Solidago gigantea

Solidago gigantea
Conservation status
	; Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Solidago
Species:	S. gigantea
Binomial name
	Solidago gigantea; Aiton
Synonyms
	Synonymy Aster latissimifolius var. serotinus Kuntze ; Doria dumerorum (Lunell) Lunell ; Doria pitcheri (Nutt.) Lunell ; Solidago cleliae DC. ; Solidago deflexa Moench ; Solidago dumetorum Lunell ; Solidago fragrans A.Gray ; Solidago gigantea var. leiophylla Fernald ; Solidago gigantea var. pitcheri (Nutt.) Shinners ; Solidago gigantea var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronquist ; Solidago gigantea subsp. serotina (Kuntze) McNeill ; Solidago gigantea var. shinnersii Beaudry ; Solidago glabra Desf. ; Solidago pitcheri Nutt. ; Solidago sera J.F.Gmel. ; Solidago serotina Aiton ; Solidago serotina var. dumertorum (Aiton) A.Gray ; Solidago serotina var. gigantea (Aiton) A.Gray ; Solidago serotina f. huntingdonensis Beaudry ; Solidago serotina var. minor Hook. ; Solidago serotinoides Á.Löve & D.Löve ; Solidago shinnersii (Beaudry) Beaudry ; Solidago somesii Rydb. ; ;

Solidago gigantea is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae.^[3]^: 211 Its common names include tall goldenrod^[4] and giant goldenrod,^[5] among others.

Goldenrod is the state flower of Kentucky,^[6] and Solidago gigantea is the state flower of Nebraska.^[7]

Description

Solidago gigantea is a perennial herb that reaches heights of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, sometimes spreading by means of underground rhizomes. It often grows in clumps with no leaves at the base but numerous leaves on the stem. At the top, each stem produces a sizable array of many small flower heads, sometimes several hundred. Each head is yellow, containing both disc florets and ray florets.^[4]

Detail of inflorescence

Habitat

Solidago gigantea is found in a wide variety of natural habitats, although it is restricted to areas with at least seasonally moist soils.^[4]^[8]

Distribution

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.^[9]^[10]

Environmental impact

Solidago gigantea is highly invasive throughout Europe and Asia.^[11] In its non-native range, it exerts a negative impact on native communities by decreasing species richness and diversity, apparently due to its intense competitive effects,^[12] rapid growth,^[13] or polyploidization.^[14] In the non-native European range, several management options are applied, such as periodical flooding, mowing, mulching, grazing, or herbicide to reduce the negative impact of the species on native biodiversity.^[15]

Diseases

Parasitized by the Basidiomycete Coleosporium asterum.^[16]

Galls

This species is host to the following insect induced galls:

Asphondylia rosulata Dorchin, 2015 (leaf snap)
Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmuller, 1907 (leaf snap)
Asteromyia carbonifera (Osten Sacken, 1862)
Dasineura folliculi (Felt, 1908)
Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens, 1860)
Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch, 1855)
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Fitch, 1855)
Gnorimoschema jocelynae Miller, 2000
Rhopalomyia capitata Felt, 1908 (spring and generations)
Rhopalomyia inquisitor Felt, 1908
Schizomyia racemicola (Osten Sacken, 1862)
Tephritis pura (Loew, 1873)
Calycomyza solidaginis Kaltenbach, 1869^[17]

References

^ NatureServe (8 January 2021). "Solidago gigantea – Smooth Goldenrod". NatureServe Explorer (explorer.natureserve.org). Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ POWO (2019). "Solidago gigantea Aiton". Plants of the World Online (powo.science.kew.org). Kew, London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew (in Latin). Vol. 3. London: George Nicol. Retrieved 6 February 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ ^a ^b ^c Semple, J.C.; Cook, R.E. (2006). "Solidago gigantea". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 November 2014 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ NRCS. "Solidago gigantea". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 18 November 2015.
^ Kentucky State Legislature. "Kentucky Revised Statutes: TITLE I SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH - CHAPTER 2 CITIZENSHIP, EMBLEMS, HOLIDAYS, AND TIME - 2.090 State flower (PDF)". Kentucky General Assembly (legislature.ky.gov). Retrieved 6 February 2021. 2.090 State flower. The goldenrod is the official state flower of Kentucky. Effective: October 1, 1942. History: Recodified 1942 Ky. Acts ch. 208, sec. 1, effective October 1, 1942, from Ky. Stat. sec. 4618o.
^ Nebraska Library Commission. "Nebraska State Symbols". NebraskAccess (nebraskaccess.nebraska.gov). Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ Hilty, John (2020). "Giant Goldenrod - Solidago gigantea". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
^ "Solidago gigantea". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León, Mexico". Tropicos (tropicos.org). Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Weber, E.; Jakobs, G. (2 May 2005). "Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 200 (2). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 109–118. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2004.09.001. ISSN 0367-2530. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ Pal, R.W.; Chen, S.; Nagy, D.U.; Callaway, R.M. (2015). "Impacts of Solidago gigantea on other species at home and away". Biological Invasions. 17 (11). New York: Springer: 3317–3325. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0955-7. S2CID 3035546. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ Jakobs, G.; Weber, E.; Edwards, P.J. (2004). "Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range". Diversity and Distributions. 10. Diversity and Distribution: 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2004.00052.x.
^ Nagy, D.U.; Stranczinger, S.; Godi, A.; Weisz, A.; Rosche, C.; Suda, J.; Mariano, M.; Pal, R.W. (April 2018). "Does higher ploidy level increase the risk of invasion? A case study with two geo-cytotypes of Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae)". Journal of Plant Ecology. 11 (2): 317–327. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtx005. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ Nagy, D.U.; Rauschert, E.S.J.; Henn, T.; Cianfaglione, K.; Stranczinger, S.; Pal, R.W. (June 2020). "The more we do, the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing the Solidago gigantea invasion". Weed Research. 60 (3). Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 232–240. doi:10.1111/wre.12417. ISSN 1365-3180.
^ McTaggart, Alistair R.; Aime, M. Catherine (2018). "The species of Coleosporium (Pucciniales) on Solidago in North America". Fungal Biology. 122 (8). British Mycological Society (Elsevier): 800–809. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.007. ISSN 1878-6146. PMID 30007430. S2CID 51626705.
^ Kaltenbach, J.H. (1869). "Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten [concl.]". Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. 26 (3, 6): 106–224.

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Solidago gigantea in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
external link to gallformers

[NatServ-1] NatureServe (8 January 2021). "Solidago gigantea – Smooth Goldenrod". NatureServe Explorer (explorer.natureserve.org). Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[powo-2] POWO (2019). "Solidago gigantea Aiton". Plants of the World Online (powo.science.kew.org). Kew, London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[AitonHortKew1789-1-3-3] Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew (in Latin). Vol. 3. London: George Nicol. Retrieved 6 February 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[fna-4] Semple, J.C.; Cook, R.E. (2006). "Solidago gigantea". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 November 2014 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

[PlantsDB-5] NRCS. "Solidago gigantea". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 18 November 2015.

[StateFlowerKY-6] Kentucky State Legislature. "Kentucky Revised Statutes: TITLE I SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH - CHAPTER 2 CITIZENSHIP, EMBLEMS, HOLIDAYS, AND TIME - 2.090 State flower (PDF)". Kentucky General Assembly (legislature.ky.gov). Retrieved 6 February 2021. 2.090 State flower. The goldenrod is the official state flower of Kentucky. Effective: October 1, 1942. History: Recodified 1942 Ky. Acts ch. 208, sec. 1, effective October 1, 1942, from Ky. Stat. sec. 4618o.

[StateFlowerNE-7] Nebraska Library Commission. "Nebraska State Symbols". NebraskAccess (nebraskaccess.nebraska.gov). Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[IL-8] Hilty, John (2020). "Giant Goldenrod - Solidago gigantea". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

[bonap-9] "Solidago gigantea". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[tropPhoto-10] "Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León, Mexico". Tropicos (tropicos.org). Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[Weber2005-11] Weber, E.; Jakobs, G. (2 May 2005). "Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 200 (2). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 109–118. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2004.09.001. ISSN 0367-2530. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

[PalEtal2015-12] Pal, R.W.; Chen, S.; Nagy, D.U.; Callaway, R.M. (2015). "Impacts of Solidago gigantea on other species at home and away". Biological Invasions. 17 (11). New York: Springer: 3317–3325. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0955-7. S2CID 3035546. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

[JakobsEtal2004-13] Jakobs, G.; Weber, E.; Edwards, P.J. (2004). "Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range". Diversity and Distributions. 10. Diversity and Distribution: 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2004.00052.x.

[NagyEtalApril2018-14] Nagy, D.U.; Stranczinger, S.; Godi, A.; Weisz, A.; Rosche, C.; Suda, J.; Mariano, M.; Pal, R.W. (April 2018). "Does higher ploidy level increase the risk of invasion? A case study with two geo-cytotypes of Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae)". Journal of Plant Ecology. 11 (2): 317–327. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtx005. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

[NagyEtal2020-15] Nagy, D.U.; Rauschert, E.S.J.; Henn, T.; Cianfaglione, K.; Stranczinger, S.; Pal, R.W. (June 2020). "The more we do, the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing the Solidago gigantea invasion". Weed Research. 60 (3). Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 232–240. doi:10.1111/wre.12417. ISSN 1365-3180.

[McTaggart-Aime-2018-16] McTaggart, Alistair R.; Aime, M. Catherine (2018). "The species of Coleosporium (Pucciniales) on Solidago in North America". Fungal Biology. 122 (8). British Mycological Society (Elsevier): 800–809. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.007. ISSN 1878-6146. PMID 30007430. S2CID 51626705.

[Kaltenbach1869-17] Kaltenbach, J.H. (1869). "Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten [concl.]". Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. 26 (3, 6): 106–224.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]