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'''Rugby union in Western Australia''' describes the sport of [[rugby union]] being played and watched in the state of [[Western Australia]]. First introduced some time in 1868 it was the most popular football code until it was overtaken by [[Australian rules football in Western Australia]] in 1885. After a period of recess between 1905-1927 it has grown throughout the 20th century. The governing body is the Western Australia Rugby Union ([[RugbyWA]]).
'''Rugby union in Western Australia''' describes the sport of [[rugby union]] being played and watched in the state of [[Western Australia]]. First introduced some time in 1868 it was the most popular football code until it was overtaken by [[Australian rules football in Western Australia|Australian rules there]] in 1885. After a period of decline and recess between 1905 and 1927 it grew throughout the 20th century. The governing body is the Western Australia Rugby Union ([[RugbyWA]]).


Rugby clubs are centred on the metropolitan [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] and Fremantle, the game is uncommon elsewhere. Despite being the second most popular code with spectators, rugby has the distinction of holding the record attendance of any football code in the state, with 61,241 attending the [[Bledisloe Cup]] at [[Optus Stadium]] in 2019.
Rugby clubs are centred on the metropolitan [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] and Fremantle, the game is uncommon elsewhere. Despite being the second most popular code with spectators, rugby has the distinction of holding the record attendance of any football code in the state, with 61,241 attending the [[Bledisloe Cup]] at [[Optus Stadium]] in 2019.
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Rugby was first played in the [[Colony of Western Australia]] in the late 1860s and early 1870s.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}}
Rugby was first played in the [[Colony of Western Australia]] in the late 1860s and early 1870s.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}}


One of the earliest matches was played in 1868 in Fremantle by a team from [[West Yorkshire Regiment]] against a local sides in Perth on the grounds of the [[Hale School|Bishop’s Collegiate School]].<ref>Sean Fagan citing NSWRU / ARU archives and History of Hale School</ref>
Rugby historian [[Sean Fagan]] cites a match played in 1868 in Fremantle by a team from [[West Yorkshire Regiment]] against a local sides in Perth on the grounds of the [[Hale School|Bishop’s Collegiate School]] as an early example of rugby being played in the colony<ref>Sean Fagan citing NSWRU / ARU archives and History of Hale School</ref> however historian Geoff Christian counters that these and other early matches were likely played under the [[Australian rules football|Victorian (Australian) rules]] but that the local paper, the [[Fremantle Herald]] advocating strongly for the introduction of British rules in the colony based on the involvement of the English team.<ref>G Christian, J Lee & B Messenger, The Footballers: The History of Football in Western Australia, St George's Books Perth 1985, pp 1-6</ref>


Rugby is believed to have been established in 1876 by British expatriates in Perth who formed the first (rugby) football clubs and introduced it into the schools in 1879 after which it became the most popular football code, with several clubs playing in organised competitions by 1880.<ref name="history">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85724702 |title=Highlights in the History of Australian Football |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |volume=LV |issue=18,748 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1935 |access-date=17 March 2023 |page=20 (LATE CITY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Rugby was the leading football code in the colony until the mid 1880s when its popularity was overtaken by Australian rules.
Rugby was the leading football code in the colony up until the mid 1880s before its popularity was overtaken by [[Australian rules football in Western Australia]].


In 1885 one of the leading rugby clubs, [[Fremantle Football Club (1882–1886)|Fremantle]], decided to change to [[Australian rules football]]. It was quickly joined by three other clubs - {{WAFL Rov}}, [[West Perth Football Club|Victorians]], and a team of schoolboys from [[Hale School|The High School]]. Rugby was to suffer considerably from this exodus in the latter 1880s.
In 1885 one of the leading rugby clubs, [[Fremantle Football Club (1882–1886)|Fremantle]], decided to switch codes. It was quickly joined by three other clubs - {{WAFL Rov}}, [[West Perth Football Club|Victorians]], and a team of schoolboys from [[Hale School|The High School]]. Rugby was to suffer considerably from this exodus in the latter 1880s.


===Rugby Revival and Interstate matches: 1893-1905===
===Rugby Revival and Interstate matches: 1893-1905===
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===Decline and Hiatus: 1905-1927===
===Decline and Hiatus: 1905-1927===
Competition in Perth ceased around 1905, though the game continued to be played in the Goldfields region, particularly by the Kalgoorlie Rugby Club. In 1907, a combined Goldfields team hosted the New South Wales team which defeated them 16 to 7 in front of a large crowd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88141297 |title=RUGBY IN KALGOORLIE. |newspaper=[[Chronicle]] |volume=50, |issue=2,554 |location=South Australia |date=3 August 1907 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Competition in Perth ceased around the end of 1905, though the game continued to be played in the Goldfields region, particularly by the Kalgoorlie Rugby Club. In 1907, a combined Goldfields team hosted the New South Wales team which defeated them 16 to 7 in front of a large crowd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88141297 |title=RUGBY IN KALGOORLIE. |newspaper=[[The Chronicle (South Australia)|The Chronicle]] |volume=50 |issue=2,554 |location=South Australia |date=3 August 1907 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
[[File:Goldfields Rugby Football Team from Kalgoorlie Western Argus 25 August 1908 pg 26.png|thumb|Goldfields Rugby Football Team that played New South Wales in 1908]]
[[File:Goldfields Rugby Football Team from Kalgoorlie Western Argus 25 August 1908 pg 26.png|thumb|Goldfields Rugby Football Team that played New South Wales in 1908]]
The popularity of rugby faded slowly, with only sporadic competition in the state following the success of the state team at the [[Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival]] in 1908. Though teams from Sydney continued to tour and promote the game Western Australia's rugby teams were not nearly competitive against New South Wales, however Western Australia's Australian Football team proved it could be competitive against Victoria. While the school competitions were initially thriving, the code suffered substantially with the successful introduction of Australian Football into Western Australian schools with junior numbers virtually non-existent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37401710 |title=Sports and Pastimes. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXV, |issue=1,252 |location=Western Australia |date=25 December 1909 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> As rugby in the remote mines also faded, Australian rules clubs were beginning to incorporate some of the rugby rules including vigorous tackling.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204877835 |title=Football. |newspaper=[[The Black Range Courier And Sandstone Observer]] |volume=3, |issue=133 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1909 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The popularity of rugby faded slowly, with only sporadic competition. Though teams from Sydney continued to tour and promote the game Western Australia's rugby teams were not nearly competitive against New South Wales, however Western Australia's Australian Football team proved it could be competitive against Victoria taking out the [[Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival]] in 1908. While the school competitions were initially thriving, the code suffered substantially with the successful introduction of Australian Football into Western Australian schools with junior numbers virtually non-existent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37401710 |title=Sports and Pastimes. |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |volume=XXV |issue=1,252 |location=Western Australia |date=25 December 1909 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> As rugby in the remote mines also faded, Australian rules clubs were beginning to incorporate some of the rugby rules including vigorous tackling.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204877835 |title=Football. |newspaper=[[The Black Range Courier And Sandstone Observer]] |volume=3 |issue=133 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1909 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


A visiting Sydney side played Central in June 1909 in front of a large crowd.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57613754 |title=THE RUGBY CODE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=599 |location=Western Australia |date=27 June 1909 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=2 (FIRST SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}
In the face of dwindling numbers, in Perth only two clubs remained: Fremantle and Central. Matches were played at the Esplanade. A visiting Sydney side played Central in June 1909 in front of a large crowd at the Esplanade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57613754 |title=THE RUGBY CODE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=599 |location=Western Australia |date=27 June 1909 |accessdate=9 September 2022 |page=2 (FIRST SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


===Modern revival: 1928-===
===Modern revival: 1928-===
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Rugby had not been played in WA for 23 years however it was revived in June 1928 when two teams contested a match in Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38379535 |title=RUGBY REVIVAL. |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |volume=XLIII |issue=2,211 |location=Western Australia |date=28 June 1928 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=6 (The Western Mail) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> It was followed by a restarted school competition<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58358340 |title=THE RUGBY CODE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1589 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1928 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=11 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and the formation of Perth and Fremantle clubs who played at Cottesloe.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58363286 |title=No title |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1597 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1928 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> They were joined by a Northern Suburbs team.
Rugby had not been played in WA for 23 years however it was revived in June 1928 when two teams contested a match in Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38379535 |title=RUGBY REVIVAL. |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |volume=XLIII |issue=2,211 |location=Western Australia |date=28 June 1928 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=6 (The Western Mail) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> It was followed by a restarted school competition<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58358340 |title=THE RUGBY CODE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1589 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1928 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=11 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and the formation of Perth and Fremantle clubs who played at Cottesloe.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58363286 |title=No title |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1597 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1928 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> They were joined by a Northern Suburbs team.


A state team was once again assembled in 1929 to compete against a visiting team from the [[HMAS Canberra (D33)|HMAS Canberra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37679535 |title=THE SPORTING GALLERY. |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |volume=XLIV |issue=2,282 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1929 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=7 (PICTORIAL SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Rugby in 1930 was once again attracting record crowds, and a 4 team competition was in full swing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33343969 |title=THE FREMANTLE RUGBY CAPTAIN CONVERTING A TRY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI |issue=8,725 |location=Western Australia |date=10 June 1930 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The competition was strong enough to field a West Australian team to compete against the touring Great Britain however they were beaten 71 to 3 in front of a crowd of 6,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79467991 |title=RUGBY |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX |issue=17,280 |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1930 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
A state team was once again assembled in 1929 to compete against a visiting team from [[HMAS Canberra (D33)|HMAS Canberra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37679535 |title=THE SPORTING GALLERY. |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |volume=XLIV |issue=2,282 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1929 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=7 (PICTORIAL SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Rugby in 1930 was once again attracting record crowds, and a 4 team competition was in full swing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33343969 |title=THE FREMANTLE RUGBY CAPTAIN CONVERTING A TRY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI |issue=8,725 |location=Western Australia |date=10 June 1930 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The competition was strong enough to field a West Australian team to compete against the touring Great Britain however they were beaten 71 to 3 in front of a crowd of 6,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79467991 |title=RUGBY |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX |issue=17,280 |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1930 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


Rugby was relegated to a minor sport until it experienced a revival in the 2000s aided by international migration.
Rugby was relegated to a minor sport until it experienced a revival in the 2000s aided by international migration.
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*[[John Welborn]] (retired, first [[Western Australian]] born to represent the [[Australian national rugby union team|Wallabies]]) - [[NSW Waratahs]], {{Rut|Sharks (Currie Cup)|CC=y}}, [[Leicester Tigers]], [[CA Brive]], [[Western Force]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*[[John Welborn]] (retired, first [[Western Australian]] born to represent the [[Australian national rugby union team|Wallabies]]) - [[NSW Waratahs]], {{Rut|Sharks (Currie Cup)|CC=y}}, [[Leicester Tigers]], [[CA Brive]], [[Western Force]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*[[Brett Sheehan]] - [[NSW Waratahs]], [[Queensland Reds]], [[Western Force]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*[[Brett Sheehan]] - [[NSW Waratahs]], [[Queensland Reds]], [[Western Force]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*[[Adam Wallace-Harrison]] - [[ACT Brumbies]], [[Australia A rugby union team|Australia A]]
*[[Adam Wallace-Harrison]] - [[ACT Brumbies]], [[Queensland Reds]], [[Australia A rugby union team|Australia A]]
*[[Kyle Godwin]] - [[Western Force]],<ref>Western Force</ref> [[Australia national under-20 rugby union team|Australia under-20]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*[[Kieran Longbottom]] - [[Western Force]]
*[[Kieran Longbottom]] - [[Western Force]]
*[[Dane Haylett-Petty]] - [[Western Force]], Australia under-19, [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]<ref>http://www.rugby.com.au/news/2016/06/09/13/28/haylett-petty-excited-for-debut {{Bare URL inline|date=September 2022}}</ref>
*[[Dane Haylett-Petty]] - [[Western Force]], [[Melbourne Rebels]], [[Australia national under-19 rugby union team|Australia under-19]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]<ref>http://www.rugby.com.au/news/2016/06/09/13/28/haylett-petty-excited-for-debut {{Bare URL inline|date=September 2022}}</ref>
*[[Luke Burton]] - [[Western Force]], [[Australia national under-20 rugby union team|Australia under-20]]
*[[Ross Haylett-Petty]] - [[Western Force]], [[Melbourne Rebels]], [[Australia national under-20 rugby union team|Australia under-20]]
*[[Scott Higginbotham]] - [[Queensland Reds]], [[Melbourne Rebels]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*[[Scott Higginbotham]] - [[Queensland Reds]], [[Melbourne Rebels]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]
*David Collis - [[Queensland Reds]]
*David Collis - [[Queensland Reds]]
*[[Harry Scoble]] - [[Western Force]], [[Australian Schoolboys rugby union team|Australian Schoolboys]], [[Australia national under-20 rugby union team|Australia under-20]]
*Darren Murphy - Queensland A
*Darren Murphy - Queensland A
*[[Curtis Rona]] - [[Western Force]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]]; [[Junior Kiwis|New Zealand under-20 rugby league]], [[New Zealand Māori rugby league team|New Zealand Māori rugby league]]
*Will Brock - [[Perth Spirit]], [[Australia national rugby sevens team|Australia sevens]]
*Will Brock - [[Perth Spirit]], [[Australia national rugby sevens team|Australia sevens]]
*[[Jake Ball (rugby union)|Jake Ball]] - [[Western Force]], [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
*[[Richard Hardwick]] - [[Western Force]], [[Melbourne Rebels]], [[Australian Schoolboys rugby union team|Australia "A" Schoolboys]], [[Australian national rugby union team|Australia]], [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]]
*Daniel Montagu - [[Nottingham R.F.C.]], [[Leicester Tigers]]
*Daniel Montagu - [[Nottingham R.F.C.]], [[Leicester Tigers]]
*Ryan Tyrrell - [[Perth Spirit]]
*[[Ryan Tyrrell]] - [[Perth Spirit]]
*Dan Bailey - [[Perth Spirit]]
*Dan Bailey - [[Perth Spirit]]
*[[Salesi Ma'afu]] - [[Western Force]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220171840/http://www.joondalupbrothers.com/Home.html Joondalup Brothers RUFC]
*Kyle Godwin<ref>Western Force</ref>
*John Trend - [[Perth Spirit]]
*John Trend - [[Perth Spirit]]


Revision as of 10:48, 26 May 2024

Rugby union in Western Australia
Western Force play the Brumbies at Subiaco in 2006.
Governing bodyRugbyWA
State teamWestern Force
First played1868, Perth, Western Australia
Registered players12,550 (2022)[1]
Club competitions
Audience records
Single match61,241 (2019) Bledisloe Cup, Australia v New Zealand

Rugby union in Western Australia describes the sport of rugby union being played and watched in the state of Western Australia. First introduced some time in 1868 it was the most popular football code until it was overtaken by Australian rules there in 1885. After a period of decline and recess between 1905 and 1927 it grew throughout the 20th century. The governing body is the Western Australia Rugby Union (RugbyWA).

Rugby clubs are centred on the metropolitan Perth and Fremantle, the game is uncommon elsewhere. Despite being the second most popular code with spectators, rugby has the distinction of holding the record attendance of any football code in the state, with 61,241 attending the Bledisloe Cup at Optus Stadium in 2019.

Western Australia is the home of the Western Force, a franchise in the Super Rugby competition since 2006. Their home ground is NIB Stadium, which has a capacity of 20,500 spectators. The development team is the Perth Spirit, which has competed in the Australian Rugby Championship in 2007 and the National Rugby Championship since 2014.

History

Early history: 1860-1892

Coolgardie rugby football team in 1896

Rugby was first played in the Colony of Western Australia in the late 1860s and early 1870s.[2]

Rugby historian Sean Fagan cites a match played in 1868 in Fremantle by a team from West Yorkshire Regiment against a local sides in Perth on the grounds of the Bishop’s Collegiate School as an early example of rugby being played in the colony[3] however historian Geoff Christian counters that these and other early matches were likely played under the Victorian (Australian) rules but that the local paper, the Fremantle Herald advocating strongly for the introduction of British rules in the colony based on the involvement of the English team.[4]

Rugby is believed to have been established in 1876 by British expatriates in Perth who formed the first (rugby) football clubs and introduced it into the schools in 1879 after which it became the most popular football code, with several clubs playing in organised competitions by 1880.[5] Rugby was the leading football code in the colony until the mid 1880s when its popularity was overtaken by Australian rules.

In 1885 one of the leading rugby clubs, Fremantle, decided to switch codes. It was quickly joined by three other clubs - Template:WAFL Rov, Victorians, and a team of schoolboys from The High School. Rugby was to suffer considerably from this exodus in the latter 1880s.

Rugby Revival and Interstate matches: 1893-1905

Swan rugby football team in 1897

The 1890s however saw a revival in West Australian rugby and it continued to be played by a small number of clubs sufficient to form the Western Australian Rugby Union in 1893.[clarification needed] A 4 team competition commenced in 1895 with the I Zingari, Fremantle, Swans and Midland Junction Club's taking part. These clubs were joined by a Goldfields Association consisting of the Coolgardie Rugby Football Club and Kalgoorlie Rugby Football Club (Goldfields) (1896). Other Perth based clubs to form later included the Pirate Football Club (1898) and Metropolitan Rugby Football Club (1900).[6]

At the turn of the 20th Century, Rugby was rapidly growing in popularity, with a combined Metropolitan vs Districts matches being played[7] interstate matches including the Goldfields[8] and a schools competition begun.

From 1905, Perth, Pioneers and Swan competed for the Levinson Cup, the competition was able to gain access to play on Australian rules football grounds and crowds grew to thousands with some games rivaling the popularity of Australian rules.[9]

Decline and Hiatus: 1905-1927

Competition in Perth ceased around the end of 1905, though the game continued to be played in the Goldfields region, particularly by the Kalgoorlie Rugby Club. In 1907, a combined Goldfields team hosted the New South Wales team which defeated them 16 to 7 in front of a large crowd.[10]

Goldfields Rugby Football Team that played New South Wales in 1908

The popularity of rugby faded slowly, with only sporadic competition. Though teams from Sydney continued to tour and promote the game Western Australia's rugby teams were not nearly competitive against New South Wales, however Western Australia's Australian Football team proved it could be competitive against Victoria taking out the Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival in 1908. While the school competitions were initially thriving, the code suffered substantially with the successful introduction of Australian Football into Western Australian schools with junior numbers virtually non-existent.[11] As rugby in the remote mines also faded, Australian rules clubs were beginning to incorporate some of the rugby rules including vigorous tackling.[12]

In the face of dwindling numbers, in Perth only two clubs remained: Fremantle and Central. Matches were played at the Esplanade. A visiting Sydney side played Central in June 1909 in front of a large crowd at the Esplanade.[13]

Modern revival: 1928-

Rugby match in Perth in 1928

Rugby had not been played in WA for 23 years however it was revived in June 1928 when two teams contested a match in Perth.[14] It was followed by a restarted school competition[15] and the formation of Perth and Fremantle clubs who played at Cottesloe.[16] They were joined by a Northern Suburbs team.

A state team was once again assembled in 1929 to compete against a visiting team from HMAS Canberra.[17] Rugby in 1930 was once again attracting record crowds, and a 4 team competition was in full swing.[18] The competition was strong enough to field a West Australian team to compete against the touring Great Britain however they were beaten 71 to 3 in front of a crowd of 6,000.[19]

Rugby was relegated to a minor sport until it experienced a revival in the 2000s aided by international migration.

Notable players

See also

References

  1. ^ Ausplay Sports Report 2022 - Rugby Union Western Australia
  2. ^ Bloomfield 2003, p. 15.
  3. ^ Sean Fagan citing NSWRU / ARU archives and History of Hale School
  4. ^ G Christian, J Lee & B Messenger, The Footballers: The History of Football in Western Australia, St George's Books Perth 1985, pp 1-6
  5. ^ "Highlights in the History of Australian Football". The Daily News. Vol. LV, no. 18, 748. Western Australia. 20 April 1935. p. 20 (LATE CITY). Retrieved 17 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ "PIRATES FOOTBALL TEAM". Clare's Weekly. Vol. 2, no. 6. Western Australia. 17 September 1898. p. 14. Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ "COMBINED METROPOLITANS (blue and white) AND COMBINED DISTRICTS (red and black) RUGBY FOOTBALL TEAMS. The Districts Team won by seven points to [?]". Western Mail. Vol. XX, no. 1, 023. Western Australia. 5 August 1905. p. 35. Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ "RUGBY FOOTBALL—SYDNEY V. PERTH". Western Mail. Vol. XX, no. 1, 028. Western Australia. 9 September 1905. p. 36. Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ "RUGBY FOOTBALL". Truth. No. 103. Western Australia. 8 July 1905. p. 6 (CITY EDITION). Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ "RUGBY IN KALGOORLIE". The Chronicle. Vol. 50, no. 2, 554. South Australia. 3 August 1907. p. 20. Retrieved 9 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Sports and Pastimes". Western Mail. Vol. XXV, no. 1, 252. Western Australia. 25 December 1909. p. 19. Retrieved 9 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Football". The Black Range Courier And Sandstone Observer. Vol. 3, no. 133. Western Australia. 16 July 1909. p. 2. Retrieved 9 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ "THE RUGBY CODE". Sunday Times (Perth). No. 599. Western Australia. 27 June 1909. p. 2 (FIRST SECTION). Retrieved 9 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ "RUGBY REVIVAL". Western Mail. Vol. XLIII, no. 2, 211. Western Australia. 28 June 1928. p. 6 (The Western Mail). Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "THE RUGBY CODE". Sunday Times (Perth). No. 1589. Western Australia. 8 July 1928. p. 11 (Fourth Section). Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ "No title". Sunday Times (Perth). No. 1597. Western Australia. 2 September 1928. p. 1 (Second Section). Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. ^ "THE SPORTING GALLERY". Western Mail. Vol. XLIV, no. 2, 282. Western Australia. 7 November 1929. p. 7 (PICTORIAL SECTION). Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. ^ "THE FREMANTLE RUGBY CAPTAIN CONVERTING A TRY". The West Australian. Vol. XLVI, no. 8, 725. Western Australia. 10 June 1930. p. 12. Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. ^ "RUGBY". The Daily News. Vol. XLIX, no. 17, 280. Western Australia. 23 September 1930. p. 4 (HOME FINAL EDITION). Retrieved 24 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  20. ^ Western Force
  21. ^ http://www.rugby.com.au/news/2016/06/09/13/28/haylett-petty-excited-for-debut [bare URL]

Sources

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