Tactile system for encoding mathematical and scientific notation
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6.[1]
The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting.[citation needed]
Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille
[edit]
The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille.[1]
Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembourgish Braille.
GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added.
Symbol |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M
|
Braille
|
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|
Symbol |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z
|
Braille
|
![⡝ (braille pattern dots-13457)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzEwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ1Mzcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDUzNy5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
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|
Compare Luxembourgish Braille.
Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:
Symbol |
α |
β |
γ |
δ |
ε |
ζ |
η |
θ |
ι |
κ |
λ |
μ
|
Braille
|
![⢁ (braille pattern dots-18)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi83LzcwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xOC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
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|
Symbol |
ν |
ξ |
ο |
π |
ρ |
σ |
τ |
υ |
φ |
χ |
ψ |
ω
|
Braille
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![⢝ (braille pattern dots-13458)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzFmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ1Mzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDUzOC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
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![⢕ (braille pattern dots-1358)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzJkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTUzOC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTE1Mzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
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|
Symbol |
Γ |
Δ |
Θ |
Λ |
Ξ |
Π |
Σ |
Υ |
Φ |
Ψ |
Ω
|
Braille
|
![⣛ (braille pattern dots-124578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8zLzMyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyNTc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyNTc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣙ (braille pattern dots-14578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9hL2E3L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ1Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDU3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣹ (braille pattern dots-145678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9kL2RiL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ1Njc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ1Njc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣇ (braille pattern dots-12378)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9iL2JkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTIzNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xMjM3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣭ (braille pattern dots-134678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi85LzkwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQzNjc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQzNjc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣏ (braille pattern dots-123478)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi85LzliL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyMzc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyMzc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣎ (braille pattern dots-23478)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9mL2YzL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDIzNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00MjM3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣥ (braille pattern dots-13678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi83Lzc0L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTM2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xMzY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣋ (braille pattern dots-12478)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzIxL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDI3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣽ (braille pattern dots-1345678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8zLzM0L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ1MzY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTE0NTM2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
|
Characters differing from English Braille
[edit]
Symbol |
Parentheses |
Brackets |
single quote |
|
open |
close |
open |
close |
open |
close |
?
|
Braille
|
![⢆ (braille pattern dots-238)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi83Lzc5L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡘ (braille pattern dots-457)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8wLzAzL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDU3LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDU3LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣦ (braille pattern dots-23678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9kL2RmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yMzY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣴ (braille pattern dots-35678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9iL2JmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTM2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy01MzY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣄ (braille pattern dots-378)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2NhL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi85LzlmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMy5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTMuc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
|
ASCII symbols and mathematical operators
[edit]
Symbol |
" |
$ |
& |
@ |
\ |
^ |
_ |
` |
{ |
} |
~
|
Braille
|
![⣒ (braille pattern dots-2578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi84Lzg2L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjU3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTI1Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡼ (braille pattern dots-34567)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2M1L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDUzNjcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00NTM2Ny5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi85LzkyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyMzYuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDIzNi5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢌ (braille pattern dots-348)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi84Lzg2L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣡ (braille pattern dots-1678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9mL2YwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTE2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡐ (braille pattern dots-57)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzZiL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy01Ny5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢂ (braille pattern dots-28)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9hL2ExL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yOC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣄ (braille pattern dots-378)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2NhL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣷ (braille pattern dots-1235678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2MwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTI1MzY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTEyNTM2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣾ (braille pattern dots-2345678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi81LzVlL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDI1MzY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQyNTM2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
|
Symbol |
# |
% |
* |
+ |
/ |
< |
= |
> |
× |
· |
÷
|
Braille
|
![⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2U0L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDUzNi5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQ1MzYuc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi84LzhiL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDI1My5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQyNTMuc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢜ (braille pattern dots-3458)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzZhL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDUzOC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQ1Mzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡒ (braille pattern dots-257)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzI3L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjU3LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjU3LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣌ (braille pattern dots-3478)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzZkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQzNzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢔ (braille pattern dots-358)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2MxL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTM4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTM4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣶ (braille pattern dots-235678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9iL2IxL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjUzNjc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjUzNjc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡢ (braille pattern dots-267)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzFkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjY3LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjY3LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣂ (braille pattern dots-278)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9mL2YxL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢒ (braille pattern dots-258)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi85LzlmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjU4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjU4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
|
Math and science symbols
[edit]
Symbol |
~ |
≈ |
≡ |
∝ |
|x| (abs. value) |
∞ |
∫ |
line ∫ |
closed ∫
|
Braille
|
![⡶ (braille pattern dots-23567)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzEyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjUzNjcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNTM2Ny5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢶ (braille pattern dots-23568)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9iL2JmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjUzNjguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNTM2OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣿ (braille pattern dots-12345678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9hL2E0L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyNTM2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDI1MzY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣤ (braille pattern dots-3678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2VjL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTM2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢳ (braille pattern dots-12568)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2VlL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTI1Njguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xMjU2OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢓ (braille pattern dots-1258)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9iL2JlL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTI1OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTEyNTguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣮ (braille pattern dots-234678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi83Lzc1L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDIzNjc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDIzNjc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡮ (braille pattern dots-23467)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzYyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDIzNjcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00MjM2Ny5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
|
Symbol |
〈 |
〉 |
∇ |
∂ |
... |
→ |
← |
○ |
ℵ |
∈ |
⇌
|
Braille
|
![⣪ (braille pattern dots-24678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9hL2EzL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDI2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00MjY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣕ (braille pattern dots-13578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8wLzA3L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTUzNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNTM3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣩ (braille pattern dots-14678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8wLzA2L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNDY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢩ (braille pattern dots-1468)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzE4L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQ2OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTE0Njguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢤ (braille pattern dots-368)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2MzL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzY4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzY4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡦ (braille pattern dots-2367)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9mL2Y5L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM2Ny5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTIzNjcuc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢴ (braille pattern dots-3568)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi84LzhhL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTM2OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTUzNjguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢚ (braille pattern dots-2458)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi80LzRmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDI1OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQyNTguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣱ (braille pattern dots-15678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi80LzQyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTU2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xNTY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣑ (braille pattern dots-1578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2ViL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTU3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTE1Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
|
Symbol |
Superscript |
Subscript |
Left-superscript |
Left-subscript |
Begin fraction |
Denominator |
End fraction |
Over *
|
Braille
|
![⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzFkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTMuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy01My5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠢ (braille pattern dots-26)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2VkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjYuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNi5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣔ (braille pattern dots-3578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9kL2RjL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTM3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTUzNzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣢ (braille pattern dots-2678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi81LzVkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTI2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2U5L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTI1MzYuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0xMjUzNi5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8wLzA1L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDMuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00My5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi81LzVlL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDI1MzYuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00MjUzNi5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
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* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator.
Symbol
|
√
|
complex radicand *
|
displayed equation **
|
math expressions **
|
hyperlink **
|
Open
|
Close
|
Open
|
Close
|
Open
|
Close
|
Open
|
Close
|
Braille
|
![⢪ (braille pattern dots-2468)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8zLzM1L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDI2OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQyNjguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣆ (braille pattern dots-2378)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9mL2Y3L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTIzNzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣰ (braille pattern dots-5678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzYxL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNTY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTU2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣧ (braille pattern dots-123678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2VhL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTIzNjc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTIzNjc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣼ (braille pattern dots-345678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9iL2JmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDUzNjc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDUzNjc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣖ (braille pattern dots-23578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzZmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjUzNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNTM3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣲ (braille pattern dots-25678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzIxL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjU2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNTY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣖ (braille pattern dots-23578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzZmL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjUzNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNTM3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
|
* Used for any > 1 digit radicand.
** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.
Symbol |
Array |
|
|
|
Begin |
End |
End element |
End line |
vert. stack |
horiz. combo |
superposition
|
Braille
|
![⢄ (braille pattern dots-38)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8wLzA5L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0zOC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡠ (braille pattern dots-67)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzY1L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNjcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy02Ny5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡂ (braille pattern dots-27)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzYwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0yNy5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡆ (braille pattern dots-237)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9jL2MyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM3LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMjM3LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡬ (braille pattern dots-3467)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8zLzMwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM2Ny5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQzNjcuc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣬ (braille pattern dots-34678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzI2L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM2Nzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00MzY3OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
|
Symbol |
Misc. Symbol * |
|
|
Modifiers
|
Begin |
End |
Quantity |
Markup indicator |
Inverted |
Stroke/Not |
Variant |
Large
|
Braille
|
![⡄ (braille pattern dots-37)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi80LzRiL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzcuc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy0zNy5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡀ (braille pattern dots-7)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2UyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNy5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTcuc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzJjL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyNTM2LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTQyNTM2LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡤ (braille pattern dots-367)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8zLzMwL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzY3LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMzY3LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣀ (braille pattern dots-78)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzE5L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNzguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy03OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⡌ (braille pattern dots-347)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9kL2RhL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM3LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDM3LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢡ (braille pattern dots-168)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2ViL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTY4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtMTY4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
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Typeface indicators
[edit]
Symbol |
Script |
Bold |
Italic |
Underline |
Definable font 1 |
Fractur |
Roman |
Underline
|
Braille
|
![⢈ (braille pattern dots-48)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzY0L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDguc3ZnLzQwcHgtQnJhaWxsZThfRG90cy00OC5zdmcucG5n&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢘ (braille pattern dots-458)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9mL2Y0L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDU4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDU4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢨ (braille pattern dots-468)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8wLzBlL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDY4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDY4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⢸ (braille pattern dots-4568)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8yLzI3L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDU2OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQ1Njguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣈ (braille pattern dots-478)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi80LzRkL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDc4LnN2Zy80MHB4LUJyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDc4LnN2Zy5wbmc=&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣘ (braille pattern dots-4578)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi81LzUyL0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDU3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQ1Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
![⣨ (braille pattern dots-4678)](./?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLy91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi82LzY1L0JyYWlsbGU4X0RvdHMtNDY3OC5zdmcvNDBweC1CcmFpbGxlOF9Eb3RzLTQ2Nzguc3ZnLnBuZw==&__proxy_form=0) |
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