzer was forced to move into a Jewish ghetto in Amsterdam. On 21 May, she was sent to the Westerbork Transit Camp. Before her deportation, her friend and colleague Wilhelm Schüffner had attempted in vain to procure a special position for her.[5] She died of starvation in the Westerbork Transit Camp on 23 August 1943, aged 66.[2][5][6]

In 2012, a Stolperstein ("stumbling stone") was laid in her memory at Eichkampstrasse 108 in Berlin, her last residence in the city.[6]

  • In the garden of the health department of the empire, fall 1926. Margarete Zuelzer (middle), Wilhelm Schüffner (second from left), and Paul Uhlenhuth (third from right)
    In the garden of the health department of the empire, fall 1926. Margarete Zuelzer (middle), Wilhelm Schüffner (second from left), and Paul Uhlenhuth (third from right)
  • Gertrud and Margarete Zuelzer (circa 1930)
    Gertrud and Margarete Zuelzer (circa 1930)
  • Stolperstein for Margarete Zuelzer, Eichkampstr 108 Berlin
    Stolperstein for Margarete Zuelzer, Eichkampstr 108 Berlin

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bloch, Max. "Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer. Zwei Schwestern im Holocaust." Aschkenas, Vol. 24 (2014), Issue 1, pp. 195–214.
  • Bogdanov, Franziska. "Das Leben wird anders schauen nach dieser Schreckenszeit. Der Nachlass von Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer im Jüdischen Museum Berlin." Journal of the Jewish Museum Berlin. Volume 13 (2015), pp. 40–41.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Zuelzer / Stolperstein-Initiative Berlin Siedlerverein Eichkamp / Berlin, Charlottenburg". www.siedlung-eichkamp.de. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b Vogt, Annette B. (1 March 2009). "Margarete Zuelzer". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  3. ^ Bibliographie Der Deutschen Naturwissenschaftlichen Litteratur (in German). Vol. 5. German Bureau of International Bibliography. 1904.
  4. ^ Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg, Sign. H-V-5/2
  5. ^ a b c Bogdanov, Franziska (2015). "Das Leben wird anders schauen nach dieser Schreckenzeit". Issuu. Jewish Museum Berlin. pp. 40–41. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Vogt, Annette. "In Memoriam: Margarete Zuelzer. Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine" 9 February 2012. Accessed 7 June 2016.
  7. ^ Bloch, Max. "Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer: Zwei Schwestern im Holocaust." Aschkenas 2014; 24(1):195–213.
  8. ^ Strassmann, W. Paul (15 June 2008). The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993). Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845454166.
[edit]
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