2014–2016 Oromo protests
2014–2016 Oromo protests | |||
---|---|---|---|
Part of Oromo conflict | |||
Wolqayt demonstration in 2016 | |||
Date | 25 April 2014[1] – December 2016[2][3][4][5][6] | ||
Location | Oromia Region, Addis Ababa[6] north-western, southern and eastern part of the regions [7] Ambo, Dembi Dolo, and Nekemte[8]Amhara Region, Gondar,[6] Bahir Dar,[6] | ||
Caused by |
| ||
Goals |
| ||
Methods | |||
Status |
| ||
Parties | |||
Lead figures | |||
Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn | |||
Casualties | |||
Death(s) | 5,000+ (as of October 2016) | ||
Detained | 1,645[22] | ||
[23][24][25][26][27][28][3] |
The 2014–2016 Oromo protests[3][29][25][26][27][28][4][5] were a series of protests and resistance[30] first sparked on 25 April 2014. The initial actions were taken in opposition to the Addis Ababa Master Plan,[1] and resumed on 12 November 2015 by university students and farmers in the town of Ginchi, located 80 km southwest of Addis Ababa, encircled by the Oromia region.[3][4][5] The plan was to expand the capital into the Oromia special zone, leading to fears that native Oromo farmers would lose their land and be displaced. The plan was later dropped but protests continued, highlighting issues such as marginalization and human rights.[6] Mulatu Gemechu, deputy chairman of the opposition Oromo Federalist Congress, expressed to Reuters: "so far, we have compiled a list of 33 protesters killed by armed security forces that included police and soldiers but I am very sure the list will grow".[8] Protesters demanded social and political reforms, including an end to human rights abuses like government killings of civilians, mass arrests, government land seizures, and political marginalization of opposition groups. The government responded by restricting access to the internet[31][32] and attacking as well as arresting protesters.[32][33][34]
In the three days leading up to 8 August 2016, Reuters reported that at least 90 protesters[19] had been shot and killed by Ethiopian security forces, marking the most violent crackdown against protesters in sub-Saharan Africa since at least 75 people were killed during protests in Oromia Region in November and December 2015.[35][36]
According to Human Rights Watch, at least 500 people are estimated to have been killed as of October 2016.[37][38]
Background and causes
[edit]Power struggle
[edit]In 1991, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) captured the capital Addis Ababa and ended the Ethiopian Civil War. The EPRDF was led by the Tigray People's Liberation Front and was dominated by those belonging to the Tigray ethnic group, which is a minority group comprising only about six percent of the country's population. However, members of this ethnic group have traditionally dominated senior positions in the country's military and political system, while those belonging to the Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups, who comprise a majority of the population, have felt rather marginalized over the past few decades.[32][39]
Ethnic divisions are not as sharp in Ethiopia as might be indicated by statistics; intermarriage is extremely commonplace, and the actual disparity and disaffection between groups are not great. Furthermore, following the death of Meles Zenawi in 2012, the influence of the Tigray ethnic group became lower than in previous decades. Subsequent to his death neither of the two main political positions–President (head of state) and Prime Minister (head of government)–were occupied by a Tigrayan. Then-President Mulatu Teshome belonged to the Oromo ethnic group and then-Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn to the Wolayta ethnic group. Nevertheless, the perceived domination of the Tigray people had been in the back of the minds of some people and was a factor in the disturbances.[citation needed]
Addis Ababa Master Plan
[edit]Protests were first sparked on 25 April 2014 against expansion of boundaries Addis Ababa city and government responded by shooting at and beating peaceful protesters[1] and on 12 November 2015, university students in the town of Ginchi, 80 km southwest of Addis Ababa, engaged in full blown strikes and street protests.[4][5][40] Protests spread throughout 400 different locales across 17 zones of Oromia region[41] according to Amnesty International 800 Oromo protesters killed since started[3]
The 2016 Oromo youth demonstrations started because Addis Ababa's new city master plan proposed including farmlands from the surrounding Oromia region to cope with the city's rapid expansion. Amhara ethnic youth also followed the Oromos because of old bitterness towards the governing EPRDF (a party founded by the TPLF) who had instituted ethnic federalism which they claim promoted ethnic hatred, ethnic nationalism, and division in Ethiopia,[42][43][44][45][46] while some have argued that Amhara protestors had ulterior motives of anger towards the TPLF because they had abolished what some claim to be a century-old Amhara dominance in Ethiopian governance.[47] After deadly Oromo protests started since 25 April 2014, controversial master plan was cancelled on 12 January 2016 after 140 protesters were killed.[48][49][50]
Drought and floods
[edit]In 2014, both rainy seasons in Ethiopia saw irregular rainfall. In 2015, due to an extremely strong El Niño event, both rainy seasons in Ethiopia almost did not happen at all. That resulted in an acute drought in particular in the Highlands of Ethiopia, crops and pastures dried up and herds were dying. It was considered to be the worst drought in 50 years.[51] The drought did hit particularly hard in Amhara Region and Oromia Region.[52] After 18 months of severe drought with almost nothing left over to eat for drought-affected people, very strong torrential rains that started in April 2016 did worsen the situation until October 2016. The flooding displaced people for months in exactly the same regions, that were most affected by the long drought.[53] Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic state. UNICEF experience in Ethiopia has shown such droughts and floods often result in humanitarian shocks and tensions between ethnic groups.[14]
Rural discontent
[edit]The country has been experiencing rapid economic growth since the 2000s and is one of the world's fastest-growing economies and is Africa's second-most populous country.[54] But while economic development and growth and industrialization are supported a lot by the authoritarian government, often the needs of the rural population remain unconsidered, the freedom and civil rights of farmers and pastoralists in particular are often neglected. They are left behind.[15]
Protests
[edit]The November and December 2015 protests in the Oromia Region that resulted in the killings of over 100 people by government forces. The 2015 protests were later followed by a police crackdown and the arrests of hundreds of opposition members.[55]
According to diplomatic, NGO, and opposition sources, hundreds of thousands of people marched in more than 200 towns and cities in the vast Oromia State,[56][57] in protest at "the government's draconian and ever-escalating repression".[58] This resulted in at least 148 people being killed on 5 and 6 August.[59]
On 2 October 2016, more protests occurred where an estimated two million people were attending the annual Irreechaa festival in Bishoftu in the Oromia region.[37] The festival is attended by Oromos from all walks of life to celebrate life and nature. An anti-government protest disrupted the event, with some claiming they involved peacefully chanting slogans against the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization,[37][60] while others claim stones and bottles were thrown.[60][61] People died in a stampede as a result of police using tear gas, rubber bullets and baton charges,[37][60][61] falling into a deep ditch and being crushed,[61] or drowning in a lake.[38] While the Oromia regional government confirmed the deaths of 52 people, rights groups, the opposition leader, and local reports claim various numbers up to nearly 300 people dead.[37][38][58][60][61][62] On August 6, hundreds of protesters marched on Meskel Square in Addis Ababa and shouted "we want our freedom" and "free our political prisoners".[59] Dozens of protesters were arrested by Addis Ababa's police.[63]
Kaliti Prison
[edit]23 imprisoned Oromo protesters died in Kaliti Prison after a fire broke out, wherein 21 died from carbon monoxide poisoning and 2 were killed by security force after an attempt to escape.[64]
Protest spread to Amhara
[edit]Protests in the Oromia region spread to Amhara Region in the summer of 2016.[65] In July 2016, the Anti-terrorism task force detained members of the Wolqayt Amhara Identity Committee (WAIC), a legally registered organisation. Soon after, protests erupted in many areas of the Amhara Region, the historic ethnic center of the Ethiopian state and home to the spectacular monolithic rock-cut churches of Lalibela and medieval castles of Gondar that attract tourists from all over.[66] One of the biggest demonstrations took place was on August 1, 2016, in Gondar city. Hundreds of thousands of people held a peaceful demonstration over the arrest of the WAIC members, government repression and protest Federal government encroachment in regional affairs. Protesters carried placards expressing solidarity with the Oromo people.[67] As they marched, they were heard to be chanting in Amharic "በኦሮምያ የሚፈሰዉ ደም ደማችን ነዉ" [68] which translates to “the pouring of blood in Oromia is our blood” [69][70] and “the killings of our brothers in Oromia needs to stop”. They also drew attention to the dispute over the administration of Wolqayt Tsegede. A region that is currently part of the Tigray state despite its citizens identifying as ethnic Amhara.[71][72][73][74]
Further demonstrations soon followed in the Amhara Region. Many protests spiraled into violence as security forces fired live bullets on protesters. On 5 August 2016, 50 student protesters were killed while protesting in the populous city of Bahir Dar, the capital of the Amhara Region and a major tourist destination. Evidence collected by Ethiopian Human Rights Project has so far shown that major protests took place in 6 of the 11 zones in the Amhara Region. The zones included North Gondar, South Gondar, Bahir Dar Special, Agew Awi, East Gojam and West Gojam zones. Anti-government street demonstrations and "stay at home" protests took place in small wereda towns and in some cases in rural kebeles across the six zones. The protests that were ignited in the historic town of Gondar, quickly spread to Debarq, Debre Tabor, Metema, Ambagiorgis, Wereta, Simada, Gayint, Bahir Dar, Finote Selam, Burre, Enjibara, Dangila, Chagni, Tilili, Birsheleqo, Quarit, Dembecha, Amanuel, Debre Markos and other towns.[citation needed]
After the growing discontent in Amhara Region and Oromia Region the Israeli Foreign Ministry issued a travel warning on 1 September 2016. The Amhara Region included in the warning includes the city of Gondar, a popular site for many Israeli tourists and an area where many Ethiopian Jews originated. The warning was announced a day after the Prime Minister of Ethiopia Hailemariam Desalegn's announcement on the state owned media EBC and gave direct order for the Ethiopia Army forces to use any force necessary to bring order to the region.[75][76] The protesters continued and several flower farms were burned down in Amhara Region and clashes between security forces and local protesters continued.[77][78]
The Ethiopian Government declared a state of emergency on 8 October 2016. On 16 October 2016, the government announced, restrictions and prohibitions on Internet usage, postings on Facebook, crossing the wrists above the head, diplomatic travel, fire arms and the viewing of media that the government deems to be “terrorist media”.[79] There were also curfews in both regions from 18:00 to 06:00 to prevent further violence.[80][81] The government crackdown was tough. Maina Kiai, a U.N. rights rapporteur, said "The scale of this violence and the shocking number of deaths make it clear that this is a calculated campaign to eliminate opposition movements and silence dissenting voices”.[82] The Human Rights Watch estimated that at least 400 people were killed in protests over the next several months.[83]
As a continuation of the Amhara protest, two years later several protests were held in Northern Wollo province. In January 2018, Ethiopian security forces killed seven people and wounded several others in the town of Woldia, 500 km north of Addis Ababa along the main road to Mekele. Nigussu Tilahun, the head of the Amhara region's communications bureau at the time, confirmed that deaths had occurred but did not say how many. A huge crowd of people were parading through the streets of the town for the annual Timket festival, an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian celebration of Epiphany when a group of young men protested because the federal police forces prohibited them from making round dancing and chanting. A witness said police had fired into the crowd and the crowd began running in all directions.[84]
The United Nations High Commission for Human Rights (UNHRC) condemned the incident in Woldia, stating that the incident “reportedly took place when the security forces tried to stop people from chanting anti-government songs and allegedly opened fire on them", and that "protesters reportedly later blocked roads and destroyed a number of properties.”[85] This comes just two weeks after Ethiopia's ruling coalition, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, officially announced its intention to undertake reforms following protests that began in 2016.[citation needed]
Seven people have also been killed in the northern town of Kobo after security forces fired on a crowd who were reportedly protesting the killings in Woldia. A ten-year-old boy and two members of the defence forces were among those killed. Many more were injured in the incident. Protesters gathered around the town's police station to condemn the security forces' brutality at a religious ceremony in Woldia their not being held accountable in a court of law.[86] Later on, thousands demonstrated, opposing the killings of innocent people at Timket festival in Woldia and calling for an end to police beatings, with protests reported in Habru districts of Mersa, Robit, Gobiye, all of the towns crossed by the main all-weather road from Addis Ababa to Mekele. In Mersa, around 10 people were shot dead.[87]
Reactions
[edit]Domestic
[edit]The Ethiopian government denied violence was being committed by the country's security forces, naming regional rivals Eritrea and Egypt as fomenting the ongoing unrest.[20][88]
International
[edit]The United States Embassy in Addis Ababa released a statement of concern.[89]
Legislation was authored by US Congressman Chris Smith, to protect civilians in Ethiopia as well as promote democracy and good governance. The legislation also "calls on the Secretary of State to improve the oversight and accountability of U.S. assistance in Ethiopia". Rep. Smith was joined by U.S. Representative Mike Coffman as well as victims of torture at the hands of the Ethiopian Government Seenaa Jimjimo, Tewondrose Tirfe and Guya Abaguya Deki, during a press conference to announce this legislation.[90]
In May 2017, Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, said he would open an investigation into the human rights abuses perpetrated during the protests.[91]
See also
[edit]- 2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan
- 2015 Ethiopia uprising
- Human rights in Ethiopia
- List of protests in the 21st century
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Ethiopia: Brutal Crackdown on Protests, 5 May 2014, retrieved May 5, 2014
- ^ Oromo People protest for against the expansion of the capital, 2015-2016, retrieved March 22, 2017
- ^ a b c d e Hundreds killed since start of Oromo protests, retrieved November 12, 2016
- ^ a b c d OROMO PROTESTS: DEFIANCE AMIDST PAIN AND SUFFERING, 16 December 2015, retrieved December 16, 2015
- ^ a b c d Ethiopia: Lethal Force Against Protesters, 18 December 2015, retrieved December 18, 2015
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "'Several killed' as Ethiopia police clash with protesters". BBC. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ "Internet shutdown ends as protests continue in Ethiopia". BBC Monitoring. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d Maasho, Aaron (8 August 2016). "At least 33 protesters killed in Ethiopia's Oromiya region: opposition". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ "What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests?". BBC News. August 22, 2016.
- ^ "Ethiopia rights body: 'More than 600 protest deaths'". BBC News. April 18, 2017.
- ^ "Anti-government protests growing in Ethiopia | DW | 09.08.2016". DW.COM.
- ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian. "Ethiopia: Mass protests 'rooted in country's history'". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ Warner, Gregory, "PARALLELS: Ethiopia Grapples With The Aftermath Of A Deadly Weekend," August 10, 2016·National Public Radio (NPR), Washington, D.C., USA, retrieved August 13, 2016
- ^ a b "ETHIOPIA EL NINO EMERGENCY" (PDF). UNICEF. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ^ a b "El Niño lässt den Fortschritt verdorren". Die Zeit (in German). 22 February 2016.
- ^ Maasho, Aaron (8 August 2016). "Weekend Protests Across Ethiopia Leave More Than 12 Dead". VOA. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ "Why Ethiopia is making a historic 'master plan' U-turn", BBC News, 18 January 2016, retrieved 18 January 2016
- ^ "Ethiopia PM Hailemariam Desalegn in surprise resignation". BBC News. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ a b Maasho, Aaron (8 August 2016). "At least 90 protesters killed in Ethiopia – residents, opposition". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b c Iaccino, Ludovica (10 October 2016). "EU calls for dialogue with Ethiopia as state of emergency declared". International Business Times.
- ^ "Ethiopia mourns 55 killed during protest at Oromia festival". BBC News. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ "Ethiopia 'detains 1,600' under state of emergency". BBC News. 20 October 2016.
- ^ Country Policy and Guidance Note Ethiopia Oromos including the Oromo Protests (PDF), November 2017
- ^ Ethiopia's unprecedented nationwide Oromo protests: who, what, why, 6 August 2016, retrieved August 6, 2016
- ^ a b Oromo protests: Why US must stop enabling Ethiopia, retrieved August 9, 2016
- ^ a b The Oromo protests have changed Ethiopia, retrieved November 21, 2016
- ^ a b Oromo protests: Ethiopia unrest resurges after stampede, retrieved October 6, 2016
- ^ a b "Ethiopian forces 'killed 400 Oromo protesters'", BBC News, 16 June 2016, retrieved June 16, 2016
- ^ Ethiopia's unprecedented nationwide Oromo protests: who, what, why?, 6 August 2016, retrieved August 6, 2016
- ^ Country Policy and Guidance Note Ethiopia Oromos including the Oromo Protests (PDF), November 2017
- ^ OONI, Ethiopia: Internet Shutdown Amidst Recent Protests?,Moses Karanja (CIPIT), Maria Xynou, Arturo Filastò 2016-08-10 00:00:00 +0000 UTC , https://ooni.torproject.org/post/ethiopia-internet-shutdown-amidst-recent-protests/
- ^ a b c Warner, Gregory, "PARALLELS: Ethiopia Grapples With The Aftermath Of A Deadly Weekend," August 10, 2016·National Public Radio (NPR), Washington, D.C., USA, retrieved August 13, 2016
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (August 12, 2016). "'A Generation Is Protesting' in Ethiopia, Long a U.S. Ally". NYT.
- ^ "In defense of Jawar, a brilliant and dedicated agent of change - Ethiopia Insight".
- ^ CCTV News (19 December 2015). "At least 75 killed in Ethiopia protests" – via YouTube.
- ^ Times of India, Ethiopia Protests | At Least 140 Killed In Over State Land Plan, 8 January 2016, YouTube
- ^ a b c d e "Ethiopia: Dozens killed in Oromia festival stampede". Al Jazeera. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ a b c Davison, William (20 October 2016). "State of emergency likely to ramp up repression in fractured Ethiopia". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ Ethiopia: Dozens killed in anti-government protests, Al Jazeera English, 8 Aug. 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui8fcjltmlI
- ^ Country Policy and Guidance Note Ethiopia Oromos including the Oromo Protests (PDF), November 2017
- ^ Killings and Arrests in Response to Ethiopia's Oromo Protests, 15 June 2016, retrieved June 15, 2016
- ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (2019-01-03). "Opinion | The Trouble With Ethiopia's Ethnic Federalism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ Melesse, Kassahun (2021-06-30). "Ethnic federalism: a theory threatening to kill Ethiopia". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ "Ethiopia rights body: 'More than 600 protest deaths'". BBC News. April 18, 2017.
- ^ "Anti-government protests growing in Ethiopia | DW | 09.08.2016". DW.COM.
- ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian. "Ethiopia: Mass protests 'rooted in country's history'". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ "What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests?". BBC News. August 22, 2016.
- ^ Ethiopia Scraps Plan for Capital Area that Sparked Protests, retrieved January 13, 2016
- ^ Ethiopia scraps Addis Ababa 'master plan' after protests kill 140, 14 January 2016, retrieved January 14, 2016
- ^ "Ethiopia cancels Addis Ababa master plan after Oromo protests", BBC News, 13 January 2016, retrieved January 13, 2016
- ^ "El Nino-Linked Drought Is Ethiopia's Worst in 50 Years". NBC News. 20 February 2016.
- ^ "El Niño in Ethiopia, 2015–2016 – A Real-Time Review of Impacts and Responses" (PDF). US Aid. March 2016.
- ^ "Ethiopia: Floods – Apr 2016". OCHA. 31 October 2016.
- ^ "Private Sector Boosts Ethiopia's Growth". IFC. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ "At least 33 protesters killed in Ethiopia's Oromiya region: opposition". Human Rights Watch. 16 June 2016.
- ^ K Allo, Awol (9 August 2016). "Oromo protests: Why US must stop enabling Ethiopia". CNN. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ "Dozens shot dead in anti-government protests across Ethiopia says opposition". The Guardian. London. Reuters. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ a b K Allo, Awol. "The Oromo protests have changed Ethiopia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Dozens killed in new wave of Ethiopia protests". AFP. 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Oromia: Stampede at Ethiopia protest leaves 52 dead". BBC News. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d Burke, Jason (3 October 2016). "Ethiopia: many dead in anti-government protest at religious festival". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Maasho, Aaron (3 October 2016). "Protests hit Ethiopia after stampede deaths". Reuters. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ Deaths and Detentions As Protests Flare in Ethiopia, AllAfrica, Addis Standard, 8 August 2016, http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00045142.html
- ^ "Ethiopia fire kills 23 at prison 'holding Oromo protesters' – BBC News". BBC News. 5 September 2016.
- ^ Ethiopian Protests, n.d.
- ^ "US Issues Travel Warning Following Anti-government Protests in Ethiopia | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com.
- ^ "Tens of thousands of protesters call for a regime change in Ethiopia". 31 July 2016.
- ^ "የኦሮምያዉ ህዝባዊ እምቢተኝነት እስከ ህዝባዊ ነጻነት (ዶ/ር መራራ ጉዲናም ይናገራሉ)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.
- ^ "After the Gondar Breakthrough". www.ethiomedia.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Oromo and Amhara form united front against Tigrayans – ETHIOPIA – The Indian Ocean Newsletter 02/09/2016". www.africaintelligence.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ +ecadforum (2016-08-05). "Ethiopia: TPLF is Killing Innocent Amharas". ECADF Ethiopian News. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "My message to Amhara … it's time to break our silence : welkait.com". welkait.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "TPLF is killing innocent Amharas By E. M. Akele". Abugida Ethiopian American Information Center. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Amhara Uprising: Poverty as a cause of instability | By D. K. Bimrew". Zehabesha – Latest Ethiopian News Provider. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Deaths, Tensions Rise After Ethiopia PM Sends Army to Amhara Region". TesfaNews. 2016-09-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ +ecadforum (2016-09-01). "Warning Extremely Graphic: Ethiopian Regime Soldiers Shooting Unarmed People". ECADF Ethiopian News. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Ethiopia imposes state of emergency as unrest intensifies". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency After Violent Protests". The New York Times. Reuters. 2016-10-09. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "In Ethiopia's war against social media, the truth is the main casualty". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Ethiopia blames foreigners for unrest, U.N. experts seek probe". Reuters. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ Cruz, Angela (2016-10-23). "Declared State of Emergency in Ethiopia". The Point News. Archived from the original on 2017-02-24. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Ethiopia: UN experts call for international commission to help investigate systematic violence against protesters". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ "Ethiopian Forces Kill 'Up to 100' Protesters". Human Rights Watch. 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
- ^ Observer, Ethiopia (January 20, 2018). "At least seven people have been killed during Timket celebration in Woldia".
- ^ "Ethiopian protesters killed for singing anti-government songs: U.N." Reuters. January 23, 2018 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ Observer, Ethiopia (January 25, 2018). "Seven killed at Kobo protest".
- ^ Observer, Ethiopia (January 27, 2018). "Protests spread in North Wollo towns, ten killed in Mersa".
- ^ "Ethiopia blames Egypt and Eritrea over unrest". BBC News. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
- ^ "Several dozen shot dead in weekend protests across Ethiopia". The Washington Post. 8 August 2016.
- ^ Chris Smith. 2017. Chris Smith . [ONLINE] Available at: http://chrissmith.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=400152. [Accessed 17 February 2017].
- ^ Maasho, Aaron (May 4, 2017). "U.N. human rights chief pushes for inquiry into Ethiopia unrest". Reuters. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
External links
[edit]- Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia)
- 2014 in Ethiopia
- 2015 in Ethiopia
- 2016 in Ethiopia
- 2014 protests
- 2015 protests
- 2016 protests
- Oromo conflict
- Labor disputes in Ethiopia
- 2014 labor disputes and strikes
- 2015 labor disputes and strikes
- 2016 labor disputes and strikes
- Political repression in Ethiopia
- Protests in Ethiopia
- Human stampedes in 2016
- 21st-century mass murder in Ethiopia
- 2015 disasters in Ethiopia
- 2016 disasters in Ethiopia
- Prelude to the Tigray War
- History of Oromia
- History of the Amhara Region
- 2010s in Addis Ababa
- Police brutality in Africa
- Mass murder in 2016
- April 2014 events in Ethiopia
- November 2015 events in Ethiopia
- December 2015 events in Ethiopia
- August 2016 events in Ethiopia
- October 2016 events in Ethiopia