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Population and housing censuses by country

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(Redirected from Japanese census)

This is a list of national population and housing censuses.

World map showing countries' most recent censuses as of 2020

Census advisory

[edit]

The United Nations recommends a census enumeration at least once every ten years, and once every five years for even better data, rather than simply relying on estimates and projections alone.[1] Complications to carrying out a census include tribal conflict, war, borders not demarcated, budget, inexperience, political snags, lack of manpower, and poor geographic information systems. A number of nations have not carried them out once a decade. It is not uncommon for a scheduled census to be deferred or delayed.

Lebanon has not held a census since 1932. Afghanistan is closing in on four decades without a census. DRC and Uzbekistan stand out as not having a census since before 1990. Madagascar has not had counts since the 1990s. Eritrea has only had one as a part of Ethiopia in the 1990s.

Methods of conducting population census

[edit]

More countries are switching to using administrative data to hold a census. This allows a simulated census to be conducted by linking several different administrative databases at an agreed time.

Using administrative data/combined data Using collected data
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland United Kingdom, United States, Japan

Africa

[edit]

Algeria

[edit]

Population and housing censuses have been carried out in Algeria in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1998,[2] 2008.[3] and 2018.[4]

Angola

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General censuses of population and housing (Portuguese: Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação (RGPH)) have been carried out in 1970 and 2014. The 1970 census counted 5,646,166 habitants. Preliminary results of the 2014 census have been published and final results will be published by the end of 2015. The 2014 census counted 25,789,024 habitants as of May 16, 2014.[5]

Benin

[edit]

Population and housing censuses have been carried out in 1978, 1992, 2002 and 2013.[6][7] 2013 census preliminary results have been published.[7] Final results were published in 2015.[8]

Botswana

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Censuses in Botswana are run by the Statistics Botswana (formerly Central Statistics Office). There have been twelve censuses in Botswana's history. The most recent occurred in April 2022.

Burkina Faso

[edit]

The Institut National de la Statistique et de la Demographie has conducted four censuses: in 1975, 1985, 1996, and 2006.[9]

Congo (DRC)

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The first and so far only census conducted in DR Congo dates from 1984.[10]

Egypt

[edit]

The Statistical Department of the Ministry of Finance conducted the first census in 1882, which considered as a preparatory step; the first true population census was conducted in 1897. Thereafter, censuses were conducted at ten-year intervals in 1907, 1917, 1927 and so on. The last one being in 2017.

Ethiopia

[edit]

Three censuses have been taken in Ethiopia: 1984, 1994 and in 2007. The responsible institution is the Central Statistical Agency. Most of the census in 2007 was taken in August, while the Somali Region and the Afar Region were not covered. The northern Afar region is a remote, hot and arid area. The eastern Somali region (Ogaden) hosts a large nomadic Somali population and is a conflict area where Ethiopian regular forces are fighting against Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF).[6]

Ivory Coast

[edit]

Four general censuses of population and housing (French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out in,[11] the latest ones being in 1998 and 2014.[12]

Kenya

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The first census in Kenya was conducted in 1948, when Kenya was still a colony administered by the British. Since 1969 census has been taken every ten years. The last census, overseen by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, was in 2019 and recorded a population of 47.6 million.[13]

Mauritius

[edit]

Population and housing censuses for Mauritius was collected in 1972, 1983, 2000, and 2011; although respondents were asked to identify their race/ethnic origin in the 1972 census, this question was dropped from the following censuses because "the government felt that it was a divisive question".[14] The Statistics Act directed that all official censuses be conducted by Statistics Mauritius, as well as serve as the central depository for this information.[15]

Morocco

[edit]

General censuses of population and housing (Arabic: الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى / French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out since independence in 1960, 1971, 1982, 1994, 2004 and 2014.[16] The 2014 census results will be published on http://rgph-2014.hcp.ma/ by the end of 2014.

Mozambique

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The first census was taken in 1980. The second in 1997. The third was taken August 1–14, 2007. The fourth and most recent was taken in 2017.

Namibia

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In accordance with the Statistics Act No. 66 of 1976, Namibia conducts a Population and Housing Census every ten years. After independence the first one was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011.[17] In Namibia, the de facto method is used.[18] For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.[19]

Nigeria

[edit]

Population censuses have been taken in Nigeria during colonial time in 1866, 1871, 1896, 1901, 1911, 1921 and 1952. The censuses covered only the southern part of the country except for the 1952 census which was country wide, and the censuses before 1921 were based on administrative estimates rather than on an actual enumeration.

Censuses during independence were taken 1962, 1963, 1973, 1991 and 2006. The results of the 1962 census were considered inaccurate enough that a new census was ordered on February 19, 1963.[20] The results from 1973 and 2006 were highly disputed, but no recounts were taken. The preliminary results for 2006 indicates a population of 140 million people. 700,000 enumerators were engaged in this operation.

Somalia

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There has been only one successful census in Somalia, carried out in 1975. The 1986 census remained incomplete, and its results were never published.[21]

South Africa

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The Cape of Good Hope conducted the first modern scientific census in 1865, following the principles laid down by the British Colonial Office and repeated the exercise in 1875 and 1891.23 The Orange Free State followed in 1880 and 1890, copying many of the features of the Cape of Good Hope.24 The South African Republic (Transvaal) followed in 1890.However, the enumeration was restricted to the White population. After the South African War of 1899-1902, all the colonies undertook censuses in April 1904, but although broad coordination took place the results were presented according to the views of the four individual census commissioners.28 The detailed coordination of censuses evident in pre-federation Australia was therefore not in evidence in South Africa. The establishment of the Union of South Africa as a British dominion in 1910 necessitated a new start to enumeration in the country and the statistical definition of the new state and ordering of its population through the census.[22] [23] The first census of Union of South Africa was taken in 1911. Several enumerations have occurred since then,[24] with the most recent three being carried out by Statistics South Africa in 1996, 2001, 2011 and 2022.

Sudan

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Population censuses have been carried out in Sudan in 1955/56, 1973 (national), 1983 (national) and 1993 (only north). A census was conducted in April 2008. Some areas—namely Darfur, Juba, and Malakal—were difficult to measure.[citation needed]

Togo

[edit]

General population and housing censuses were carried out in 1960, 1970, 1981 and 2010.[25]

Tunisia

[edit]

General censuses of population and housing (French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out in 1921, 1926, 1931, 1936, 1946, 1956, 1966, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2014.[26] First results[27] (20%) were published on September 12, 2014,[28] the final results will be published between January and December 2015.[29]

Uganda

[edit]

The first censuses in Uganda were taken in 1911, 1921 and 1931. It was done in a rather primitive way. The enumeration unit was 'huts' and not individuals. More scientific censuses were taken 1948 and 1959 where the enumeration unit was persons. The census was however divided into two separate enumerations, one for Africans, and one for the non-African population.

The censuses during independence 1969, 1980, 1991 were taken jointly for all races. The censuses 1980 and 1991 included housing information and in addition a larger questionnaire for a sample of the population. However, the questionnaires for the 1980 were lost and only provisional figures are available from this census.

The census in 2002 involved some 50,000 enumerators and supervisors. It covered several topics including: population and housing; agriculture; and Micro- and small Enterprises administered at individual/household level. The Preliminary Results were published two weeks after the enumeration. The Final Results were released in March 2005, while the analytical findings and the district level results were scheduled to be released in the second quarter of 2006.[30]

The most recent census was in August 2014.[31]

Americas

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Antigua and Barbuda

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Population & Housing Censuses was carried out in 1991, 2001, and 2011.[32] The 2011 census was released in May 2014.

Argentina

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Map of Argentina in the Americas

National population censuses are carried out in Argentina roughly every ten years, the last ones having been carried out in 2001,[6] October 27, 2010 and May 18, 2022.

Demographic and historical evolution
of the Argentinian population since the
first official census carried out in 1869.
N. Year Population
Argentina
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1869 Steady 1,877,490 1869 Argentinian census
2nd 1895 Increase 4,044,911 1895 Argentinian census
20th century
3rd 1914 Increase 7,903,662 1914 Argentinian census
4th 1947 Increase 15,893,811 1947 Argentinian census
5th 1960 Increase 20,013,793 1960 Argentinian census
6th 1970 Increase 23,364,431 1970 Argentinian census
7th 1980 Increase 27,949,480 1980 Argentinian census
8th 1991 Increase 32,615,528 1991 Argentinian census
21st century
9th 2001 Increase 36,260,140 2001 Argentinian census
10th 2010 Increase 40,117,096 2010 Argentinian census
11th 2022 Increase 45,892,285 2022 Argentinian census

Barbados

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Censuses on population sizes in Barbados are conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service (BSS). The last major census was conducted in 2021.

Bolivia

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Map of Bolivia in the Americas

Bolivia became independent from Spain on August 6, 1825 and since that time the country has managed to carry out around 11 population and housing censuses throughout its history as an independent country.

The first population census of Bolivia was carried out in 1831 and four years later the second census was carried out in 1835, the third in 1845, the fourth in 1854 and finally the fifth census was in 1882, this being the last 19th century census.

During the 20th century, Bolivia only carried out four censuses; the first at the beginning of the century in 1900 and the second census was in 1950 (after 50 years) already in the middle of the 20th century. The next census was carried out 26 years later in 1976 and the next census was carried out after 16 years in 1992, this being also the last of the century.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Bolivia carried out a new population census in 2001 and after 11 years the next census was carried out again in 2012. Currently and after 12 years, Bolivia will carry out its third census on March 23, 2024, this being the third population and housing census of the century

Demographic and historical evolution
of the Bolivian population since the
first official census carried out in 1831.
N. Year Population
Bolivia
Population and
Housing Census[33]
19th century
1st 1831 Steady 1,088,768 1831 Bolivian census
2nd 1835 Decrease 1,060,777 1835 Bolivian census
3rd 1845 Increase 1,378,896 1845 Bolivian census
4th 1854 Increase 2,326,126 1854 Bolivian census
5th 1882 Decrease 1,172,156 1882 Bolivian census
20th century
6th 1900 Increase 1,766,451 1900 Bolivian census
7th 1950 Increase 2,704,165 1950 Bolivian census
8th 1976 Increase 4,613,419 1976 Bolivian census
9th 1992 Increase 6,420,792 1992 Bolivian census
21st century
10th 2001 Increase 8,274,325 2001 Bolivian census
11th 2012 Increase 10,059,856 2012 Bolivian census
12th 2024 Increase 11,312,620 2024 Bolivian census
National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia (INE)

Brazil

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The Brazilian census is carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics every 10 years. The last one was in 2010. Earlier censuses were taken in 1872 (the first), 1900, 1920, 1941, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010.

Brazil's Demographic Census is one of the most hierarchical collection of census data in the world. Its hierarchies include: Brazil (Country), Major Regions, States, Macro-regions, micro-regions, municipalities, districts, sub-districts, Neighborhoods and census tracts.

Depending on the administrative hierarchy, some types of data are not published to respect confidentiality.

For example:

  1. The lower area of data collection is the census tract, with approximately 300 households, and information is collected on age, condition of the home, gender, income, among others.
  2. Districts: information on race, color, religion, disability, etc.
  3. Municipalities (cities): in addition to the information already described, there is information of GDP, industrial production, agricultural production, migration between cities to study or work, to live migration, inflation, employment rates, number of industries, the quantity of trade, etc.

Information is collected with handheld computers equipped with GPS receivers and digitized maps.

Next census was scheduled to begin August 1, 2020 but was delayed two times due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[34][35] The Census is scheduled to begin on August 1, 2022. More than one million people applied for 206.891 positions.[36]

Map of Brazil in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Brazilian population since the
first official census carried out in 1872.
N. Year Population
Brazil
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1872 Steady 9,930,478 1872 Brazilian census
2nd 1890 Increase 14,333,915 1890 Brazilian census
20th century
3rd 1900 Increase 17,438,434 1900 Brazilian census
4th 1920 Increase 30,635,605 1920 Brazilian census
5th 1940 Increase 41,236,315 1940 Brazilian census
6th 1950 Increase 51,944,397 1950 Brazilian census
7th 1960 Increase 70,992,343 1960 Brazilian census
8th 1970 Increase 94,508,583 1970 Brazilian census
9th 1980 Increase 121,150,573 1980 Brazilian census
10th 1991 Increase 146,917,459 1991 Brazilian census
21st century
11th 2000 Increase 169,590,693 2000 Brazilian census
12th 2010 Increase 190,755,799 2010 Brazilian census
13th 2022 Increase 203,062,512 2022 Brazilian census

Canada

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The Canadian census is run by Statistics Canada. The 1666 census of New France was conducted by French intendant Jean Talon, when he took a census to ascertain the number of people living in New France. The method and data was later used when Canada was founded 201 years later. The individual provinces (sometimes in conjunction with each other) conducted censuses in the 19th century and before. In 1871, Canada's first formal census was conducted, which counted the population of Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Quebec.

Censuses in Canada are conducted in five-year intervals. The last census was conducted in 2021. Censuses taken in mid-decade (1976, 1986, 1996, etc.) are referred to as quinquennial censuses. Others are referred to as decennial censuses. The first quinquennial census was conducted in 1956.

For the 2006 Census of Canada, respondents were able to complete their census questionnaire online for the first time. Other options for answering the questionnaire included postal mail (using a pre-paid envelope) and telephone (using an 800 number).

At a sub-national level, two provinces (Alberta and Saskatchewan) and two territories (Nunavut and Yukon) have legislation that allows local governments to conduct their own municipal censuses.[37]

Map of Canada in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Canadian population since the
first official census carried out in 1871.
N. Year Population
Canada
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1871 Steady 3,485,761 1871 Canadian census
2nd 1881 Steady 4,278,327 1881 Canadian census
3rd 1891 Increase 4,833,239 1891 Canadian census
20th century
4th 1901 Increase 5,371,315 1901 Canadian Census
5th 1911 Increase 7,204,838 1911 Canadian census
6th 1921 Increase 8,788,483 1921 Canadian census
7th 1931 Increase 10,376,379 1931 Canadian census
8th 1941 Increase 11,506,655 1941 Canadian census
9th 1951 Increase 14,009,429 1951 Canadian census
10th 1956 Increase 16,080,791 1956 Canadian census
11th 1961 Increase 18,238,247 1961 Canadian census
12th 1966 Increase 20,014,880 1966 Canadian census
13th 1971 Increase 21,568,311 1971 Canadian census
14th 1976 Increase 22,992,604 1976 Canadian census
15th 1981 Increase 24,343,181 1981 Canadian census
16th 1986 Increase 25,309,331 1986 Canadian census
17th 1991 Increase 27,296,859 1991 Canadian census
18th 1996 Increase 28 846 761 1996 Canadian census
21st century
19th 2001 Increase 30,007,094 2001 Canadian census
20th 2006 Increase 31,612,897 2006 Canadian census
21th 2011 Increase 33,476,688 2011 Canadian census
22th 2016 Increase 35,151,728 2016 Canadian census
23th 2021 Increase 36,991,981 2021 Canadian census
24th 2026 Projection 2026 Canadian census

Chile

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National population censuses are carried out in Chile every ten years by the National Statistics Institute (INE). The last one took place in 2012, but its results were dismissed by the INE due to a high omission rate and other problems.[38] A new abbreviated census took place in April 2017, with a full census to be carried out in 2022.[39] The last official census results are from 2002.

Map of Chile in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Chilean population since the
first official census carried out in 1835.
N. Year Population
Chile
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1835 Steady 1,010,336 1835 Chilean Census
2nd 1843 Steady 1,083,701 1843 Chilean Census
3rd 1854 Increase 1,439,120 1854 Chilean Census
4th 1865 Increase 1,819,223 1865 Chilean Census
5th 1875 Increase 2,075,971 1875 Chilean Census
6th 1885 Increase 2,507,005 1885 Chilean Census
7th 1895 Increase 2,695,625 1895 Chilean Census
20th century
8th 1907 Increase 3,231,022 1907 Chilean Census
9th 1920 Increase 3,720,235 1920 Chilean Census
10th 1930 Increase 4,287,445 1930 Chilean Census
11th 1940 Increase 5,023,539 1940 Chilean Census
12th 1952 Increase 5,932,995 1952 Chilean Census
13th 1960 Increase 7,374,115 1960 Chilean Census
14th 1970 Increase 8,884,768 1970 Chilean Census
15th 1982 Increase 11,329,736 1982 Chilean Census
16th 1992 Increase 13,348,401 1992 Chilean Census
21st century
17th 2002 Increase 15,116,435 2002 Chilean Census
18th 2012 Increase 16 634 603 2012 Chilean Census
19th 2017 Increase 17,574,003 2017 Chilean Census

Colombia

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Population and Housing Censuses in Colombia were conducted by the National Administrative Department of Statistics in 1825, 1835, 1843, 1851, 1864, 1870, 1905, 1912, 1918, 1928, 1938, 1951, 1964, 1973, 1985, 1993, 2005 and 2018.[40]

Map of Colombia in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Colombian population since the
first official census carried out in 1825.
N. Year Population
Colombia
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1825 Steady 2,583,799 1825 Colombian Census
2nd 1835 Decrease 1,687,109 1835 Colombian Census
3rd 1843 Increase 1,932,279 1843 Colombian Census
4th 1851 Increase 2,243,730 1851 Colombian Census
5th 1864 Increase 2,441,300 1864 Colombian Census
6th 1870 Increase 2,681,637 1870 Colombian Census
20th century
7th 1905 Increase 4,533,777 1905 Colombian Census
8th 1912 Increase 5,472,604 1912 Colombian Census
9th 1918 Increase 5,855,077 1918 Colombian Census
10th 1928 Increase 7,851,110 1928 Colombian Census
11th 1938 Increase 8,697,041 1938 Colombian Census
12th 1951 Increase 11,548,172 1951 Colombian Census
13th 1964 Increase 17,484,510 1964 Colombian Census
14th 1973 Increase 20,666,920 1973 Colombian Census
15th 1985 Increase 27,853,432 1985 Colombian Census
16th 1993 Increase 33,109,839 1993 Colombian Census
21st century
17th 2005 Increase 41,468,384 2005 Colombian Census
18th 2018 Increase 48,258,494 2018 Colombian Census

Costa Rica

[edit]

Costa Rica carried out its tenth population census in 2011. INEC, National Institute of Statistics and Census is in charge of conduct these censuses. Past Costa Rican censuses were conducted in 1864, 1883, 1892, 1927, 1950, 1963, 1973, 1984, and 2000. The next census is scheduled for 2022.[41]

Map of Costa Rica in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Costa Rican population since the
first official census carried out in 1864.
N. Year Population
Costa Rica
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1864 Steady 120,499 1864 Costa Rican census
2nd 1883 Increase 182,073 1883 Costa Rican census
3rd 1892 Increase 243,205 1892 Costa Rican census
20th century
4th 1927 Increase 471,524 1927 Costa Rican census
5th 1950 Increase 800,875 1950 Costa Rican census
6th 1963 Increase 1,336,274 1963 Costa Rican census
7th 1973 Increase 1,871,780 1973 Costa Rican census
8th 1984 Increase 2,416,809 1984 Costa Rican census
21st century
9th 2000 Increase 3,810,179 2000 Costa Rican census
10th 2011 Increase 4,301,712 2011 Costa Rican census
11th 2022 Increase 5,044,197 2022 Costa Rican census

Curaçao

[edit]

General censuses of population and housing have been carried out in 1960, 1971, 1981, 1992, 2001, and 2011. In 2021 a new census will be conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Curacao. For more information and the results of the older censuses visit the DIgitallibrary of CBS

Ecuador

[edit]

The most recent censuses in Ecuador were in 2001 and 2010.

Map of Ecuador in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Ecuadorian population since the
first official census carried out in 1825.
N. Year Population
Ecuador
Population and
Housing Census[42]
19th century
1st 1825 Steady 496,846 1825 Ecuadorian Census
2nd 1840 Increase 616,209 1840 Ecuadorian Census
3rd 1858 Increase 748,297 1858 Ecuadorian Census
4th 1889 Increase 1,271,761 1889 Ecuadorian Census
20th century
5th 1909 Increase 1,642,856 1909 Ecuadorian Census
6th 1926 Increase 2,929,314 1926 Ecuadorian Census
7th 1933 Decrease 2,600,116 1933 Ecuadorian Census
8th 1942 Increase 3,084,963 1942 Ecuadorian Census
9th 1950 Increase 3,202,757 1950 Ecuadorian Census
10th 1962 Increase 4,476,007 1962 Ecuadorian Census
11th 1974 Increase 6,500,845 1974 Ecuadorian Census
12th 1982 Increase 8,138,974 1982 Ecuadorian Census
13th 1990 Increase 9,697,979 1990 Ecuadorian Census
21st century
14th 2000 Increase 12,156,608 2000 Ecuadorian Census
15th 2010 Increase 14,483,499 2010 Ecuadorian Census
16th 2022 Increase 16,938,986 2022 Ecuadorian Census

Guatemala

[edit]

Modern population censuses have been taken in Guatemala in 1930, 1950, 1964, 1973, 1981, 1994, 2002 and 2018.[43] Controversial censuses include those in 1950 and 1964 (misclassification of the Maya population) and 1994 (generally questioned). About 14,000,000 people live in Guatemala as of July 2009.

Map of Guatemala in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Guatemalan population since the
first official census carried out in 1880.
N. Year Population
Guatemala
Population and
Housing Census[44]
19th century
1st 1880 Steady 1,224,602 1880 Guatemalan Census
2nd 1893 Increase 1,364,678 1893 Guatemalan Census
20th century
3rd 1921 Increase 2,004,900 1921 Guatemalan Census
4th 1940 Increase 2,400,000 1940 Guatemalan Census
5th 1950 Increase 2,790,868 1950 Guatemalan Census
6th 1964 Increase 4,287,997 1964 Guatemalan Census
7th 1973 Increase 5,160,221 1973 Guatemalan Census
8th 1981 Increase 6,054,227 1981 Guatemalan Census
9th 1994 Increase 8,331,874 1994 Guatemalan Census
21st century
10th 2002 Increase 11,237,196 2002 Guatemalan Census
11th 2018 Increase 14,901,286 2018 Guatemalan Census

Haiti

[edit]

General censuses of population and housing (French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out in 1950, 1971, 1982, 2003 and 2014.[45] First results of the 2014 census will be published between November and December 2014;[46] final results will be published in November 2015.[47]

Mexico

[edit]
  • National population censuses have been carried out in 1910, 1921, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010.[48]
  • National economic censuses have been carried out in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014.[49]
Map of Mexico in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Mexican population since the
first official census carried out in 1880.
N. Year Population
Mexico
Population and
Housing Census[50]
19th century
1st 1895 Steady 12,491,573 1895 Mexican Census
20th century
2nd 1900 Increase 13,545,462 1900 Mexican Census
3rd 1910 Increase 15,160,369 1910 Mexican Census
4th 1921 Decrease 14,334,096 1921 Mexican Census
5th 1930 Increase 16,552,722 1930 Mexican Census
6th 1940 Increase 19,653,552 1940 Mexican Census
7th 1950 Increase 25,791,017 1950 Mexican Census
8th 1960 Increase 34,923,129 1960 Mexican Census
9th 1970 Increase 48,225,238 1970 Mexican Census
10th 1980 Increase 66,846,833 1980 Mexican Census
11th 1990 Increase 81,249,645 1990 Mexican Census
21st century
12th 2000 Increase 97,483,412 2000 Mexican Census
13th 2010 Increase 112,336,538 2010 Mexican Census
14th 2020 Increase 126,014,024 2020 Mexican Census

Nicaragua

[edit]
Map of Nicaragua in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Nicaraguan population since the
first official census carried out in 1906.
N. Year Population
Nicaragua
Population and
Housing Census
20th century
1st 1906 Steady 501,849 1906 Nicaraguan Census
2nd 1920 Increase 633,622 1920 Nicaraguan Census
3rd 1940 Increase 829,831 1940 Nicaraguan Census
4th 1950 Increase 1,049,611 1950 Nicaraguan Census
5th 1963 Increase 1,535,588 1963 Nicaraguan Census
6th 1971 Increase 1,877,952 1971 Nicaraguan Census
7th 1995 Increase 4,357,099 1995 Nicaraguan Census
21st century
8th 2005 Increase 5,142,098 2005 Nicaraguan Census

Panama

[edit]
Map of Panama in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Panamanian population since the
first official census carried out in 1911.
N. Year Population
Panama
Population and
Housing Census
20th century
1st 1911 Steady 336,742 1911 Panamanian Census
2nd 1920 Increase 446,098 1920 Panamanian Census
3rd 1930 Increase 467,459 1930 Panamanian Census
4th 1940 Increase 622,576 1940 Panamanian Census
5th 1950 Increase 805,285 1950 Panamanian Census
6th 1960 Increase 1,075,541 1960 Panamanian Census
7th 1970 Increase 1,428,082 1970 Panamanian Census
8th 1980 Increase 1,805,287 1980 Panamanian Census
9th 1990 Increase 2,329,329 1990 Panamanian Census
21st century
10th 2000 Increase 2,839,177 2000 Panamanian Census
11th 2010 Increase 3,405,813 2010 Panamanian Census
12th 2023 Increase 4,064,780 2023 Panamanian Census

Paraguay

[edit]
Map of Paraguay in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Paraguayan population since the
first official census carried out in 1846.
N. Year Population
Paraguay
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1846 Steady 233,394 1846 Paraguayan Census
2nd 1870 Decrease 116,351 1870 Paraguayan Census
20th century
3rd 1950 Increase 1,328,452 1950 Paraguayan Census
4th 1962 Increase 1,819,103 1962 Paraguayan Census
5th 1972 Increase 2,357,955 1972 Paraguayan Census
6th 1982 Increase 3,029,830 1982 Paraguayan Census
7th 1992 Increase 4,152,588 1992 Paraguayan Census
21st century
8th 2002 Increase 5,163,198 2002 Paraguayan Census
9th 2012 Increase 6,461,041 2012 Paraguayan Census
10th 2022 Decrease 6,109,644 2022 Paraguayan Census

Peru

[edit]

The first census in Peru was carried out in 1836. The 12th and latest one was the 2017 Census and was carried out by Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática in October 2017.

Map of Peru in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Peruvian population since the
first official census carried out in 1836.
N. Year Population
Peru
Population and
Housing Census[51][52]
19th century
1st 1836 Steady 1,873,736 1836 Peruvian census
2nd 1850 Increase 2,001,203 1850 Peruvian census
3rd 1862 Increase 2,487,916 1862 Peruvian census
4th 1876 Increase 2,699,105 1876 Peruvian census
20th century
5th 1940 Increase 7,023,111 1940 Peruvian census
6th 1961 Increase 10,420,357 1961 Peruvian census
7th 1972 Increase 14,121,564 1972 Peruvian census
8th 1981 Increase 17,762,231 1981 Peruvian census
9th 1993 Increase 22,639,443 1993 Peruvian census
21st century
10th 2005 Increase 27,219,264 2005 Peruvian census
11th 2007 Increase 28,220,764 2007 Peruvian census
12th 2017 Increase 31,237,385 2017 Peruvian census
- 2022 Increase 33,396,700 INEI Estimates[53]
13th 2027 Projection 2027 Peruvian census

United States

[edit]

The United States Constitution and federal law mandate that a census be taken every ten years to apportion the number of members of the United States House of Representatives among the several states.[54][55] Census statistics are also used to apportion federal funding for many social and economic programs.

The first U.S. Census was conducted in 1790 by Federal Marshals. During the 19th century and through the 1940 census, enumeration was accomplished through political districts. Each ward was responsible for producing a census.

From 1950 onward, census forms were mailed to every address on record with the United States Post Office, including the Armed Services Postal System, in an effort to enhance completeness of the data collected. Beginning in 1970, it was made illegal to fail to return a completed census form. Computer technology was also introduced.

The 2010 census counted over 308 million people.

By law (92 Stat. 915, Public Law 95-416, enacted on October 5, 1978), individual census records are sealed for 72 years.[56] The individual census data most recently released to the public was the 1940 census, released on April 2, 2012. Aggregate census data are released when available.

In addition to the decennial federal census, local censuses have also been conducted, for example, in Massachusetts, which conducted a statewide census every five years until 1985. Some states conducted limited censuses for various purposes, and these are typically located in state archives.

Next census was scheduled to begin 1 April 2020[57][circular reference] but delays due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic meant most areas did not assign enumerators and begin counting until after August 1, 2020, even while their questions are still written to tabulate information about a housing unit's status on the prior date.

The 2020 census counted for over 331 million people.[58]

Map of the United States in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the United States population since the
first official census carried out in 1790.
N. Year Population
United States
Population and
Housing Census
18th century
1st 1790 Steady 3,929,214 1790 United States Census
19th century
2nd 1800 Increase 5,308,483 1800 United States Census
3rd 1810 Increase 7,239,881 1810 United States Census
4th 1820 Increase 9,638,454 1820 United States Census
5th 1830 Increase 12,866,020 1830 United States Census
6th 1840 Increase 17,069,453 1840 United States Census
7th 1850 Increase 23,191,876 1850 United States Census
8th 1860 Increase 31,443,321 1860 United States Census
9th 1870 Increase 38,925,598 1870 United States Census
10th 1880 Increase 50,189,209 1880 United States Census
11th 1890 Increase 62,979,766 1890 United States Census
20th century
12th 1900 Increase 76,212,168 1900 United States Census
13th 1910 Increase 92,228,496 1910 United States Census
14th 1920 Increase 106,021,537 1920 United States Census
15th 1930 Increase 122,775,046 1930 United States Census
16th 1940 Increase 132,164,569 1940 United States Census
17th 1950 Increase 151,325,798 1950 United States Census
18th 1960 Increase 179,323,175 1960 United States Census
19th 1970 Increase 203,392,031 1970 United States Census
20th 1980 Increase 226,545,805 1980 United States Census
21th 1990 Increase 248,709,873 1990 United States Census
21st century
22th 2000 Increase 281,421,906 2000 United States Census
23th 2010 Increase 308,745,538 2010 United States Census
24th 2020 Increase 331,449,281 2020 United States Census
25th 2030 Projection 2030 United States Census

Uruguay

[edit]
Map of Uruguay in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Uruguayan population since the
first official census carried out in 1852.
N. Year Population
Uruguay
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1852 Steady 131,969 1852 Uruguayan census
2nd 1860 Increase 223,238 1860 Uruguayan census
20th century
3rd 1908 Increase 1,042,686 1908 Uruguayan census
4th 1963 Increase 2,595,510 1963 Uruguayan census
5th 1975 Increase 2,788,429 1975 Uruguayan census
6th 1985 Increase 2,955,241 1985 Uruguayan census
7th 1996 Increase 3,137,188 1996 Uruguayan census
21st century
8th 2004 Increase 3,241,003 2004 Uruguayan census
9th 2011 Increase 3,286,314 2011 Uruguayan census
10th 2023 Increase 3,444,263 2023 Uruguayan census

Venezuela

[edit]

The study of the population in Venezuela is in charge of the National Institute of Statistics, which is in charge of collecting, analyzing and publishing data. Its best known publication is the Population Census, which is carried out in a period of no more than 15 years.

The last study of this type was carried out in 2011 between September and November.[59]

Map of Venezuela in the Americas
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Venezuelan population since the
first official census carried out in 1873.
N. Year Population
Venezuela
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1873 Steady 1,732,411 1873 Venezuelan Census
2nd 1881 Increase 2,005,139 1881 Venezuelan Census
3rd 1891 Increase 2,221,572 1891 Venezuelan Census
20th century
4th 1920 Increase 2,479,525 1920 Venezuelan Census
5th 1926 Increase 2,814,131 1926 Venezuelan Census
6th 1936 Increase 3,364,347 1936 Venezuelan Census
7th 1941 Increase 3,850,771 1941 Venezuelan Census
8th 1950 Increase 5,034,838 1950 Venezuelan Census
9th 1961 Increase 7,523,999 1961 Venezuelan Census
10th 1971 Increase 10,721,522 1971 Venezuelan Census
11th 1981 Increase 14,516,735 1981 Venezuelan Census
12th 1990 Increase 18,105,265 1990 Venezuelan Census
21st century
13th 2001 Increase 23,054,210 2001 Venezuelan Census
14th 2011 Increase 27,227,930 2011 Venezuelan Census
- 2021 Increase 28,199,867 World Bank estimates[60]

Asia

[edit]

Afghanistan

[edit]

A partial and incomplete population census was taken in Afghanistan in June 1979.[61][6] Wars since then have caused significant population displacement and there has not been an updated count nor does the nation seem to have the technical ability nor will to tackle a modern census.

Armenia

[edit]

Population censuses have been taken in Azerbaijan under Russian/Soviet rule in 1831, 1873, 1886, 1897, 1922, 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. Beginning in 1991, three more censuses' have been carried out in Armenia: one in 2001, one in 2011 and one in 2022.[62]

Azerbaijan

[edit]

Population censuses have been taken in Armenia under Russian/Soviet rule in 1897, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. Beginning in 1991, two more censuses have been carried out in Azerbaijan: one in 1999 and one in 2009.[63]

Bangladesh

[edit]

Population censuses were conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) in 1974, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2022.The 2022 Census was the nation's first digital census.[citation needed]

China

[edit]

China's first censuses were irregular: the Republic of China held censuses in 1913 and 1944. Under Mao Zedong, the People's Republic of China held its first in 1952, but the second in 1963 was secret and unacknowledged until the early 1980s.

The 1982 Chinese census was much more thorough and well-conducted than the first two, and similar censuses have been conducted decennially in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020.[64] These are the world's biggest censuses and over 6 million enumerators were engaged in the 2000[citation needed] and 2010 censuses.

Between the national censuses, 1% National Population Sample Surveys were taken in 1987, 1995, and 2005; 0.1% National Population Sample Surveys have been taken annually since 2000.[65] National agricultural, economic, and industrial censuses are also taken on a regular basis. The first economic census was taken in 2004 and the second 2008.[66]

Hong Kong

[edit]

Census takes place every 10 years and by-census between two censuses by the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong. The last census was the 2021 Population Census in Hong Kong.

India

[edit]

The decennial census of India is the primary source of information about the demographic characteristics of the population of India. The 2011 census is one of the largest censuses in the history of mankind.[67]

The first census in India in modern times was conducted in 1873. First regular census was started in 1881 by Lord Ripon. Since then, a population census has been carried out every 10 years. The latest census commenced on May 1, 2010. It will create a National Population Register with photographs and fingerprints of every resident. All usual residents of India will also be provided with their Unique ID numbers and National Identity Cards. The census is carried out by the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Delhi, an office in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, under the 1948 Census of India Act. The act gives Central Government many powers like to notify a date for Census, power to ask for the services of any citizen for census work. The law makes it compulsory for every citizen to answer the census questions truthfully. The Act provides penalties for giving false answers or not giving answers at all to the census questionnaire. One of the most important provisions of law is the guarantee for the maintenance of secrecy of the information collected at the census of each individual. The census records are not open to inspection and also not admissible in evidence.

The census is conducted in two phases: first, house listing and house numbering phase and second, the actual population enumeration phase. The census is carried out by the canvassing method. In this method, each household is visited and the information is collected by specially trained enumerator. They collect data related to households e.g. number of members, water & electricity supply, ownership of land, vehicles, computers and other assets and services. In the second phase, total population is counted and statistics related to individuals are collected and saved into the governments hand.[67]

Indonesia

[edit]

The first population census was done during the colonial era, 1930. Before that, a non-overall census was already conducted in 1920. After that census was done irregularly. The first census after independence was 1961, followed by 1971. Since 1980 it is conducted regularly every 10 years. In between, there is also economical census (every 10 years, five years after population census) and agricultural census (three years after population census). The last census was held in September 2020 (2020 Indonesian census).

Iran

[edit]

The Statistical Center of Iran carries out nationwide population and housing censuses every ten years, the first of which conducted in 1956 (1335 AP) reporting a total population of 19 million people. Since then, seven other censuses were conducted in 1966, 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006, 2011, 2016. As seen, the two censuses in 2006 and 2011 were conducted on a five-year basis, following a 2008 law. The law was rescinded in 2020, with the president announcing that the next census would be conducted in 2026, due to modernizing method to Register-based Census.[68]

Iraq

[edit]

The Central Statistical Organization – Ministry of Planning of Iraq is responsible for population and housing censuses.

According to the British government in Iraq, the population estimate in 1920 was 3 million. In 1927, the General Directorate of Population carried out the census, the population estimate was 2,968,054. Later, There were another 8 censuses in the years 1934, 1947, 1957, 1965, 1977, 1987 and the last one that was carried out in 1997.

After the War of Iraq, there was a plan for a new population and housing census. Data was collected and published in Central Statistical Organization website.[69] Later, Data was updated, but no census was carried out due to country's situation and dispute about census law.

Israel

[edit]

The first census in the state of Israel was held in November 1948, six months after its creation, to establish the population registry.[70] Subsequent censuses were conducted by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS) in 1961, 1972, 1983, 1995 and 2008.[70] In these, 20% of households completed a detailed survey and the remainder a shorter questionnaire.[70] There is no legal requirement to hold a census within a given interval; in practice, the ICBS requests and the government decides.[70] The next census is scheduled for 2022.[71]

Japan

[edit]

Since 1920, Japan has conducted Population Census [ja] to collect census information every five years,[72] with the exceptions of the 6th in 1947 instead of 1945 and some extra censuses during 1944–1948.[73] A large-scale census (in the years ending in the digit 0) and a simplified one (in those ending in 5) has been undertaken alternately. They collected information as in October 1.[74] The Statistics Bureau is in charge of the exercise of censuses.[72]

The questionnaires were frequently changed in the early history of the Population Census, but they were almost fixed by the 1970s.[75]: 148  Since then, they include 16–23 topics, with a small difference between the large-scale censuses and the simplified ones.[76]: 135  They solicit information such as name, gender, relationship to head of household, year and month of birth, marital status, nationality, number of the household members, type and tenure of dwelling, floor area of the dwelling, number of hours worked during the week prior to October 1, employment status, name of employer and type of business, kind of work, and the place of work or schooling.[77] For the years ending in the digit 0, the questionnaire includes additional questions such as education, how long the respondent has lived at the current address, the place he/she lived five years ago, and the means of transportation to the workplace or school.[78]

Regardless of nationality or legal status, all residents in Japan are required to complete the census. All information collected by the census is confidential and protected by the Statistics Act [ja]. Information provided by census can never be used for any investigation purposes such as immigration control, police investigation, tax collections and so on.[79] After the census, all forms are destroyed.

For the first time in 2010, residents of Tokyo were given an option to complete the census questionnaires online in lieu of the conventional paper questionnaires. Unique ID and password were provided with the census form. Tokyo was chosen as the initial rollout for the online questionnaires due to the high concentration of people living in apartment buildings or gated communities, which restricts the access of census workers. The online options were made available across Japan from the 2015 census.

The 2020 census was conducted in midst of global COVID-19 pandemic and the Japanese government urged the residents to respond the census online. Those who are unable to respond online may complete and mail back the paper questionnaires.[79] The online census questionnaires are available in Japanese, English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Spanish, and Portuguese.[79] The paper census form was only written in Japanese, but translation was available in 29 different languages upon request.[80] Since 2020, administrative information can be used on limited basis, only to complete the number of persons from nonresponding households.[81]

Jordan

[edit]

The first population census after the independence in 1946 was taken in 1952. It did only count the number of people in the households and could therefore be considered only to be a housing census. The first real complete census was taken in 1961. The following censuses have been taken in 1979, 1994 and 2004. The distribution of Palestinians and Jordanians within the population has been a politically sensitive issue since the Six-Day war in 1967.

Lebanon

[edit]

No census has been conducted in Lebanon since 1932.[82] It indicated a population of 861,399 Lebanese.[83] Various estimates of the population have been taken since; in 1956 it was estimated a population of 1,411,416, with 54% Christian and 44% Muslim. Conducting a census since then has been complicated by various conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s,[84] as well as by the sensitivity of religious issues.[82]

Malaysia

[edit]

The census in Malaysia is carried out every 10 years, like many nations, since 1960 (with the exception of the fourth census, which was carried out in 1991). The next census should be carried out in 2020. The most recent census was from July 6 to August 22, 2010.

Myanmar

[edit]

A general census of population and housing has been carried out in 2014. Provisional results have been published and final results will be published in May 2015. The 2014 census counted 51,419,420 inhabitants.[85]

Nepal

[edit]

Census in Nepal are taken by Central Bureau of Statistics. Population censuses are conducted every ten years in Nepal. The first was held in 1911 and the most recent was held in 2011. The census in 2021 is the first census of Federal Nepal.

Oman

[edit]

Censuses have been taken in the Sultanate of Oman in 1993, 2003, and 2010.

Pakistan

[edit]
The Census in Pakistan is a legally decennial census and a descriptive count of Pakistan's population on Census Day, and of their dwellings, conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.[86] The 2017 Census in Pakistan marks the first census to take place in Pakistan since 1998. The most recent census was the 2023 Pakistani census.

Philippines

[edit]

The census of the Philippines is enumerated every 5 years (beginning in 1960, except in 2005 where it was moved to 2007 due to budgetary constraints) and the results are used to allocate Congressional seats (congressional apportionment) and government program funding.

The census is performed by the Philippine Statistics Authority. The first official census in the Philippines was carried out by the Spanish government pursuant to a royal decree calling for the counting of persons living as of the midnight of December 31, 1877. The first door-to-door census was conducted in 1903 to fulfill Public Act 467 which was approved by the U.S. Congress in July 1902. The last national census was held in 2020. For years between the censuses, the NSO issues estimates made using surveys and statistical models.

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Population censuses have been taken in Saudi Arabia in 1962/63 (incomplete), 1974 (complete but not reliable), 1992, 2004 and 2010. An agriculture census was taken in 1999.

Singapore

[edit]

Population censuses have been taken in Singapore every ten years, in 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020

South Korea

[edit]

South Korea had its first "modern" census in 1925.[87]

The Census has been conducted 18 times every 5 years, most recently in 2020.

Sri Lanka

[edit]

The census in Sri Lanka is carried out by the Department of Census and Statistics every 10 years, with the next one being planned for 2011.[88] The 2011 one being the first post-war census in three decades. The census will cover all Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions of the country. The first scientific census in Sri Lanka was conducted on March 27, 1871. The last four were in 1963, 1971, 1981 and 2001 with a census estimate in 1989. The 2001 census was only carried out in 18 Districts due to the Sri Lankan Civil War.

Syria

[edit]

The first population census in Syria was taken by the French Mandatory Regime in 1921–22. This is however not considered reliable. Censuses during independence have been taken 1947, 1960 (the first comprehensive demographic investigation), 1970, 1976 (a sample census), 1981, 1994 and 2004 and the next would be taken at 2017.

Taiwan

[edit]

The first census in Taiwan was conducted in 1905, while Taiwan was under Japanese rule.[89]

Thailand

[edit]

A census is conducted every 10 years, the latest being in 2010. The National Statistical Office of Thailand is in charge of conducting the census.

Turkey

[edit]

The Turkish census is run by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The first census in Turkey was conducted in 1927. After 1935, it took place every 5 years until 1990. Now, the census takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2000. It can be noted that the census enumeration takes place on one single day in Turkey (in other countries it takes 1–2 weeks). This required some 900,000 enumerators in 2000. The 15th census based on improved geographical information systems is planned for 2010.

A census was taken in the Ottoman Empire 1831–38 by Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839) as a part of the reform movement Tanzimat. Christian and Jewish men were counted but the female population was excluded.

Uzbekistan

[edit]

The last census in Uzbekistan was carried out in 1989 during Soviet rule. Uzbekistan itself has never carried one out.

Europe

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

The latest population census was conducted in Albania on September 30, 2011.[90]

The previous census was conducted in April 2001.[91][92] Prior to that, a census was conducted in 1989 at the end of the Communist regime.

Map of Albania in Europe
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Albanian population since the
first official census carried out in 1923.
N. Year Population
Albania
Population and
Housing Census
20th century
1st 1923 Steady 814,380 1923 Albanian Census
2nd 1930 Increase 833,618 1930 Albanian Census
3rd 1945 Increase 1,122,044 1945 Albanian Census
4th 1950 Increase 1,218,943 1950 Albanian Census
5th 1955 Increase 1,391,499 1955 Albanian Census
6th 1960 Increase 1,626,315 1960 Albanian Census
7th 1969 Increase 2,068,155 1969 Albanian Census
8th 1979 Increase 2,590,600 1979 Albanian Census
9th 1989 Increase 3,182,417 1989 Albanian Census
21st century
10th 2001 Decrease 3,069,275 2001 Albanian Census
11th 2011 Decrease 2,821,977 2011 Albanian Census
12th 2023 Decrease 2,402,113 2023 Albanian Census

Austria

[edit]

The Austrian census is run by Statistics Austria. It is carried out every ten years, the last one on October 31, 2011.

Map of Austria in Europe
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Austrian population since the
first official census carried out in 1869.
N. Year Population
Austria
Population and
Housing Census[93]
19th century
1st 1869 Steady 4,497,880 1869 Austrian Census
2nd 1880 Increase 4,963,528 1880 Austrian Census
3rd 1890 Increase 5,417,360 1890 Austrian Census
20th century
4th 1900 Increase 6,003,845 1900 Austrian Census
5th 1910 Increase 6,648,310 1910 Austrian Census
6th 1934 Increase 6,760,044 1934 Austrian Census
7th 1951 Increase 6,933,905 1951 Austrian Census
8th 1961 Increase 7,073,807 1961 Austrian Census
9th 1971 Increase 7,491,526 1971 Austrian Census
10th 1981 Increase 7,555,338 1981 Austrian Census
11th 1991 Increase 7,795,786 1991 Austrian Census
21st century
12th 2001 Increase 8,032,926 2001 Austrian Census
13th 2011 Increase 8,401,940 2011 Austrian Census
14th 2021 Increase 8,969,068 2021 Austrian Census

Belgium

[edit]

The Belgium census is run by Statistics Belgium. The first census was carried out in 1846 then it is carried out every 10 years. The last census was taken in 2011. This is the first registered based census.[1]

Map of Belgium in Europe
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Belgian population since the
first official census carried out in 1846.
N. Year Population
Belgium
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1846 Steady 4,337,196 1846 Belgian Census
2nd 1856 Increase 4,529,460 1856 Belgian Census
3rd 1866 Increase 4,827,833 1866 Belgian Census
4th 1876 Increase 5,336,185 1876 Belgian Census
5th 1880 Increase 5,520,009 1880 Belgian Census
6th 1890 Increase 6,069,321 1890 Belgian Census
20th century
7th 1900 Increase 6,693,548 1900 Belgian Census
8th 1910 Increase 7,423,784 1910 Belgian Census
9th 1920 Increase 7,465,782 1920 Belgian Census
10th 1930 Increase 8,092,004 1930 Belgian Census
11th 1947 Increase 8,512,195 1947 Belgian Census
12th 1961 Increase 9,189,741 1961 Belgian Census
13th 1970 Increase 9,650,944 1970 Belgian Census
14th 1981 Increase 9,848,647 1981 Belgian Census
15th 1991 Increase 9,978,681 1991 Belgian Census
21st century
16th 2001 Increase 10,296,350 2001 Belgian Census
17th 2011 Increase 11,000,638 2011 Belgian Census
18th 2021 Increase 11,521,238 2021 Belgian Census

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]

Population censuses in Bosnia and Herzegovina were conducted in 1879, 1885, 1895, 1910, 1921, 1931, 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991. The 2013 Census was organized in period between October 1–15, 2013. This is the first census after the end of the Bosnian War.

Bulgaria

[edit]

Bulgarian governors organized a national census soon after the liberation of the Bulgarian lands. In 1881 a census took place in the Principality, while in 1884 a census was organized in Eastern Rumelia. The first census covering the unified state took place in 1887.

Since these first accounts, Bulgarian authorities had organized several population censuses: 1892, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1920, 1926, 1934, 1946, 1956, 1965, 1975, 1985, 1992, 2001, and 2011.

The data provided in the Bulgarian censuses from 1888 until World War II is regarded as highly reliable[citation needed] according to the standards of the time. The Bulgarian leading statisticians of the period were generally educated in Western universities and participated vividly in the international cooperation, therefore insisted and succeeded in introducing the best practices of the time. The quality of the data provided of later censuses is a matter of debate.[citation needed] The religion question in the 2001 census didn't allow the unaffiliated Bulgarians to be counted as such.

Map of Bulgaria in Europe
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Bulgarian population since the
first official census carried out in 1880.
N. Year Population
Bulgaria
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1880 Steady 2,007,919 1880 Bulgarian Census
2nd 1887 Increase 3,154,375 1887 Bulgarian Census
3rd 1892 Increase 3,310,713 1892 Bulgarian Census
20th century
4th 1900 Increase 3,744,283 1900 Bulgarian Census
5th 1905 Increase 4,035,575 1905 Bulgarian Census
6th 1910 Increase 4,337,513 1910 Bulgarian Census
7th 1920 Increase 4,846,971 1920 Bulgarian Census
8th 1926 Increase 5,478,741 1926 Bulgarian Census
9th 1934 Increase 6,077,939 1934 Bulgarian Census
10th 1946 Increase 7,029,349 1946 Bulgarian Census
11th 1956 Increase 7,613,709 1956 Bulgarian Census
12th 1965 Increase 8,227,866 1965 Bulgarian Census
13th 1975 Increase 8,727,771 1975 Bulgarian Census
14th 1985 Increase 8,948,649 1985 Bulgarian Census
15th 1992 Decrease 8,487,317 1992 Bulgarian Census
21st century
16th 2001 Decrease 7,928,901 2001 Bulgarian Census
17th 2011 Decrease 7,364,570 2011 Bulgarian Census
18th 2021 Decrease 6,519,789 2021 Bulgarian Census

Croatia

[edit]

The census in Croatia is carried out every 10 years. The last census was taken in 2021 with final population count of 3.9 million.[94] The first census was in 1857 when what is now Croatia was part of the Austrian Empire.

Cyprus

[edit]

The British carried out seven censuses in Cyprus in total: six at ten-year intervals between 1881 and 1931, and the last in 1946. Following the establishment of the modern state, there have been seven more censuses: in 1960 (the year of establishment), 1973, 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001 and 2011. The Statistical Service of the Cypriot government counts from the first British census, i.e. the latest census, in 2011, is referred to as the 14th census. In Northern Cyprus there have been three censuses: in 1996, 2006 and 2011. All three have been a matter of controversy, both in the north and the south, and abroad.

Czech Republic

[edit]

The census in the Czech Republic is carried out every 10 years by the Czech Statistical Office. The last census was taken in 2011. Earlier censuses were taken in 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1921, 1930, 1950, 1961, 1970, 1980, 1991 and 2001.

The results of the last census are also available via the interactive model based software.

Denmark

[edit]

The first Danish census was in 1700–1701, and contained statistical information about adult men. Only about half of it still exists. A census of school children was taken during the 1730s.

Following these early undertakings, the first census to attempt completely covering all citizens (including women and children who had previously been listed only as numbers) of Denmark-Norway was taken in 1769.[95] At that point there were 797,584 citizens in the kingdom. Georg Christian Oeder took a statistical census in 1771 which covered Copenhagen, Sjælland, Møn, and Bornholm.

After that, censuses followed somewhat regularly in 1787, 1801, and 1834, and between 1840 and 1860, the censuses were taken every five years, and then every ten years until 1890. Special censuses for Copenhagen were taken in 1885 and 1895.

In the 20th century, censuses were taken every five years from 1901 to 1921, and then every ten years from 1930. The last traditional census was taken in 1970.

A limited population census based on registers was taken in 1976. From 1981 and each year onwards information that corresponds to a population and housing census is retrieved from registers. Denmark was the first country in the world to conduct these censuses from administrative registers. The most important registers are the Population Register (Det Centrale Personregister), the Building and Dwelling Register (Bygnings- og Boligregistret) and the Enterprise Register (Det Centrale Virksomhedsregister). The central statistical office, Statistics Denmark is responsible for compiling these data. This information is available online in the Statbank Denmark.[96]

It is possible to search a portion of the Danish censuses online at the Dansk Demografisk Database,[97] and also view scanned versions at Arkivalier Online.[98]

Estonia

[edit]

Population censuses have been carried out in 1881,[99] 1897,[99] 1922,[99] 1934,[99] 1959,[100] 1970,[100] 1979,[100] 1989,[100] 2000[101] and 2011.[102][103]

The censuses of 1881 and 1897 were carried out during the reign of the Russian Empire, when Estonia was divided between the Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia. The latter also included territories of modern-day Latvia, however its Estonian-populated counties of Võru, Tartu, Viljandi, Pärnu and Saaremaa roughly corresponded to the later borders of the Republic of Estonia. Only later Estonian territories of Valga, Narva, Jaanilinn and Petseri County remained outside these figures.

The 1922 and 1934 censuses were carried out by the independent Republic of Estonia. The 1959, 1979 and 1989 censuses were carried out by the Estonian SSR of the Soviet Union and excluded Jaanilinn and Petseri County, which were annexed by the Russian SFSR in 1945. The 2000 and 2011 censuses were again carried out by the independent Republic of Estonia and also excluded the territories annexed by Russia in 1945. The current responsible institution is the Statistics Estonia.[104]

Finland

[edit]

The first population census was taken in 1749 when Finland was a part of Sweden. Although the parliament authorized a modern census in 1938, it was not undertaken until 1950. Finland has an accurate population registry system, thus censuses are in practice conducted by studying the registry, rather than as a separate project. Statistics Finland publishes various statistics on population: preliminary population statistics are published monthly, population structure report is published annually and population projections every three years. Once in ten years, the official locations and demarcations for densely populated areas (taajama) for traffic purposes, and official numbers of the speakers of national languages (Finnish or Swedish), for bilinguality, are reviewed.

France

[edit]

The census in France is currently carried out by INSEE. The first census in France was conducted in 1801.[105] Since 2004, a partial census has been carried out every year, and the results published as averages over 5 years.

Germany

[edit]

The first systematic population on the European continent was taken in 1719 in Prussia (roughly corresponding to today's northern Germany and western Poland).

The first large-scale census in the German Empire took place in 1895. Attempts at introducing a census in West Germany sparked strong popular resentment in the 1980s since many quite personal questions were asked. Some campaigned for a boycott. In the end the Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1980 and 1983. The last census of West Germany was in 1987. Germany has since used population samples in combination with statistical methods, in place of a full census. But finally, on May 9, 2011, a new census of Germany was completed.

Greece

[edit]

Census takes place every 10 years and is carried out by the National Statistical Service of Greece.[106] The 2011 census ended on 24 May.[107]

Hungary

[edit]

Official decennial censuses have been taken in Hungary since 1870; the latest one – in line with the recommendations of the United Nations and the Statistical Office of the European Union – was carried out in 2011. Starting from 1880 the Hungarian census system was based on native language (the language spoken at home in the early life of the person and at the time of the survey), vulgar language (the most frequently used language in the family), and other spoken languages.

Iceland

[edit]

The first Icelandic census took place in 1703, following upon the first Danish census of 1700–1701. Further censuses were carried out in 1801, 1845 and 1865. The 1703 exercise was the first census ever to cover all inhabitants of an entire country, mentioning the name, age, and social position of each individual. All of the information still exists, although some of the original documents have been lost.

The need for censuses was eliminated through the setting up, in 1952, of the National Registry (Þjóðskrá), which later merged with other entities to form Registers Iceland. All those born in Iceland, and all new residents, are automatically registered. Individuals are identified in the registry by means of a national identification number (the so-called kennitala), a number composed of the date of birth in the format ddmmyy and four additional digits, the third of which is a control digit, and the last of which indicates the century in which the person was born (9 for the 1900s and 0 for the 2000s).

The National Registry doubles as an electoral register. Likewise, all bank accounts are linked to the national identification of the owner (companies and institutions all have their own identification numbers).

Ireland

[edit]

Population censuses covering all of Ireland were conducted every ten years from 1821 to 1911 inclusive. The first census following independence was conducted in 1926 and done every ten years until 1946. Since then, most censuses have been conducted every five years from 1951 to 2011 with two exceptions. Instead of censuses in 1976 and 2001, they were instead conducted in 1979 and 2002 respectively. The next census is scheduled for 2022, having been postponed from 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[108] All original census returns from 1901 onwards survive, together with some 19th century fragments.[109]

The census in Ireland is carried out by the Central Statistics Office.[110] The census is taken every five years, with more detailed information collected in years ending in 1 and less in the years ending in 6. The 1976 census was cancelled as a cost-saving measure, but a supplementary census was held in 1979 after it became apparent that the 1970s had seen major demographic changes.[111] The census scheduled for 2001 was postponed until 2002 due to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.[112]

Data from the 1901 Census of Ireland and the 1911 census of Ireland were first made publicly available in 1961.[113][114] Subsequent census records will be made available 100 years after collection.[113] The 1901 and 1911 census returns, together with the 19th century fragments, are freely available to view at the National Archives of Ireland website.[115]

Italy

[edit]

The census in Italy is carried out by ISTAT every 10 years. The last five were in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011. From 2018, the census will be done every year, using a sample of population to correct databases that ISTAT create from registry offices and other public offices.

Map of Italy in Europe
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Italian population since the
first official census carried out in 1861.
N. Year Population
Italy
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1861 Steady 22,176,477 1861 Italian Census
2nd 1871 Increase 27,299,883 1871 Italian Census
3rd 1881 Increase 28,951,546 1881 Italian Census
20th century
4th 1901 Increase 32,963,316 1901 Italian Census
5th 1911 Increase 35,841,563 1911 Italian Census
6th 1921 Increase 39,396,757 1921 Italian Census
7th 1931 Increase 41,043,489 1931 Italian Census
8th 1936 Increase 42,398,489 1936 Italian Census
9th 1951 Increase 47,515,537 1951 Italian Census
10th 1961 Increase 50,623,569 1961 Italian Census
11th 1971 Increase 54,136,547 1971 Italian Census
12th 1981 Increase 56,556,911 1981 Italian Census
13th 1991 Increase 56,778,031 1991 Italian Census
21st century
14th 2001 Increase 56,995,744 2001 Italian Census
15th 2011 Increase 59,433,744 2011 Italian Census
16th 2021 Decrease 59,030,133 2021 Italian Census

Kosovo

[edit]

Kosovo declared independence on 17 February 2008. Then, the Kosovo Agency of Statistics organized the first census of the new country in 2011.[116]

The most recent census was done in April and May of 2024.[117]

Latvia

[edit]

The most recent census in Latvia was in 2011. Before that, most censuses were conducted under Soviet control. The census is carried out by the Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde (Central Statistical Bureau).

Netherlands

[edit]

The first census in the Netherlands was conducted in 1795, and the last in 1971. A law was produced on April 22, 1879, ordering a census to be conducted every ten years.

The census that was planned for 1981 was postponed and later cancelled. A call for privacy was responsible for the cancellation of any further census since 1991. Censuses are being conducted by the Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek since 1899. The censuses today are mostly (population, fiscal) register based, combined with surveying.

North Macedonia

[edit]

The independence of the Republic of Macedonia followed the breakup of former Yugoslavia in 1991. The first population and housing census was conducted in the summer of 1994. The second census was conducted in the autumn of 2002. Both censuses were observed by international experts due to the sensitive issue regarding the ethnic distribution. The next census operation started in 2011 but it was aborted with the census declared unsuccessful. Following delay, a census was conducted in September 2021, which also included the diaspora.

Norway

[edit]

The two first male censuses was conducted during the 1660s and 1701.[118] Later statistical censuses were held in 1769, 1815, 1835, 1845, and 1855. Norway's first nominative, complete census was taken in 1801, when Norway still was ruled by the Oldenburg dynasty of Denmark-Norway. The scope of the census followed the de jure principle, so military persons should be included as well as foreigners if they were residents. The 1801, 1865, 1900 and 1910 censuses are transcribed and made searchable on the internet.[119] The census records are made publicly available when 100 years have passed. Since 1900, a census has been conducted every ten years. (However, the 1940 census was postponed to 1946, and the census after 1990 came in 2001.) Since 2001 the population census has been combined with the housing statistics.[120] The 2001 questionnaire only asked about households and who was living in them, while no questionnaires will be mailed out for the 2011 census, since the administrative data on households is sufficient.[121]

Poland

[edit]

The census in Poland is carried out by GUS approximately every 10 years. The 2002 census was conducted between 21 May and June 8. Poland's most recent census was held in 2011.[122] The next census is scheduled for 2021.[123]

Portugal

[edit]

The first systematic census in Portugal was carried out on January 1, 1864.[124] The census in Portugal is carried out by Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) every 10 years. The last census was taken on March 21, 2011.

Romania

[edit]

The first census in Romania was carried out in 1859. It is now carried out every ten years by the Institutul Naţional de Statistică (INSSE). The last census was in 2011.[125][needs update]

Map of Romania in Europe
Demographic and historical evolution
of the Romanian population since the
first official census carried out in 1866.
N. Year Population
Romania
Population and
Housing Census
19th century
1st 1866 Steady 4,424,961 1866 Romanian Census
2nd 1887 Increase 5,500,000 1887 Romanian Census
3rd 1899 Increase 5,956,690 1899 Romanian Census
20th century
4th 1912 Increase 7,234,919 1912 Romanian Census
5th 1930 Increase 18,057,028 1930 Romanian Census
6th 1941 Decrease 13,535,757 1941 Romanian Census
7th 1948 Increase 15,872,624 1948 Romanian Census
8th 1956 Increase 17,489,450 1956 Romanian Census
9th 1966 Increase 19,103,163 1966 Romanian Census
10th 1977 Increase 21,559,910 1977 Romanian Census
11th 1992 Increase 22,810,035 1992 Romanian Census
21st century
12th 2002 Decrease 21,680,974 2002 Romanian Census
13th 2011 Decrease 20,121,641 2011 Romanian Census
14th 2021 Decrease 19,053,815 2021 Romanian Census

Russia and USSR

[edit]

In Russia, the first census of the tax-payers was made in 1722–1723 by the order of Peter the Great (only men were counted), and was ordered to be repeated every twenty years. The only complete Russian Empire Census was carried out in 1897. All-Union Population Censuses were carried out in the USSR (which included RSFSR and the other republics) in 1920 (urban only), 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. The first post-Soviet Russian Census was carried out in 2002, followed by the 2010 Census. Currently, the census is the responsibility of the Federal State Statistics Service.

San Marino

[edit]

Parish priests in San Marino maintained 'libri d'anime' or 'books of souls' as a population register between 1634 and 1860. The first general population census was conducted in 1865. Further censuses were held in 1874, 1899, 1947, and 1976.[126][127] The Ufficio Informatica, Tecnologia, Dati e Statistica conducted the sixth population census on 7 November 2010.[128]

Serbia

[edit]

The census ordinarily takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2011, the previous one was in 2002 (although having been planned for 2001) and the next is planned for 2021. The censuses before were organized in 1991, 1981, 1971, 1961, 1953 and 1948, during Communist Yugoslavia. During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, censuses were conducted in 1931 and 1921; the census in 1941 was never conducted due to the outbreak of WWII.

The autonomous Principality of Serbia, had conducted the first population census in 1834; the subsequent censuses were conducted in 1841, 1843, 1846, 1850, 1854, 1859, 1863 and 1866 and 1874. During the era of the independent Kingdom of Serbia, six censuses were conducted starting on 1884 and the last one being in 1910. And then the frequent wars had prevented organizing any census prior to the Yugoslav one in 1921.

For the portions of Serbia ruled by Austria-Hungary until 1918, there were a total of five Austro-Hungarian censuses—1910, 1900, 1890, 1880 and 1869, immediately after the Dual Monarchy's constitution.[when?]

Slovakia

[edit]

First modern census in the area of today's Slovakia was taken in 1869.[129] Today, the census is conducted every 10 years by the Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. Last census was in May 2021.

Slovenia

[edit]

The first census of modern Slovenia was carried in 1991, after independence had been declared. The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia conducted the second census in 2002. Further censuses were carried out in 2011 and then every 10 years.[130]

Spain

[edit]

The census in Spain is carried out by INE every 10 years. Although there has been an old tradition and like for making census in Spain, the oldest ones dating back to the 12th century (by Alfonso VII of the Kingdom of Castile), the first modern census was carried out in 1768 by Conde de aranda, under the reign of Carlos III. The last five were in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011.

Sweden

[edit]

The first population census in Sweden was carried out in 1749. The last population and housing census was carried out in 1990. It is planned to conduct population and housing censuses based on registers in the future.

Switzerland

[edit]

In Switzerland, the Federal Population Census (German: Eidgenössische Volkszählung, French: Recensement fédéral de la population, Italian: Censimento federale della popolazione, Romansh: Dumbraziun federala dal pievel) has been carried out every 10 years starting in 1850. The census was initiated by Federal Councillor Stefano Franscini, who evaluated the data of the first census all by himself after Parliament failed to provide the necessary funds.[131] The census is now being conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office.

Data collected include population data (citizenship, place of residence, place of birth, position in household, number of children, religion, languages, education, profession, place of work, etc.), household data (number of individuals living in the household, etc.), accommodation data (surface area, amount of rent paid, etc.) and building data (geocoordinates, time of construction, number of floors, etc.). Participation is compulsory and reached 99.87% of the population in 2000.[132]

Since 2010, the population census has been carried out and analysed annually in a new format by the Federal Statistical Office (FSO). To ease the burden on the population, the information is primarily drawn from population registers and supplemented by sample surveys. Only a small proportion of the population (about 5%) is surveyed in writing or by telephone. The first reference day for the new census was December 31, 2010.

Ukraine

[edit]

The first post-Soviet Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine in 2001, 12 years after the last All-Union census in 1989.[133]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In the seventh century, Dál Riata was the first territory in what is now the UK to conduct a census.[citation needed] The Domesday Book of 1086 in England contained listings of households but its coverage was not complete and its intent was not the same as modern censuses.

Following the influence of Malthus and concerns stemming from his An Essay on the Principle of Population the UK census as we know it today started in 1801. The census has been conducted every ten years since 1801.

The first four censuses (1801–1831) were mainly headcounts and contained little personal information. The 1841 Census, conducted by the General Register Office, was the first to record the names of everyone in a household or institution. From 1851 onwards the census shows the stated age and relationship to the head of household for each individual. Because of World War II, there was no census in 1941. The actual census dates were 6 June 1841, 30 March 1851, 7 April 1861, 2 April 1871, 3 April 1881, 5 April 1891, 31 March 1901, 27 March 1911.

The census of England & Wales is undertaken for the government by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) conducts its own census, while the census in Northern Ireland is carried out by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Public access to the census returns is restricted under the terms of the 100-year rule. The most recent returns made available to researchers are those of the 1921 census.

The most recent UK census took place in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 21 March 2021.[134] Because of the COVID-19 pandemic the census in Scotland was delayed to 20 March 2022.[135][136] It was revealed that the 2021 UK Census could be the last census conducted, as Prof Sir Ian Diamond said in early 2020 that he is "hopeful" other, newer data sources could replace the British census, adding "better and more granular" sources in a "cheaper" and "more timely" way could replace the 2021 census.[137][138] A 2018 UK Government white paper said its "ambition" is for "other sources of data" to be used following the 2021 census.

Oceania

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

The Australian census is operated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is currently conducted every five years, the last occurrence being on August 10, 2021. Past Australian censuses were conducted in 1911, 1921, 1933, 1947, 1954, and every five years since 1961. In 2016, for the first time, Australians were able to complete their census online.[6]

New Zealand

[edit]

The census in New Zealand is carried out by Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga Aotearoa), usually every five years. The 1951 census was the first year in which Māori and European New Zealanders were treated equally, with European New Zealanders having had a different census form in previous years and separate censuses in the 19th century. Results for those censuses before 1966 have been destroyed with a few exceptions and those since will not be available before 2066.

For the 2001, 2006 and 2013 Censuses of New Zealand, respondents could choose to complete their census questionnaire online. The census was scheduled on 8 March 2011. However, it was cancelled due to the September 2010 and February 2011 Canterbury earthquake.[139] The 1931 census was also cancelled due to the effects of the Great Depression, and was the 1941 census due to the Second World War.

A census was instead held on 5 March 2013. For the 2018 census, online participation was prioritised, with paper forms available upon request.

The most recent census was conducted on 7 March 2023.

See also

[edit]

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