Christianity in Punjab, India
Christians form 1.3% of the total population numbering around 350,000 in Punjab, India as per as the 2011 census.[citation needed] According to many media reports, demographic experts and Christian groups, there may be up to 2.77 million Christians living in Punjab, constituting up to 15% of the state population, although the authenticity of that claim is still not known.[1][2] Many converts to Christianity keep their original identity to exploit the benefits of reservation.[1] John Lowrie and William Reed were missionaries who went there in 1834.[3] The Diocese of Amritsar of the Church of North India has its seat in Punjab as does the Roman Catholic diocese of Jalandhar. There are thousands of settlements with a Christian congregation.[4] From 1881 to 1891 the Christian population of the then still united Punjab increased rapidly.[5]
There are numerous denominations, including the United Churches of North India (UCNI), Protestant Church, Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church,[4] Roman Catholic Church, Eternal Light Ministries, Kashmir Evangelical Fellowship, the Pentecostal Mission, Pentecostal and Independent Churches.
History
[edit]Pre-colonial
[edit]Armenians have been visiting the Indian subcontinent, especially the Punjab region, for trading purposes since the early part of the 2nd millennium.[6] There are sparse records existing that document Armenians settling in the region prior to the reign of Akbar.[6] In the mid-16th century, Akbar invited the Armenian merchant Hakobjan, who was based out of Lahore to settle in Agra, and asked him to convince other Armenians based in Punjab to also move to the imperial city.[6] By the 1570s, there was a regular presence of Armenian merchants in the city of Lahore, whom specialized in high-value and low-quantity goods with Persia and Central Asia.[6] In the early 16th century, there was an Armenian colony established in Lahore.[7] There was an Armenian quarter of the city, enclosed by a wall of the city fort.[7] There were interactions between the Armenians and Jesuits, as recorded in the letters left by the Jesuits.[7] The Armenian archbishop died on his way to Lahore via a Persian land-route in 1599, with his belongings being looted.[7] Some of the looted books of the deceased Armenian archbishop came into the possession of the Jesuit Emmanuel Pinheiro, which upset the Armenians.[7] In a letter dating to 6 September 1604, Jerome Xavier records that the Armenians in Lahore could practice their Christian faith freely due to a royal decree (firman) issued by Akbar.[7] Emmanuel Pinheiro, writing on 12 August 1609, states that the Mughal governor threatened to exterminate the Christian religion from the city of Lahore, spooking the Armenians, causing some of them to flee the city, as the Armenians did not have the desire to become religious martyrs.[7] The Jesuits attempted to convince the Armenians of Lahore to convert to Catholicism.[7] Mirza Iskandar, the father of Mirza Zulqarnain, left behind a will bequeathing a sum of 2,000 rupees to the church and Christians of Lahore.[7] Additionally, a sum of 600 rupees was for a Christian cemetery of Lahore.[7]
The Armenians were hesitant to get on the bad side of the Jesuits, as the Jesuits were close with the Mughal viceroy and held political sway as a result.[7] François Valentyn recorded that on 10 December 1711 when a mission of the Dutch East India Company led by John Jeshua Kettler reached Lahore, they were greeted by an Armenian bishop and some Jesuits.[7] The existence of an Armenian bishop in Lahore in 1711 points to the existence of an established church or chapel in the city to cater to a large congregation.[7]
In 1735, the Jesuit Emmanuel de Figueiredo wrote that the elite Mughal military units stationed in Lahore consisted of many Christian members in its officer-classes.[7]
After the second Durrani Afghan invasion of Punjab, Ahmad Shah Durrani is said to have taken all of the Christian gunners who were in the service of Mir Mannu, the viceroy of Lahore province, back to Kabul.[7] In 1757, during the third Durrani invasion of Punjab, the Armenian quarter of the city of Lahore still existed, as Armenian and Georgian soldiers who were employed in the Durrani military protected it from the Afghans, sparing it and its inhabitants from being pillaged and destroyed like much of the surrounding city.[7] An Armenian is said to have cast the famous Zamzama gun in Lahore in 1761.[7]
Jesuits arrived in the region in the 16th century during the Mughal period but their nascent mission was temporarily shut-down during the reign of emperor Shah Jahan.[8] The Jesuit mission in the Indian subcontinent began in 1545, which was marked by the arrival of Francis Xavier in Goa.[9] In 1578, Akbar requested for two Jesuits to explain the Christian religion to him at his court in Fatehpur Sikri.[9] Antoni de Montserrat, whom had arrived in the Indian subcontinent several years earlier in 1574, and Rodolfo Acquaviva, were selected for the task.[9] The pair left Goa in November 1579 whilst being accompanied by a Persian convert named Henriquez, who would act as their translator at the Mughal court, and the group were also chaperoned by a member of Akbar's court.[9] After three months of travel, the two Jesuits and their group arrived at Akbar's court, where they were warmly received and would spend much time in-dialogue with court officials and members of other religions.[9] In 1581, Montserrat accompanied Akbar on a military campaign to the northwestern regions, including Punjab, reaching as far as Kabul, with Montserrat producing an early map of the northwestern region of the subcontinent.[9] In 1595, Bento de Góis travelled to Lahore and Agra as a companion of Jerome Xavier, paying a visit to Akbar's court.[9]
In 1606, Jerome Xavier was in Lahore during the execution of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan, with Xavier recording an eyewitness testimony of the incident.[10] Jerome Xavier, in appreciation of the courage of Guru Arjan, wrote back to Lisbon, that Guru Arjan suffered and was tormented.[11]
According to Ilay Cooper, Christian murals were painted in a Sedari pavilion located on the North Wall of Lahore Fort during the reign of Jahangir in circa 1618.[12]
Colonial
[edit]The Ludhiana Mission was established in November 1834 by John Lowrie of the American Presbyterian Mission Society.[13] In December 1835, the reverends John Newton and James Wilson established a printing press for the mission.[14] Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the independent Sikh kingdom to the northwest, invited John Lowrie to establish a school in his empire for the offspring of nobles but the plans fell-through because the Maharaja opposed the missionary practice of teaching the Gospel in study of literature and science.[15]
The Christians of colonial India were active in the Indian National Congress and wider Indian independence movement, being collectively represented in the All India Conference of Indian Christians, which advocated for swaraj and opposed the partition of India.[16][17][18]
The meeting of the All India Conference of Indian Christians in Lahore in December 1922, which had a large attendance of Punjabis, resolved that the clergymen of the Church in India should be drawn from the ranks of Indians, rather than foreigners.[19] The AICIC also stated that Indian Christians would not tolerate any discrimination based on race or skin colour.[19]
S. K. Datta of Lahore, who served as the principal of Forman Christian College, became the president of the All India Conference of Indian Christians, representing the Indian Christian community at the Second Round Table Conference, where he agreed with Mahatma Gandhi's views on minorities and Depressed Classes.[20]
On 30 October 1945, the All India Conference of Indian Christians formed a joint committee with the Catholic Union of India that passed a resolution in which, "in the future constitution of India, the profession, practice and propagation of religion should be guaranteed and that a change of religion should not involve any civil or political disability."[16] This joint committee enabled the Christians in colonial India to stand united, and in front of the British Parliamentary Delegation "the committee members unanimously supported the move for independence and expressed complete confidence in the future of the community in India."[16] The office for this joint committee was opened in Delhi, in which the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University M. Rahnasamy served as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore served as General Secretary.[16] Six members of the joint committee were elected to the Minorities Committee of the Constituent Assembly.[16] In its meeting on 16 April 1947 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee of the All India Conference of Indian Christians and Catholic Union of India prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the Constituent Assembly of India, which asked for religious freedom for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the Constitution of India.[16]
Post-independence
[edit]On 31 August 2022, the Sikh leader of the Akal Takht alleged that Christian missionaries are forcibly converting people of the state and demanded an anti-conversion law be brought up into the books.[21] On the same day, a pastor's car was lit on fire in Thakarpur village of Tarn Taran district.[22]
In April 2023, Christian organizations and leaders in the state launched the first Christian-affiliated political party, named the United Punjab Party (UPP), to represent the local Christian community's interests.[23]
Demographics
[edit]| Year | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 2001[24] | 292,800 |
1.20
|
| 2011[25] | 348,230 |
1.26
|
Percentage by district
[edit]| S.No | District | Christianity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amritsar | 2.18% |
| 2 | Barnala | 0.10% |
| 3 | Bathinda | 0.18% |
| 4 | Faridkot | 0.20% |
| 5 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 0.28% |
| 6 | Firozpur | 0.95% |
| 7 | Gurdaspur | 7.68% |
| 8 | Hoshiarpur | 0.94% |
| 9 | Jalandhar | 1.19% |
| 10 | Kapurthala | 0.67% |
| 11 | Ludhiana | 0.47% |
| 12 | Mansa | 0.12% |
| 13 | Moga | 0.33% |
| 14 | Muktsar | 0.19% |
| 15 | Patiala | 0.30% |
| 16 | Rupnagar | 0.31% |
| 17 | Mohali | 0.54% |
| 18 | Sangrur | 0.15% |
| 19 | Nawanshehar | 0.24% |
| 20 | Tarn Taran | 0.54% |
| Punjab (Total) | 1.26% | |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Unknown".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "How Christianity is growing among Mazhabi Sikhs & Valmiki Hindus in Punjab's villages". 2 December 2021.
- ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (22 December 1976). "The Fading of an Era: The Last Missionaries in the Punjab". Christian Century. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Indien: Großartiges Gemeindewachstum in Punjab" (in German). Deutsche Missionsgemeinschaft. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ Krüppner, Thomas (11 November 2006). "Konversion und Rekonversion im Hinduismus" (in German). Suedasien.info. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). "Immigrant Communities". Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson Education India. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9788131708347.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Seth, Mesrovb Jacob (1983). "Chapter XV: Armenians at Lahore". Armenians in India, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day: A Work of Original Research (reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. pp. 201–206. ISBN 9788120608122.
- ^ "Pakistan Mission". Jesuit Conference of Asia Pacific. 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Udías, Agustín (27 September 2014). "5.5: Entering Unknown Lands". Jesuit Contribution to Science: A History (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 124–125. ISBN 9783319083650.
- ^ Father Jerome to Father Gasper Fernandes, (British Library Add MS 9854, ff. 38-52), 1617, in Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1809). Eds. Amandeep Singh Madra and Parmjit Singh. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 7.
- ^ Barnes, Michael (2012). Interreligious learning: dialogue, spirituality, and the Christian imagination. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-1-107-01284-4.
In that way, their good Pope died, overwhelmed by the sufferings, torments and dishonours. – Jerome Xavier, Letter to Gasper Fernandes in Lisbon, On the execution of Guru Arjan
- ^ Cooper, Ilay. "49. The Sedari – An Unbalanced Pavilion". ilaycooper.com. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ Kaur, Maninder (May 2018). "The American Presbyterian Mission in Colonial Punjab: Contribution in Social and Religious Fields (1834-1930)" (PDF). Remarking an Analisation. 3 (2): 101–107.
- ^ Lent, John A. (1980). "The Missionary Press of Asia, 1550 - 1860" (PDF). Communicatio Socialis. 14 (2): 119–141. doi:10.5771/0010-3497-1980-2-119.
- ^ Kaur, Maninder (May 2018). "The American Presbyterian Mission in Colonial Punjab: Contribution in Social and Religious Fields (1834-1930)" (PDF). Remarking an Analisation. 3 (2): 101–107.
- ^ a b c d e f Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). Christians in Secular India. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 106–110. ISBN 978-0-8386-1021-3.
- ^ Oddie, Geoffrey A. (2001). "Indian Christians and National Identity 1870-1947". The Journal of Religious History. 25 (3): 357, 361. doi:10.1111/1467-9809.00138.
- ^ Pinto, Ambrose (19 August 2017). "Christian Contribution to the Freedom Struggle". Mainstream. LV (35).
- ^ a b Webster, John C. B. (2018). A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-909757-9.
In December 1921, the Punjabi-dominated meetings of the All India Conference of Indian Christians in Lahore was more cautious in their proposals but less cautious in the rationale they offered. They passed resolutions, first indicating that the Protestant missions 'should be completely merged in the Indian Church and that in future all Foreign Missionaries should be related to it', and then urging the missions in the meantime to 'appoint Indians of ability and character on an increasing scale'. Among their supporting arguments were that 'Indian Christians are not going to put up with colour and racial distinctions', that foreign missionaries could not solve the community's problems 'because of lack of sympathy', that the missions were too divided by denominational differences to bring about a united Indian Church, and that 'In these days Indians look up to Indians and do not pay much attention to foreigners.'
- ^ Black, Brian; Hyman, Gavin; Smith, Graham M. (2014). Confronting Secularism in Europe and India: Legitimacy and Disenchantment in Contemporary Times. A&C Black. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-1-78093-607-9.
- ^ Brar, Kamaldeep Singh (31 August 2022). "Forced conversion to Christianity is on, need law in Punjab: Akal Takht Jathedar". The Indian Express. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Ghazali, Mohammed. Kumar, Akhil (ed.). "Punjab Pastor's Car Set On Fire, Bhagwant Mann Assures Strict Action". NDTV.com. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Sethi, Chitleen K. (5 April 2023). "'Under attack, need elected representatives': Why Christians in Punjab have launched a political party". ThePrint. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ "Total population by religious communities". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ "Indian Census 2011". Census Department, Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.