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{{Short description|French breed of dog}} |
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{{Unreferenced|date= May 2007}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox dog breed |
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| name = Briard |
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<!-- Put article text AFTER this infobox markup. See: --> |
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| image = Briard fauve.JPG |
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<!-- Wikipedia:WikiProject Dog breeds/Templates for more info.--> |
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| image_alt = |
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| image = Briard fauve.JPG |
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| image_caption = Briard |
| image_caption = Briard |
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| altname = {{ubl|Berger de Brie|Chien de Berger français de Plaine}} |
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| name = Briard |
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| nickname = |
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| altname = Berger de Brie, Berger Briard |
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| country = |
| country = France |
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| weight = |
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| fcigroup = 1 |
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| |
| maleweight = |
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| femaleweight = |
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| height = |
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| fcistd = http://www.dogdomain.com/FCI/fcistandards/fci-113.htm |
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| maleheight = {{right|{{convert|62|-|68|cm|abbr=on}}{{r|fci2}}}} |
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| akcgroup = Herding |
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| femaleheight = {{right|{{convert|56|-|64|cm|abbr=on}}{{r|fci2}}}} |
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| akcstd = http://www.akc.org/breeds/briard/index.cfm |
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| coat = long, slightly wavy, goat-like |
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| ankcgroup = Group 5 (Working Dogs) |
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| color = solid black, fawn, grey or blue; fawn overlaid with black |
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| ankcstd = http://www.ankc.aust.com/briard.html |
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| litter_size = |
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| ckcgroup = Group 7 - Herding Dogs |
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| life_span = 12.6 years |
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| ckcstd = http://www.ckc.ca/en/Default.aspx?tabid=99&BreedCode=BIR |
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| kc_name = [[Société Centrale Canine]] |
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| kcukgroup = Pastoral |
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| kc_std = https://www.centrale-canine.fr/le-chien-de-race/berger-de-brie |
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| kcukstd = http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/131 |
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| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/113g01-en.pdf |
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| nzkcgroup = Working |
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| note = |
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| nzkcstd = http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br518.html |
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}} |
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| ukcgroup = Herding Dog |
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[[File:Briards.jpg|thumb|Briards]] |
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| ukcstd = http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/f33b4fea0858549985257049004e62c4?OpenDocument |
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}}<!-- End Infobox --> |
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The '''Briard''' ({{IPA|fr|bʁijaʁ|pron|LL-Q150 (fra)-Totodu74-briard.wav}}){{r|dic|page=108}} or {{lang|fr|italic=no|'''Berger de Brie'''}} ({{IPA|fr|bɛʁʒe də bʁi|pron}};{{r|dic|page=89}} plural: ''Bergers de Brie'') is a French [[dog breed|breed]] of large [[shepherd dog]], traditionally used both for [[herding dog|herding]] sheep and to [[flock guardian|defend]] them. It was first shown at the first Paris dog show, in 1863; the first Briard to be registered in the {{lang|fr|Livre des Origines Françaises}}, the national [[stud-book]], was Sans Gêne in 1885.{{r|abb}} It was in the past also known as the {{lang|fr|italic=no|'''Chien de Berger français de Plaine'''}}. |
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The '''Briard''' is a large [[dog breed|breed]] of [[dog]], one of many [[herding dog|herding breed]]s. The Briard has been known for some centuries. [[Charlemagne]], [[Napoleon]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Lafayette]] and [[The Keller family]] all owned Briards. This ancient sheep guard and herder has also been used by the French Army as a sentry, messenger, and to search for wounded soldiers because of its fine sense of hearing. They were used in the First World War to the point of extinction. It became popular only after the Paris dog show of 1863 - in large part due to the improvement of the dog's looks achieved by crosses with the [[Beauceron]] and the [[Barbet (dog)|Barbet]]. The Briard is named either for Aubry of Montdidier, a man who was supposed to have owned an early Briard, or for the French province of Brie, although the dog probably does not originate in that locale. The Briard still serves as a herder and flock guardian today, as well as an esteemed companion dog. Some of the Briards talents are search & rescue, police work, military work, herding, watchdogging and guarding. Currently the Population of Briards are slowly recovering. |
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Experts state they are related to the [[Berger Picard]] |
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== |
==History == |
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The Briard originated in, and is named for, the [[Brie (region)|Brie]] historic region of north-central France, where it was traditionally used both for [[herding dog|herding]] sheep and to [[flock guardian|defend]] them.{{r|abb|roz|page2=287}} The first written mention of the shepherd dogs of Brie is thought to be in the ''Cours complet d'agriculture'' of [[Jean-Baptiste François Rozier]],{{r|phil|page=41}} who in 1783 wrote that the "chien de Brie" was long-haired and usually black;{{efn|name= a}} that in the open plains there was little danger from wolves, and so the dogs were used more for herding than for defence;{{efn|name= b}} and that shepherd dogs had the task of preventing the sheep from straying into crops or vineyards where they might cause damage.{{r|roz|page=287}}{{efn|name= c}}{{efn|name= d}} [[Jean Pierre Mégnin|Pierre Mégnin]], writing in 1895, clearly distinguishes the short-haired Chien de Beauce – the modern [[Beauceron]] – from the long-haired Chien de Brie or Briard.{{r|phil|page=41|meg|page2=292}} In 1896, Mégnin was among those who founded the {{lang|fr|italic=no|Club des chiens de berger français}}.{{r|phil|page=42}} |
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The Berger de Brie was first shown at the first Paris dog show in 1863, where a bitch named Charmant took a prize. The first Briard to be registered in the {{ill|Livre des Origines Françaises|fr|Livre des origines français|lt=''Livre des Origines Françaises''}}, the national [[stud-book]], was Sans Gêne, winner of a gold medal at the Paris show in 1885.{{r|abb|phil|page2=42}} A [[breed standard]] was established in 1897, in which two varieties were described: one with a woolly or sheep-like coat, the other with a coat more similar to that of the goat; the woolly type later disappeared. In 1909, a [[breed society]], Les Amis du Briard, was formed.{{r|phil|page=42}} |
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===Appearance=== |
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The Briard can be any of several different solid colors or lighter colors with darker or light ears and face. Briards stand 22 to 27 inches (58 to 69 cm) at the [[withers]]. [[Docking (dog)|Ear cropping]] has been common in the breed, although more breeders are leaving the ears in their natural state since ear cropping is becoming illegal in most European countries, including the Briard's land of origin, France. Their long coat requires an extensive amount of grooming. Interestingly enough, Briards with lighter colors in their fur are often mistaken for haystacks. |
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Breed numbers fell during the [[First World War]]; any dog thought suitable for military use was sent to the front. The breed society resumed its activities in 1923, and a rival breed association was formed at about the same time; in 1935, this last organised the first single-breed show for the Berger de Brie, with seventy-eight participants.{{r|phil|page=42}} Numbers again fell sharply under the [[Nazi occupation of France]] during the [[Second World War]]. After the war the two breed clubs merged under the name Club des Amis du Briard.{{r|phil|page=42}} |
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They were originally bred to herd as well as guard flocks of sheep. And they were often left to their own devices in order to accomplish their assigned tasks. This makes the Briard different from those breeds that only guard and those that only herd. The breeds that just herd are often smaller in size, agile, and swift of foot. Those breeds that just guard are usually larger and heavier. |
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In 1954, the Berger de Brie was fully recognised by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]].{{r|fci}} |
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The breed characteristics of the Briard, are of a medium sized, rugged, agile dog, having harsh coat and double [[dewclaw]]s mounted low on each rear leg, resembling additional toes. Each double dew claw should have bone substance and nail, giving the appearance of a wider rear foot. Bred for centuries to herd, the additional digits on each rear foot give the Briard the ability of pivoting on one foot for quick turns and complete turn arounds, which are necessary when herding and guarding their flocks. Throughout history, the Briard has retained an appropriate balance of size and build that is required for both herding and protection of their flocks. They are not too large to tire during herding yet large enough to fend off predators such as fox and wolves. |
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Partly as a consequence of the [[mechanisation of agriculture]] and resulting [[rural depopulation]] of the post-War years, the Berger de Brie came to be commonly kept as a [[companion dog]]. In the 1970s and 1980s, its numbers increased substantially: annual registrations in the ''Livre des Origines Françaises'' rose from 317 in 1970 to 905 in 1975, to 4101 in 1980 and then to a peak of 6364 in 1986, after which they fell precipitously; at one point the breed club had over 6000 members, more than any other French breed association at any time.{{r|phil|page=44}} Disagreements within the association resulted in its expulsion from the [[Société Centrale Canine]]; a new breed society, the {{lang|fr|italic=no|Association du Berger de Brie}}, was recognised in 1989.{{r|phil|page=45}} In 1996, ten European breed associations in nine different countries joined to form the {{lang|fr|italic=no|Union Européenne du Berger de Brie}}.{{r|phil|page=45|uebb}} |
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===Temperament=== |
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[[Image:Briard3 wb.jpg|thumb|left|A color variant with natural ears]] |
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The Briard is a very loyal and protective breed. The Briard is also called a heart of gold wrapped in fur. Once they have bonded to their family members, they will be very protective. They can be aloof with strangers - new introductions should be on the dog's terms, including furniture or the addition of a new baby into the household. They require showing that the new intrusion is friendly and free of conflict. They must be taught that it is a good thing and not harmful. They have proven to be a very good breed to have around children of all ages. |
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==Health== |
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It is also important that the Briard be introduced to several different individuals of all ages and in all types of situations. Socialization starting at a very young age is mandatory. Briards should be walked as often as possible, to many different places, and they will develop into a well rounded animal. Pet stores, city parks and malls are a good place to start. |
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A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12.6 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMillan | first=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=| pmc=10834484 }}</ref> |
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In 2001, blindness caused by a disease similar to [[Leber congenital amaurosis]] was partially reversed in three Briard puppies by researchers at [[Cornell University]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania]] using [[gene therapy]].<ref>{{cite press release| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010430072552.htm |title= In Gene Therapy First, Scientists Restore Vision To Dogs Born Blind| website= ScienceDaily.com| author= University of Florida }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2021}} |
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The Briard has been bred for centuries to herd and to protect their flocks. To domesticated briards, their family is the flock and all strangers may appear to be predators. Letting them know that the public in general are friendly and not harmful will help them establish a lifelong socialization pattern which will result in an outgoing and happy dog. This socialization with the public in general will not diminish their capacity for protecting and guarding their family. Note that if the Briard is left alone over an hour or 2 it will become stressed and worried about the flock and it might bite or scratch itself. So it's important to be with the briard at all times |
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== Characteristics == |
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The Briard has a very good memory. Once a lesson is learned, good or bad, the knowledge will be retained for a long time to come. Sometimes they may appear to be strong minded and stubborn but these are a few of the Briard's characteristics. They were bred for centuries to think for themselves and to act upon their conclusions. sometimes to the point of thinking what the "flock" will do ahead of time. |
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The coat is long (no less than {{nowrap|7 cm}}), thick and harsh like that of a goat; it may be solid black, grey, blue or fawn, or fawn overlaid with black; greying is seen to a variable extent.{{r|fci2}} Dogs stand {{nowrap|62–68 cm}} at the [[withers]], bitches about {{nowrap|56–64 cm}}.{{r|fci2}} An unusual characteristic of the breed is the double [[dewclaw]] on the hind legs; the breed standard specifies a single or absent dewclaw as a disqualifying fault.{{r|fci2}} |
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<gallery widths="200" heights="160"> |
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These are some of the traits that the Briard has retained throughout history. Even if a Briard is a city dweller, they have a degree of herding ability within them. If ever, during their lifetime, they are introduced to sheep or cattle, they will automatically start doing what they were bred to do, herding. They will even herd humans by nibbling on their ankles and guide them to his master if ordered. |
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File:41-27Monate1.JPG|Black |
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File:Aramis-briard.JPG|Fawn |
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File:Flevobriards.jpeg|Black and fawn |
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</gallery> |
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== Explanatory notes == |
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==Famous Briards== |
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{{Notelist | refs= |
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[[Image:Briard 600.jpg|thumb|Black Briard]] |
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* ''[[My Three Sons]]'' - "Tramp" |
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* ''[[Bachelor Father]]'' - "Jasper" (played by Briard mix "Red" 2nd Jasper 1960-62) |
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* ''[[Get Smart]]'' - Agent K-13 "Fang" (played by Briard mix "Red" 1965-66) |
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* ''[[Married... with Children]]'' - "[[Married… with Children#Buck|Buck]]" (played by Briard "Buck") |
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* ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'' - "Stinky" (played by Briard mix "Chewy") |
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* ''[[Addams Family]]'' - "Them" (played by Briard mix "Mayhem") |
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* ''[[Top Dog]]'' - (Film starring Chuck Norris - 1995) - "Reno" |
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* ''[[Dennis the Menace (film)|Dennis the Menace]]'' (1993) - "Rosie" |
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* ''[[Buddy]] (Starring Rene Russo - motion picture about a gorilla named Buddy.) '' (1997) |
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* ''[[The Karate Dog]] (Made for TV Movie - about a dog that knows...Karate.) '' (2004) |
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* ''[[Tell No One]] (Ne le dis à personne) (2006) (Played by Briard "NiNa") http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1993843/ |
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{{efn|name = d |For reasons that are not clear, several sources{{r|fci2|abb|phil|page3=41}} date this mention of the Berger de Brie to 1809. Rozier died in 1793; the third volume of his ''Cours complet d'agriculture'' was published in 1783.}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons|Briard}} |
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* Clubs, Associations, and Societies |
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**Belgium [http://www.briardclub.be/ Belgian Briard Club] |
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**Canada [http://www.geocities.com/canbriardclub/ Canadian Briard Club] |
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**Chile [http://www.briardclub.cl/ Briard Club de Chile] |
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**France [http://www1.briards-fr.com/ Briard Association of France] |
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**Germany [http://www.briardclub.de/index.htm German Briard Club] |
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**Italy [http://xoomer.alice.it/briardisti.italiani/ Italian Briard Club] |
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**Netherlands [http://www.briard.nl/ Dutch Briard Club] |
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**United Kingdom [http://www.thebritishbriardclub.org.uk/4556.html British Briard Club] |
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**United Kingdom [http://www.briard-association.co.uk/ Briard Association] |
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**United Kingdom [http://www.briards.org.uk/portal/ The Friendly Briard Club] |
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**United States [http://www.briardclubofamerica.org/ Briard Club of America] |
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{{efn|name = a |"... le poil long sur tout le corps; le noir est la couleur dominante"}} |
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* Resources |
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**[http://dev.briardworld.com/ Briard Pedigree Finder] |
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{{efn|name = b |"Dans les pays de plaine, & découverts, où l’on n’a rien à craindre des loups, le chien de berger, plus connu sous le nom de chien de Brie, est plutôt le conducteur, que le défenseur du troupeau"}} |
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[[Category:Dog breeds]] |
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[[Category:Herding dogs]] |
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[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Dog breeds originating in France]] |
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{{efn|name = c |"Il ... défend les blés, les vignes, que les moutons auroient bientôt dévastés, s’il leur étoit permis de vaguer çà & là."}} |
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[[cs:Briard]] |
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}} |
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[[de:Briard]] |
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[[fr:Berger de Brie]] |
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== References == |
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[[it:Pastore della Brie]] |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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[[lt:Briaras]] |
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[[nl:Briard]] |
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<ref name=abb>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090216092717/http://www1.briards-fr.com/modules/tinycontent/index.php?id=5 A la découverte du Berger de Brie] (in French). Association du Berger de Brie. Archived 16 February 2009.</ref> |
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[[no:Briard]] |
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[[pl:Owczarek francuski Briard]] |
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<ref name=dic>Marie-Hélène Corréard, Valerie Grundy, Jean-Benoit Ormal-Grenon, Nathalie Pomier (editors) (2001). [https://archive.org/details/legranddictionna0000unse/page/108/mode/1up ''Le Grand Dictionnaire Hachette-Oxford'' = ''The Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary''], third edition. Oxford; New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press; Paris: Hachette Livre. {{isbn|0198603630}}.</ref> |
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[[pt:Pastor de Brie]] |
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[[ru:Бриар]] |
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<ref name=fci>[http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/BRIARD-113.html FCI breeds nomenclature: Berger de Brie (113)]. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2021.</ref> |
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[[fi:Briard (koirarotu)]] |
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[[sv:Briard]] |
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<ref name=fci2>[https://www.centrale-canine.fr/sites/default/files/fci_race/113.pdf?1621866903 Standard FCI N° 113: Berger de Brie] (in French). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2021.</ref> |
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[[tr:Brie çoban köpeği]] |
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<ref name=meg>Pierre Mégnin (1895). [https://archive.org/details/revuedessciences40soci/page/289/mode/1up Les chiens de berger: §1. Les chiens de berger français] (in French). ''Revue des sciences naturelles appliquées'', quarantième année. '''1895''' (1): 289–298. Paris: Société nationale d'acclimatation de France.</ref> |
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<ref name=phil>Philippe de Wailly (1998). [https://archive.org/details/lesbergersfranca0000wail/page/41/mode/1up ''Les bergers français''] (in French). Paris: Éditions Solar. {{ISBN|2263026584}}.</ref> |
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<ref name=roz>Jean-Baptiste François Rozier (1783). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Hs6_Nr7NT0gC/page/n309/mode/1up ''Cours complet d'agriculture théorique, pratique, économique, et de médecine rurale et vétérinaire, suivi d'une Méthode pour étudier l'agriculture par principes, ou Dictionnaire universel d'agriculture, par une société d'agriculteurs, et rédigé par M. l'abbé Rozier'', tome troisième] (in French). Paris: Rue et hôtel Serpente. ([[:s:fr:Cours d’agriculture (Rozier)/CHIEN|modern transcription]])</ref> |
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<ref name=uebb>[http://www.uebb.net/english/info.php Some information about the Union Européenne du Berger de Brie]. Union Européenne du Berger de Brie. Accessed May 2021.</ref> |
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}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{Commons category-inline}} |
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{{Pastoral dogs}} |
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{{French dogs}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Dog breeds originating in France]] |
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[[Category:FCI breeds]] |
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[[Category:Herding dogs]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:41, 28 October 2024
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The Briard (pronounced [bʁijaʁ] )[2]: 108 or Berger de Brie (pronounced [bɛʁʒe də bʁi];[2]: 89 plural: Bergers de Brie) is a French breed of large shepherd dog, traditionally used both for herding sheep and to defend them. It was first shown at the first Paris dog show, in 1863; the first Briard to be registered in the Livre des Origines Françaises, the national stud-book, was Sans Gêne in 1885.[3] It was in the past also known as the Chien de Berger français de Plaine.
History
[edit]The Briard originated in, and is named for, the Brie historic region of north-central France, where it was traditionally used both for herding sheep and to defend them.[3][4]: 287 The first written mention of the shepherd dogs of Brie is thought to be in the Cours complet d'agriculture of Jean-Baptiste François Rozier,[5]: 41 who in 1783 wrote that the "chien de Brie" was long-haired and usually black;[a] that in the open plains there was little danger from wolves, and so the dogs were used more for herding than for defence;[b] and that shepherd dogs had the task of preventing the sheep from straying into crops or vineyards where they might cause damage.[4]: 287 [c][d] Pierre Mégnin, writing in 1895, clearly distinguishes the short-haired Chien de Beauce – the modern Beauceron – from the long-haired Chien de Brie or Briard.[5]: 41 [6]: 292 In 1896, Mégnin was among those who founded the Club des chiens de berger français.[5]: 42
The Berger de Brie was first shown at the first Paris dog show in 1863, where a bitch named Charmant took a prize. The first Briard to be registered in the Livre des Origines Françaises, the national stud-book, was Sans Gêne, winner of a gold medal at the Paris show in 1885.[3][5]: 42 A breed standard was established in 1897, in which two varieties were described: one with a woolly or sheep-like coat, the other with a coat more similar to that of the goat; the woolly type later disappeared. In 1909, a breed society, Les Amis du Briard, was formed.[5]: 42
Breed numbers fell during the First World War; any dog thought suitable for military use was sent to the front. The breed society resumed its activities in 1923, and a rival breed association was formed at about the same time; in 1935, this last organised the first single-breed show for the Berger de Brie, with seventy-eight participants.[5]: 42 Numbers again fell sharply under the Nazi occupation of France during the Second World War. After the war the two breed clubs merged under the name Club des Amis du Briard.[5]: 42
In 1954, the Berger de Brie was fully recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.[7]
Partly as a consequence of the mechanisation of agriculture and resulting rural depopulation of the post-War years, the Berger de Brie came to be commonly kept as a companion dog. In the 1970s and 1980s, its numbers increased substantially: annual registrations in the Livre des Origines Françaises rose from 317 in 1970 to 905 in 1975, to 4101 in 1980 and then to a peak of 6364 in 1986, after which they fell precipitously; at one point the breed club had over 6000 members, more than any other French breed association at any time.[5]: 44 Disagreements within the association resulted in its expulsion from the Société Centrale Canine; a new breed society, the Association du Berger de Brie, was recognised in 1989.[5]: 45 In 1996, ten European breed associations in nine different countries joined to form the Union Européenne du Berger de Brie.[5]: 45 [8]
Health
[edit]A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12.6 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[9]
In 2001, blindness caused by a disease similar to Leber congenital amaurosis was partially reversed in three Briard puppies by researchers at Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania using gene therapy.[10][better source needed]
Characteristics
[edit]The coat is long (no less than 7 cm), thick and harsh like that of a goat; it may be solid black, grey, blue or fawn, or fawn overlaid with black; greying is seen to a variable extent.[1] Dogs stand 62–68 cm at the withers, bitches about 56–64 cm.[1] An unusual characteristic of the breed is the double dewclaw on the hind legs; the breed standard specifies a single or absent dewclaw as a disqualifying fault.[1]
-
Black
-
Fawn
-
Black and fawn
Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ "... le poil long sur tout le corps; le noir est la couleur dominante"
- ^ "Dans les pays de plaine, & découverts, où l’on n’a rien à craindre des loups, le chien de berger, plus connu sous le nom de chien de Brie, est plutôt le conducteur, que le défenseur du troupeau"
- ^ "Il ... défend les blés, les vignes, que les moutons auroient bientôt dévastés, s’il leur étoit permis de vaguer çà & là."
- ^ For reasons that are not clear, several sources[1][3][5]: 41 date this mention of the Berger de Brie to 1809. Rozier died in 1793; the third volume of his Cours complet d'agriculture was published in 1783.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Standard FCI N° 113: Berger de Brie (in French). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2021.
- ^ a b Marie-Hélène Corréard, Valerie Grundy, Jean-Benoit Ormal-Grenon, Nathalie Pomier (editors) (2001). Le Grand Dictionnaire Hachette-Oxford = The Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary, third edition. Oxford; New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press; Paris: Hachette Livre. ISBN 0198603630.
- ^ a b c d A la découverte du Berger de Brie (in French). Association du Berger de Brie. Archived 16 February 2009.
- ^ a b Jean-Baptiste François Rozier (1783). Cours complet d'agriculture théorique, pratique, économique, et de médecine rurale et vétérinaire, suivi d'une Méthode pour étudier l'agriculture par principes, ou Dictionnaire universel d'agriculture, par une société d'agriculteurs, et rédigé par M. l'abbé Rozier, tome troisième (in French). Paris: Rue et hôtel Serpente. (modern transcription)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Philippe de Wailly (1998). Les bergers français (in French). Paris: Éditions Solar. ISBN 2263026584.
- ^ Pierre Mégnin (1895). Les chiens de berger: §1. Les chiens de berger français (in French). Revue des sciences naturelles appliquées, quarantième année. 1895 (1): 289–298. Paris: Société nationale d'acclimatation de France.
- ^ FCI breeds nomenclature: Berger de Brie (113). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2021.
- ^ Some information about the Union Européenne du Berger de Brie. Union Européenne du Berger de Brie. Accessed May 2021.
- ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
- ^ University of Florida. "In Gene Therapy First, Scientists Restore Vision To Dogs Born Blind". ScienceDaily.com (Press release).
External links
[edit]Media related to Briard at Wikimedia Commons
