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Ma (Indic)

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Ma
Ma
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseMa
TibetanMa
TamilMa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiMa
DevanagariMa
Cognates
Hebrewמ ,ם
GreekΜ
LatinM
CyrillicМ
Properties
Phonemic representation/m/
IAST transliterationm M
ISCII code pointCC (204)

Ma is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ma is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of म are:[1]

  • [mə] = 25 (२५)
  • मि [mɪ] = 2,500 (२ ५००)
  • मु [mʊ] = 250,000 (२ ५० ०००)
  • मृ [mri] = 25,000,000 (२ ५० ०० ०००)
  • मॢ [mlə] = 25×108 (२५×१०)
  • मे [me] = 25×1010 (२५×१०१०)
  • मै [mɛː] = 25×1012 (२५×१०१२)
  • मो [moː] = 25×1014 (२५×१०१४)
  • मौ [mɔː] = 25×1016 (२५×१०१६)

Historic Ma

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ma as found in standard Brahmi, Ma was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ma. The Tocharian Ma Ma had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Ma. The third form of ma, in Kharoshthi (Ma) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ma

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Ma, Ma, is probably derived from the Aramaic Mem , and is thus related to the modern Latin M and Greek Mu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ma can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ma historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ma

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Ma is derived from the Brahmi Ma, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form mä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Mä.

Tocharian Ma with vowel marks
Ma Mi Mu Mr Mr̄ Me Mai Mo Mau Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Ma

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Mem , and is thus related to M and Mu, in addition to the Brahmi Ma.[2]

Devanagari Ma

[edit]

Ma () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘦.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, म is pronounced as [mə] or [m] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari म with vowel marks
Ma Mi Mu Mr Mr̄ Ml Ml̄ Me Mai Mo Mau M
मा मि मी मु मू मृ मॄ मॢ मॣ मे मै मो मौ म्

Conjuncts with म

[edit]
Half form of Ma.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of म

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

  • म্ (m) + न (na) gives the ligature mna:

  • म্ (m) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature mra:

Stacked conjuncts of म

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. As a trailing letter in conjuncts, Ma stretches its shape to a much greater extent than other Devanagari letters.

  • छ্ (ch) + म (ma) gives the ligature chma:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍʱma:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍma:

  • द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:

  • ह্ (h) + म (ma) gives the ligature hma:

  • म্ (m) + च (ca) gives the ligature mca:

  • म্ (m) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature mḍa:

  • म্ (m) + ज (ja) gives the ligature mja:

  • म্ (m) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mjña:

  • म্ (m) + ल (la) gives the ligature mla:

  • म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:

  • म্ (m) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭhma:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:

Bengali Ma

[edit]

The Bengali script ম is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, म. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ম will sometimes be transliterated as "mo" instead of "ma". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /mo/. Like all Indic consonants, ম can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ম with vowel marks
ma mi mu mr mr̄ me mai mo mau m
মা মি মী মু মূ মৃ মৄ মে মৈ মো মৌ ম্

ম in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ম is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ম

[edit]

Bengali ম exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. Unlike most conjoined letters that stack, ম will retain a full vertical stem as a trailing consonant, connecting all the way to the head line to the right of leading consonants.[5]

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dʱma:

  • দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:

  • গ্ (g) + ম (ma) gives the ligature gma:

  • ক্ (k) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kma:

  • ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:

  • ক্ (k) + শ্ (ʃ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kʃmya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ল্ (l) + ম (ma) gives the ligature lma:

  • ম্ (m) + ভ (bha) gives the ligature mbha:

  • ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bh) + র (ra) gives the ligature mbhra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ম্ (m) + ল (la) gives the ligature mla:

  • ম্ (m) + ম (ma) gives the ligature mma:

  • ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:

  • ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ম্ (m) + ফ (pha) gives the ligature mpha:

  • ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ম্ (m) + র (ra) gives the ligature mra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ম্ (m) + ব (va) gives the ligature mva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives the ligature mvra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature mya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:

  • ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:

  • র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:

  • স্ (s) + ম (ma) gives the ligature sma:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:

  • ত্ (t) + ম (ma) gives the ligature tma:

  • ত্ (t) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature tmya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ট্ (ṭ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:

Gujarati Ma

[edit]
Gujarati Ma.

Ma () is the twenty-fifth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ma Ma with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ma.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, મ is pronounced as [mə] or [m] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ma Mi Mu Mr Ml Mr̄ Ml̄ Me Mai Mo Mau M
Gujarati Ma syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with મ

[edit]
Half form of Ma.

Gujarati મ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + મ (ma) gives the ligature RMa:

  • મ્ (m) + ર (ra) gives the ligature MRa:

  • દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:

  • મ્ (m) + ન (na) gives the ligature MNa:

Javanese Ma

[edit]

Telugu Ma

[edit]
Telugu Ma
Telugu subjoined Ma
Telugu independent and subjoined Ma.

Ma () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter M. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ma

[edit]
Malayalam letter Ma

Ma () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter M, via the Grantha letter Ma Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ma matras: Ma, Mā, Mi, Mī, Mu, Mū, Mr̥, Mr̥̄, Ml̥, Ml̥̄, Me, Mē, Mai, Mo, Mō, Mau, and M.

Conjuncts of മ

[edit]
Malayalam letter Chillu M

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ക് (k) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kma:

  • ഗ് (g) + മ (ma) gives the ligature gma:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:

  • ത് (t) + മ (ma) gives the ligature tma:

  • ന് (n) + മ (ma) gives the ligature nma:

  • മ് (m) + മ (ma) gives the ligature mma:

  • ശ് (ʃ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:

  • സ് (s) + മ (ma) gives the ligature sma:

  • ഹ് (h) + മ (ma) gives the ligature hma:

  • ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Me

[edit]

, , and are the base characters "Me", "Mi", "Mo" and "Ma" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant (M) is a small version of the A-series letter ᒪ, although the Western Cree letter ᒼ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for M. The character ᒣ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter म, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[6][7] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
M + vowel
Me Mi Mo Ma May
Small -
- Ojibway M Mh M Cree M
M with long vowels -
- Cree Māi
M + W-vowels -
Mwe Cree Mwe Mwi Cree Mwi Mwo Cree Mwo Mwa Cree Mwa -
M + long W-vowels - -
- Mwī Cree Mwī Mwō Cree Mwō Mwā Naskapi Mwā Cree Mwā -

Odia Ma

[edit]
Odia independent letter Ma
Odia subjoined letter Ma
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ma.

Ma () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter M, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ma Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ma with vowel matras
Ma Mi Mu Mr̥ Mr̥̄ Ml̥ Ml̥̄ Me Mai Mo Mau M
ମା ମି ମୀ ମୁ ମୂ ମୃ ମୄ ମୢ ମୣ ମେ ମୈ ମୋ ମୌ ମ୍

Conjuncts of ମ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant.The subjoined form of Ma is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ma Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ମ୍ (m) + ଭ (bha) gives the ligature mbha:

  • ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ମ୍ (m) + ଫ (pha) gives the ligature mpha:

  • ମ୍ (m) + ମ (ma) gives the ligature mma:

Kaithi Ma

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Ma
Kaithi half-form letter Ma
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ma.

Ma (𑂧) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter M, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ma Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ma with vowel matras
Ma Mi Mu Me Mai Mo Mau M
𑂧 𑂧𑂰 𑂧𑂱 𑂧𑂲 𑂧𑂳 𑂧𑂴 𑂧𑂵 𑂧𑂶 𑂧𑂷 𑂧𑂸 𑂧𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂧

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂧୍ (m) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature mra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂧 (ma) gives the ligature rma:

Comparison of Ma

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ma, are related as well.

Comparison of Ma in different scripts
Aramaic
Ma
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨨
Ashoka Brahmi
Ma
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ma
Tocharian[b]
Ma / Ma
Gupta Brahmi
Ma
Pallava
Ma
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰦
Siddhaṃ
Ma
Grantha
𑌮
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Ma
Newa
𑐩
Ahom
𑜉
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Ma
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤤
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩴
Khmer
Tamil
Ma
Chakma
𑄟
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
ມ / ໝ
Tai Le
Marchen
𑲁
Tirhuta
𑒧
New Tai Lue
ᦙ / ᦖ
Tai Viet
ꪣ / ꪢ
Aksara Kawi
Ma
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆩
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨢
Bengali-Assamese
Ma
Takri
𑚢
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻥
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠢
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘦
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈤
Khudabadi
𑋗
Mahajani
𑅬
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Ma
Nandinagari
𑧆
Kaithi
Ma
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊠
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
Soyombo[g]
𑩴
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵰
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴤
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ma

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ma in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ma from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER MA BENGALI LETTER MA TAMIL LETTER MA TELUGU LETTER MA ORIYA LETTER MA KANNADA LETTER MA MALAYALAM LETTER MA GUJARATI LETTER MA GURMUKHI LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2350 U+092E 2478 U+09AE 2990 U+0BAE 3118 U+0C2E 2862 U+0B2E 3246 U+0CAE 3374 U+0D2E 2734 U+0AAE 2606 U+0A2E
UTF-8 224 164 174 E0 A4 AE 224 166 174 E0 A6 AE 224 174 174 E0 AE AE 224 176 174 E0 B0 AE 224 172 174 E0 AC AE 224 178 174 E0 B2 AE 224 180 174 E0 B4 AE 224 170 174 E0 AA AE 224 168 174 E0 A8 AE
Numeric character reference म म ম ম ம ம మ మ ମ ମ ಮ ಮ മ മ મ મ ਮ ਮ
ISCII 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC 204 CC


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨨 𑌮
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER MA KHAROSHTHI LETTER MA SIDDHAM LETTER MA GRANTHA LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69675 U+1102B 68136 U+10A28 71078 U+115A6 70446 U+1132E
UTF-8 240 145 128 171 F0 91 80 AB 240 144 168 168 F0 90 A8 A8 240 145 150 166 F0 91 96 A6 240 145 140 174 F0 91 8C AE
UTF-16 55300 56363 D804 DC2B 55298 56872 D802 DE28 55301 56742 D805 DDA6 55300 57134 D804 DF2E
Numeric character reference 𑀫 𑀫 𐨨 𐨨 𑖦 𑖦 𑌮 𑌮


Character information
Preview 𑨢 𑐩 𑰦 𑆩
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER MA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER MA PHAGS-PA LETTER MA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER MA NEWA LETTER MA BHAIKSUKI LETTER MA SHARADA LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3928 U+0F58 4008 U+0FA8 43087 U+A84F 72226 U+11A22 70697 U+11429 72742 U+11C26 70057 U+111A9
UTF-8 224 189 152 E0 BD 98 224 190 168 E0 BE A8 234 161 143 EA A1 8F 240 145 168 162 F0 91 A8 A2 240 145 144 169 F0 91 90 A9 240 145 176 166 F0 91 B0 A6 240 145 134 169 F0 91 86 A9
UTF-16 3928 0F58 4008 0FA8 43087 A84F 55302 56866 D806 DE22 55301 56361 D805 DC29 55303 56358 D807 DC26 55300 56745 D804 DDA9
Numeric character reference མ མ ྨ ྨ ꡏ ꡏ 𑨢 𑨢 𑐩 𑐩 𑰦 𑰦 𑆩 𑆩


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER MA TAI THAM LETTER MA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW MA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH MA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL M
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4121 U+1019 6718 U+1A3E 6748 U+1A5C 6553 U+1999 6550 U+1996 6596 U+19C4
UTF-8 225 128 153 E1 80 99 225 168 190 E1 A8 BE 225 169 156 E1 A9 9C 225 166 153 E1 A6 99 225 166 150 E1 A6 96 225 167 132 E1 A7 84
Numeric character reference မ မ ᨾ ᨾ ᩜ ᩜ ᦙ ᦙ ᦖ ᦖ ᧄ ᧄ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER MO LAO LETTER MO LAO HO MO THAI CHARACTER MO MA TAI VIET LETTER HIGH MO TAI VIET LETTER LOW MO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6040 U+1798 3745 U+0EA1 3805 U+0EDD 3617 U+0E21 43683 U+AAA3 43682 U+AAA2
UTF-8 225 158 152 E1 9E 98 224 186 161 E0 BA A1 224 187 157 E0 BB 9D 224 184 161 E0 B8 A1 234 170 163 EA AA A3 234 170 162 EA AA A2
Numeric character reference ម ម ມ ມ ໝ ໝ ม ม ꪣ ꪣ ꪢ ꪢ


Character information
Preview 𑄟 𑜉 𑤤
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER MA CHAKMA LETTER MAA TAI LE LETTER MA AHOM LETTER MA DIVES AKURU LETTER MA SAURASHTRA LETTER MA CHAM LETTER MUE
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3512 U+0DB8 43287 U+A917 69919 U+1111F 6491 U+195B 71433 U+11709 71972 U+11924 43178 U+A8AA 43551 U+AA1F
UTF-8 224 182 184 E0 B6 B8 234 164 151 EA A4 97 240 145 132 159 F0 91 84 9F 225 165 155 E1 A5 9B 240 145 156 137 F0 91 9C 89 240 145 164 164 F0 91 A4 A4 234 162 170 EA A2 AA 234 168 159 EA A8 9F
UTF-16 3512 0DB8 43287 A917 55300 56607 D804 DD1F 6491 195B 55301 57097 D805 DF09 55302 56612 D806 DD24 43178 A8AA 43551 AA1F
Numeric character reference ම ම ꤗ ꤗ 𑄟 𑄟 ᥛ ᥛ 𑜉 𑜉 𑤤 𑤤 ꢪ ꢪ ꨟ ꨟ


Character information
Preview 𑘦 𑧆 𑩴 𑵰
Unicode name MODI LETTER MA NANDINAGARI LETTER MA SOYOMBO LETTER MA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER MO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER MA KAITHI LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71206 U+11626 72134 U+119C6 72308 U+11A74 43037 U+A81D 73072 U+11D70 69799 U+110A7
UTF-8 240 145 152 166 F0 91 98 A6 240 145 167 134 F0 91 A7 86 240 145 169 180 F0 91 A9 B4 234 160 157 EA A0 9D 240 145 181 176 F0 91 B5 B0 240 145 130 167 F0 91 82 A7
UTF-16 55301 56870 D805 DE26 55302 56774 D806 DDC6 55302 56948 D806 DE74 43037 A81D 55303 56688 D807 DD70 55300 56487 D804 DCA7
Numeric character reference 𑘦 𑘦 𑧆 𑧆 𑩴 𑩴 ꠝ ꠝ 𑵰 𑵰 𑂧 𑂧


Character information
Preview 𑒧 𑲁
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER MA LEPCHA LETTER MA LIMBU LETTER MA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER MIT MARCHEN LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70823 U+114A7 7189 U+1C15 6420 U+1914 43971 U+ABC3 72833 U+11C81
UTF-8 240 145 146 167 F0 91 92 A7 225 176 149 E1 B0 95 225 164 148 E1 A4 94 234 175 131 EA AF 83 240 145 178 129 F0 91 B2 81
UTF-16 55301 56487 D805 DCA7 7189 1C15 6420 1914 43971 ABC3 55303 56449 D807 DC81
Numeric character reference 𑒧 𑒧 ᰕ ᰕ ᤔ ᤔ ꯃ ꯃ 𑲁 𑲁


Character information
Preview 𑚢 𑠢 𑈤 𑋗 𑅬 𑊠
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER MA DOGRA LETTER MA KHOJKI LETTER MA KHUDAWADI LETTER MA MAHAJANI LETTER MA MULTANI LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71330 U+116A2 71714 U+11822 70180 U+11224 70359 U+112D7 69996 U+1116C 70304 U+112A0
UTF-8 240 145 154 162 F0 91 9A A2 240 145 160 162 F0 91 A0 A2 240 145 136 164 F0 91 88 A4 240 145 139 151 F0 91 8B 97 240 145 133 172 F0 91 85 AC 240 145 138 160 F0 91 8A A0
UTF-16 55301 56994 D805 DEA2 55302 56354 D806 DC22 55300 56868 D804 DE24 55300 57047 D804 DED7 55300 56684 D804 DD6C 55300 56992 D804 DEA0
Numeric character reference 𑚢 𑚢 𑠢 𑠢 𑈤 𑈤 𑋗 𑋗 𑅬 𑅬 𑊠 𑊠


Character information
Preview 𑻥
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER MA BATAK LETTER MA BUGINESE LETTER MA JAVANESE LETTER MA MAKASAR LETTER MA REJANG LETTER MA SUNDANESE LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6955 U+1B2B 7124 U+1BD4 6662 U+1A06 43433 U+A9A9 73445 U+11EE5 43320 U+A938 7065 U+1B99
UTF-8 225 172 171 E1 AC AB 225 175 148 E1 AF 94 225 168 134 E1 A8 86 234 166 169 EA A6 A9 240 145 187 165 F0 91 BB A5 234 164 184 EA A4 B8 225 174 153 E1 AE 99
UTF-16 6955 1B2B 7124 1BD4 6662 1A06 43433 A9A9 55303 57061 D807 DEE5 43320 A938 7065 1B99
Numeric character reference ᬫ ᬫ ᯔ ᯔ ᨆ ᨆ ꦩ ꦩ 𑻥 𑻥 ꤸ ꤸ ᮙ ᮙ


Character information
Preview 𑴤
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER MA TAGBANWA LETTER MA BUHID LETTER MA HANUNOO LETTER MA MASARAM GONDI LETTER MA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5899 U+170B 5995 U+176B 5963 U+174B 5931 U+172B 72996 U+11D24
UTF-8 225 156 139 E1 9C 8B 225 157 171 E1 9D AB 225 157 139 E1 9D 8B 225 156 171 E1 9C AB 240 145 180 164 F0 91 B4 A4
UTF-16 5899 170B 5995 176B 5963 174B 5931 172B 55303 56612 D807 DD24
Numeric character reference ᜋ ᜋ ᝫ ᝫ ᝋ ᝋ ᜫ ᜫ 𑴤 𑴤
Character information
Preview
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS ME CANADIAN SYLLABICS MI CANADIAN SYLLABICS MO CANADIAN SYLLABICS MA CANADIAN SYLLABICS M
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5283 U+14A3 5285 U+14A5 5287 U+14A7 5290 U+14AA 5307 U+14BB
UTF-8 225 146 163 E1 92 A3 225 146 165 E1 92 A5 225 146 167 E1 92 A7 225 146 170 E1 92 AA 225 146 187 E1 92 BB
Numeric character reference ᒣ ᒣ ᒥ ᒥ ᒧ ᒧ ᒪ ᒪ ᒻ ᒻ
  • The full range of E Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges .


References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  7. ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".