Ma (Indic)
Ma | |
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Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | |
Tibetan | |
Tamil | |
Thai | ม |
Malayalam | മ |
Sinhala | ම |
Ashoka Brahmi | |
Devanagari | |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | מ ,ם |
Greek | Μ |
Latin | M |
Cyrillic | М |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /m/ |
IAST transliteration | m M |
ISCII code point | CC (204) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ma is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter
.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
[edit]Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of म are:[1]
- म [mə] = 25 (२५)
- मि [mɪ] = 2,500 (२ ५००)
- मु [mʊ] = 250,000 (२ ५० ०००)
- मृ [mri] = 25,000,000 (२ ५० ०० ०००)
- मॢ [mlə] = 25×108 (२५×१०८)
- मे [me] = 25×1010 (२५×१०१०)
- मै [mɛː] = 25×1012 (२५×१०१२)
- मो [moː] = 25×1014 (२५×१०१४)
- मौ [mɔː] = 25×1016 (२५×१०१६)
Historic Ma
[edit]There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ma as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta
. The Tocharian Ma
had an alternate Fremdzeichen form,
. The third form of ma, in Kharoshthi (
) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ma
[edit]The Brahmi letter , Ma, is probably derived from the Aramaic Mem
, and is thus related to the modern Latin M and Greek Mu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ma can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tocharian Ma
[edit]The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi
, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form
used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Mä.
Ma | Mā | Mi | Mī | Mu | Mū | Mr | Mr̄ | Me | Mai | Mo | Mau | Mä | Fremdzeichen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kharoṣṭhī Ma
[edit]The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Mem
, and is thus related to M and Mu, in addition to the Brahmi Ma.[2]
Devanagari Ma
[edit]Devanāgarī |
---|
Ma (म) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter
. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter મ, and the Modi letter 𑘦.
Devanagari-using Languages
[edit]In all languages, म is pronounced as [mə] or [m] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Ma | Mā | Mi | Mī | Mu | Mū | Mr | Mr̄ | Ml | Ml̄ | Me | Mai | Mo | Mau | M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
म | मा | मि | मी | मु | मू | मृ | मॄ | मॢ | मॣ | मे | मै | मो | मौ | म् |
Conjuncts with म
[edit]Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of म
[edit]True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
- Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma: note
- Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:
- म্ (m) + न (na) gives the ligature mna:
- म্ (m) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature mra:
Stacked conjuncts of म
[edit]Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. As a trailing letter in conjuncts, Ma stretches its shape to a much greater extent than other Devanagari letters.
- छ্ (ch) + म (ma) gives the ligature chma:
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍʱma:
- द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:
- ड্ (ḍ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍma:
- द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:
- ह্ (h) + म (ma) gives the ligature hma:
- म্ (m) + च (ca) gives the ligature mca:
- म্ (m) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature mḍa:
- म্ (m) + ज (ja) gives the ligature mja:
- म্ (m) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mjña:
- म্ (m) + ल (la) gives the ligature mla:
- म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:
- म্ (m) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mña:
- ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
- ठ্ (ṭh) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭhma:
- ट্ (ṭ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:
Bengali Ma
[edit]The Bengali script ম is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, म. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ম will sometimes be transliterated as "mo" instead of "ma". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /mo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ম can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
ma | mā | mi | mī | mu | mū | mr | mr̄ | me | mai | mo | mau | m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ম | মা | মি | মী | মু | মূ | মৃ | মৄ | মে | মৈ | মো | মৌ | ম্ |
ম in Bengali-using languages
[edit]ম is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with ম
[edit]Bengali ম exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. Unlike most conjoined letters that stack, ম will retain a full vertical stem as a trailing consonant, connecting all the way to the head line to the right of leading consonants.[5]
- ধ্ (dʱ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dʱma:
- দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:
- গ্ (g) + ম (ma) gives the ligature gma:
- ক্ (k) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kma:
- ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:
- ক্ (k) + শ্ (ʃ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kʃmya, with the ya phala suffix:
- ল্ (l) + ম (ma) gives the ligature lma:
- ম্ (m) + ভ (bha) gives the ligature mbha:
- ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bh) + র (ra) gives the ligature mbhra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ম্ (m) + ল (la) gives the ligature mla:
- ম্ (m) + ম (ma) gives the ligature mma:
- ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:
- ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
- ম্ (m) + ফ (pha) gives the ligature mpha:
- ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ম্ (m) + র (ra) gives the ligature mra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ম্ (m) + ব (va) gives the ligature mva, with the va phala suffix:
- ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives the ligature mvra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature mya, with the ya phala suffix:
- ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
- ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:
- ণ্ (ṇ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:
- র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma, with the repha prefix:
- র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
- শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:
- স্ (s) + ম (ma) gives the ligature sma:
- ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
- ত্ (t) + ম (ma) gives the ligature tma:
- ত্ (t) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature tmya, with the ya phala suffix:
- ট্ (ṭ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:
Gujarati Ma
[edit]Ma (મ) is the twenty-fifth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ma with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter
.
Gujarati-using Languages
[edit]The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, મ is pronounced as [mə] or [m] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Ma | Mā | Mi | Mī | Mu | Mū | Mr | Ml | Mr̄ | Ml̄ | Mĕ | Me | Mai | Mŏ | Mo | Mau | M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gujarati Ma syllables, with vowel marks in red. |
Conjuncts with મ
[edit]Gujarati મ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + મ (ma) gives the ligature RMa:
- મ્ (m) + ર (ra) gives the ligature MRa:
- દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:
- મ્ (m) + ન (na) gives the ligature MNa:
Javanese Ma
[edit]Telugu Ma
[edit]Ma (మ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಮ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ma
[edit]Ma (മ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter
Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of മ
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
- ക് (k) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kma:
- ഗ് (g) + മ (ma) gives the ligature gma:
- ണ് (ṇ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:
- ത് (t) + മ (ma) gives the ligature tma:
- ന് (n) + മ (ma) gives the ligature nma:
- മ് (m) + മ (ma) gives the ligature mma:
- ശ് (ʃ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:
- ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
- സ് (s) + മ (ma) gives the ligature sma:
- ഹ് (h) + മ (ma) gives the ligature hma:
- ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Me
[edit]Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics | ||||||||||||||||||||
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ᒣ, ᒥ, ᒧ and ᒪ are the base characters "Me", "Mi", "Mo" and "Ma" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒻ (M) is a small version of the A-series letter ᒪ, although the Western Cree letter ᒼ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for M. The character ᒣ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter म, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[6][7] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
Variant | E-series | I-series | O-series | A-series | Other | ||||||
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M + vowel | ᒣ | ᒥ | ᒧ | ᒪ | ᢺ | ||||||
Me | Mi | Mo | Ma | May | |||||||
Small | - | ᣘ | ᒽ | ᒻ | ᒼ | ||||||
- | Ojibway M | Mh | M | Cree M | |||||||
M with long vowels | - | ᒦ | ᒨ | ᒩ | ᒫ | ᒤ | |||||
- | Mī | Mō | Cree Mō | Mā | Māi | ||||||
M + W-vowels | ᒬ | ᒭ | ᒮ | ᒯ | ᒲ | ᒳ | ᒶ | ᒷ | - | ||
Mwe | Cree Mwe | Mwi | Cree Mwi | Mwo | Cree Mwo | Mwa | Cree Mwa | - | |||
M + long W-vowels | - | ᒰ | ᒱ | ᒴ | ᒵ | ᒸ | ᒺ | ᒹ | - | ||
- | Mwī | Cree Mwī | Mwō | Cree Mwō | Mwā | Naskapi Mwā | Cree Mwā | - |
Odia Ma
[edit]Ma (ମ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Ma | Mā | Mi | Mī | Mu | Mū | Mr̥ | Mr̥̄ | Ml̥ | Ml̥̄ | Me | Mai | Mo | Mau | M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ମ | ମା | ମି | ମୀ | ମୁ | ମୂ | ମୃ | ମୄ | ମୢ | ମୣ | ମେ | ମୈ | ମୋ | ମୌ | ମ୍ |
Conjuncts of ମ
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant.The subjoined form of Ma is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ma Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
- ମ୍ (m) + ଭ (bha) gives the ligature mbha:
- ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
- ମ୍ (m) + ଫ (pha) gives the ligature mpha:
- ମ୍ (m) + ମ (ma) gives the ligature mma:
Kaithi Ma
[edit]Ma (𑂧) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Ma | Mā | Mi | Mī | Mu | Mū | Me | Mai | Mo | Mau | M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
𑂧 | 𑂧𑂰 | 𑂧𑂱 | 𑂧𑂲 | 𑂧𑂳 | 𑂧𑂴 | 𑂧𑂵 | 𑂧𑂶 | 𑂧𑂷 | 𑂧𑂸 | 𑂧𑂹 |
Conjuncts of 𑂧
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
- 𑂧୍ (m) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature mra:
- 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂧 (ma) gives the ligature rma:
Comparison of Ma
[edit]The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ma, are related as well.
Comparison of Ma in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of Ma
[edit]Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ma in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ma from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | మ | ମ | ಮ | മ | મ | ਮ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER MA | BENGALI LETTER MA | TAMIL LETTER MA | TELUGU LETTER MA | ORIYA LETTER MA | KANNADA LETTER MA | MALAYALAM LETTER MA | GUJARATI LETTER MA | GURMUKHI LETTER MA | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2350 | U+092E | 2478 | U+09AE | 2990 | U+0BAE | 3118 | U+0C2E | 2862 | U+0B2E | 3246 | U+0CAE | 3374 | U+0D2E | 2734 | U+0AAE | 2606 | U+0A2E |
UTF-8 | 224 164 174 | E0 A4 AE | 224 166 174 | E0 A6 AE | 224 174 174 | E0 AE AE | 224 176 174 | E0 B0 AE | 224 172 174 | E0 AC AE | 224 178 174 | E0 B2 AE | 224 180 174 | E0 B4 AE | 224 170 174 | E0 AA AE | 224 168 174 | E0 A8 AE |
Numeric character reference | म |
म |
ম |
ম |
ம |
ம |
మ |
మ |
ମ |
ମ |
ಮ |
ಮ |
മ |
മ |
મ |
મ |
ਮ |
ਮ |
ISCII | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC | 204 | CC |
Preview | 𐨨 | 𑌮 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER MA | KHAROSHTHI LETTER MA | SIDDHAM LETTER MA | GRANTHA LETTER MA | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69675 | U+1102B | 68136 | U+10A28 | 71078 | U+115A6 | 70446 | U+1132E |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 171 | F0 91 80 AB | 240 144 168 168 | F0 90 A8 A8 | 240 145 150 166 | F0 91 96 A6 | 240 145 140 174 | F0 91 8C AE |
UTF-16 | 55300 56363 | D804 DC2B | 55298 56872 | D802 DE28 | 55301 56742 | D805 DDA6 | 55300 57134 | D804 DF2E |
Numeric character reference | 𑀫 |
𑀫 |
𐨨 |
𐨨 |
𑖦 |
𑖦 |
𑌮 |
𑌮 |
Preview | ྨ | ꡏ | 𑨢 | 𑐩 | 𑰦 | 𑆩 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIBETAN LETTER MA | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER MA | PHAGS-PA LETTER MA | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER MA | NEWA LETTER MA | BHAIKSUKI LETTER MA | SHARADA LETTER MA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3928 | U+0F58 | 4008 | U+0FA8 | 43087 | U+A84F | 72226 | U+11A22 | 70697 | U+11429 | 72742 | U+11C26 | 70057 | U+111A9 |
UTF-8 | 224 189 152 | E0 BD 98 | 224 190 168 | E0 BE A8 | 234 161 143 | EA A1 8F | 240 145 168 162 | F0 91 A8 A2 | 240 145 144 169 | F0 91 90 A9 | 240 145 176 166 | F0 91 B0 A6 | 240 145 134 169 | F0 91 86 A9 |
UTF-16 | 3928 | 0F58 | 4008 | 0FA8 | 43087 | A84F | 55302 56866 | D806 DE22 | 55301 56361 | D805 DC29 | 55303 56358 | D807 DC26 | 55300 56745 | D804 DDA9 |
Numeric character reference | མ |
མ |
ྨ |
ྨ |
ꡏ |
ꡏ |
𑨢 |
𑨢 |
𑐩 |
𑐩 |
𑰦 |
𑰦 |
𑆩 |
𑆩 |
Preview | မ | ᨾ | ᩜ | ᦙ | ᦖ | ᧄ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER MA | TAI THAM LETTER MA | TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW MA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH MA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL M | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 4121 | U+1019 | 6718 | U+1A3E | 6748 | U+1A5C | 6553 | U+1999 | 6550 | U+1996 | 6596 | U+19C4 |
UTF-8 | 225 128 153 | E1 80 99 | 225 168 190 | E1 A8 BE | 225 169 156 | E1 A9 9C | 225 166 153 | E1 A6 99 | 225 166 150 | E1 A6 96 | 225 167 132 | E1 A7 84 |
Numeric character reference | မ |
မ |
ᨾ |
ᨾ |
ᩜ |
ᩜ |
ᦙ |
ᦙ |
ᦖ |
ᦖ |
ᧄ |
ᧄ |
Preview | ម | ມ | ໝ | ม | ꪣ | ꪢ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER LETTER MO | LAO LETTER MO | LAO HO MO | THAI CHARACTER MO MA | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH MO | TAI VIET LETTER LOW MO | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6040 | U+1798 | 3745 | U+0EA1 | 3805 | U+0EDD | 3617 | U+0E21 | 43683 | U+AAA3 | 43682 | U+AAA2 |
UTF-8 | 225 158 152 | E1 9E 98 | 224 186 161 | E0 BA A1 | 224 187 157 | E0 BB 9D | 224 184 161 | E0 B8 A1 | 234 170 163 | EA AA A3 | 234 170 162 | EA AA A2 |
Numeric character reference | ម |
ម |
ມ |
ມ |
ໝ |
ໝ |
ม |
ม |
ꪣ |
ꪣ |
ꪢ |
ꪢ |
Preview | ම | ꤗ | 𑄟 | ᥛ | 𑜉 | 𑤤 | ꢪ | ꨟ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER MAYANNA | KAYAH LI LETTER MA | CHAKMA LETTER MAA | TAI LE LETTER MA | AHOM LETTER MA | DIVES AKURU LETTER MA | SAURASHTRA LETTER MA | CHAM LETTER MUE | ||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3512 | U+0DB8 | 43287 | U+A917 | 69919 | U+1111F | 6491 | U+195B | 71433 | U+11709 | 71972 | U+11924 | 43178 | U+A8AA | 43551 | U+AA1F |
UTF-8 | 224 182 184 | E0 B6 B8 | 234 164 151 | EA A4 97 | 240 145 132 159 | F0 91 84 9F | 225 165 155 | E1 A5 9B | 240 145 156 137 | F0 91 9C 89 | 240 145 164 164 | F0 91 A4 A4 | 234 162 170 | EA A2 AA | 234 168 159 | EA A8 9F |
UTF-16 | 3512 | 0DB8 | 43287 | A917 | 55300 56607 | D804 DD1F | 6491 | 195B | 55301 57097 | D805 DF09 | 55302 56612 | D806 DD24 | 43178 | A8AA | 43551 | AA1F |
Numeric character reference | ම |
ම |
ꤗ |
ꤗ |
𑄟 |
𑄟 |
ᥛ |
ᥛ |
𑜉 |
𑜉 |
𑤤 |
𑤤 |
ꢪ |
ꢪ |
ꨟ |
ꨟ |
Preview | 𑘦 | 𑧆 | 𑩴 | ꠝ | 𑵰 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER MA | NANDINAGARI LETTER MA | SOYOMBO LETTER MA | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER MO | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER MA | KAITHI LETTER MA | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71206 | U+11626 | 72134 | U+119C6 | 72308 | U+11A74 | 43037 | U+A81D | 73072 | U+11D70 | 69799 | U+110A7 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 166 | F0 91 98 A6 | 240 145 167 134 | F0 91 A7 86 | 240 145 169 180 | F0 91 A9 B4 | 234 160 157 | EA A0 9D | 240 145 181 176 | F0 91 B5 B0 | 240 145 130 167 | F0 91 82 A7 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56870 | D805 DE26 | 55302 56774 | D806 DDC6 | 55302 56948 | D806 DE74 | 43037 | A81D | 55303 56688 | D807 DD70 | 55300 56487 | D804 DCA7 |
Numeric character reference | 𑘦 |
𑘦 |
𑧆 |
𑧆 |
𑩴 |
𑩴 |
ꠝ |
ꠝ |
𑵰 |
𑵰 |
𑂧 |
𑂧 |
Preview | 𑒧 | ᰕ | ᤔ | ꯃ | 𑲁 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER MA | LEPCHA LETTER MA | LIMBU LETTER MA | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER MIT | MARCHEN LETTER MA | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70823 | U+114A7 | 7189 | U+1C15 | 6420 | U+1914 | 43971 | U+ABC3 | 72833 | U+11C81 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 167 | F0 91 92 A7 | 225 176 149 | E1 B0 95 | 225 164 148 | E1 A4 94 | 234 175 131 | EA AF 83 | 240 145 178 129 | F0 91 B2 81 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56487 | D805 DCA7 | 7189 | 1C15 | 6420 | 1914 | 43971 | ABC3 | 55303 56449 | D807 DC81 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒧 |
𑒧 |
ᰕ |
ᰕ |
ᤔ |
ᤔ |
ꯃ |
ꯃ |
𑲁 |
𑲁 |
Preview | 𑚢 | 𑠢 | 𑈤 | 𑋗 | 𑅬 | 𑊠 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER MA | DOGRA LETTER MA | KHOJKI LETTER MA | KHUDAWADI LETTER MA | MAHAJANI LETTER MA | MULTANI LETTER MA | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71330 | U+116A2 | 71714 | U+11822 | 70180 | U+11224 | 70359 | U+112D7 | 69996 | U+1116C | 70304 | U+112A0 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 162 | F0 91 9A A2 | 240 145 160 162 | F0 91 A0 A2 | 240 145 136 164 | F0 91 88 A4 | 240 145 139 151 | F0 91 8B 97 | 240 145 133 172 | F0 91 85 AC | 240 145 138 160 | F0 91 8A A0 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56994 | D805 DEA2 | 55302 56354 | D806 DC22 | 55300 56868 | D804 DE24 | 55300 57047 | D804 DED7 | 55300 56684 | D804 DD6C | 55300 56992 | D804 DEA0 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚢 |
𑚢 |
𑠢 |
𑠢 |
𑈤 |
𑈤 |
𑋗 |
𑋗 |
𑅬 |
𑅬 |
𑊠 |
𑊠 |
Preview | ᬫ | ᯔ | ᨆ | ꦩ | 𑻥 | ꤸ | ᮙ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER MA | BATAK LETTER MA | BUGINESE LETTER MA | JAVANESE LETTER MA | MAKASAR LETTER MA | REJANG LETTER MA | SUNDANESE LETTER MA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6955 | U+1B2B | 7124 | U+1BD4 | 6662 | U+1A06 | 43433 | U+A9A9 | 73445 | U+11EE5 | 43320 | U+A938 | 7065 | U+1B99 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 171 | E1 AC AB | 225 175 148 | E1 AF 94 | 225 168 134 | E1 A8 86 | 234 166 169 | EA A6 A9 | 240 145 187 165 | F0 91 BB A5 | 234 164 184 | EA A4 B8 | 225 174 153 | E1 AE 99 |
UTF-16 | 6955 | 1B2B | 7124 | 1BD4 | 6662 | 1A06 | 43433 | A9A9 | 55303 57061 | D807 DEE5 | 43320 | A938 | 7065 | 1B99 |
Numeric character reference | ᬫ |
ᬫ |
ᯔ |
ᯔ |
ᨆ |
ᨆ |
ꦩ |
ꦩ |
𑻥 |
𑻥 |
ꤸ |
ꤸ |
ᮙ |
ᮙ |
Preview | ᜋ | ᝫ | ᝋ | ᜫ | 𑴤 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAGALOG LETTER MA | TAGBANWA LETTER MA | BUHID LETTER MA | HANUNOO LETTER MA | MASARAM GONDI LETTER MA | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5899 | U+170B | 5995 | U+176B | 5963 | U+174B | 5931 | U+172B | 72996 | U+11D24 |
UTF-8 | 225 156 139 | E1 9C 8B | 225 157 171 | E1 9D AB | 225 157 139 | E1 9D 8B | 225 156 171 | E1 9C AB | 240 145 180 164 | F0 91 B4 A4 |
UTF-16 | 5899 | 170B | 5995 | 176B | 5963 | 174B | 5931 | 172B | 55303 56612 | D807 DD24 |
Numeric character reference | ᜋ |
ᜋ |
ᝫ |
ᝫ |
ᝋ |
ᝋ |
ᜫ |
ᜫ |
𑴤 |
𑴤 |
Preview | ᒣ | ᒥ | ᒧ | ᒪ | ᒻ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | CANADIAN SYLLABICS ME | CANADIAN SYLLABICS MI | CANADIAN SYLLABICS MO | CANADIAN SYLLABICS MA | CANADIAN SYLLABICS M | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5283 | U+14A3 | 5285 | U+14A5 | 5287 | U+14A7 | 5290 | U+14AA | 5307 | U+14BB |
UTF-8 | 225 146 163 | E1 92 A3 | 225 146 165 | E1 92 A5 | 225 146 167 | E1 92 A7 | 225 146 170 | E1 92 AA | 225 146 187 | E1 92 BB |
Numeric character reference | ᒣ |
ᒣ |
ᒥ |
ᒥ |
ᒧ |
ᒧ |
ᒪ |
ᒪ |
ᒻ |
ᒻ |
- The full range of E Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges .
References
[edit]- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
- ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
- ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003