Scheldt
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
Scheldt | |
---|---|
The Scheldt in Antwerp | |
Course of the Scheldt | |
Native name | |
Location | |
Countries |
|
Physical characteristics | |
Source | |
• location | France |
• elevation | 97 m (318 ft) |
Mouth | |
• location | North Sea |
• coordinates | 51°25′51″N 3°31′44″E / 51.43083°N 3.52889°E |
Length | 360 km (220 mi) |
Basin size | 21,863 km2 (8,441 sq mi) |
Discharge | |
• average | 104 m3/s (3,700 cu ft/s) |
Official name | Schorren van de Beneden Schelde |
Designated | 4 March 1986 |
Reference no. | 327[1] |
Official name | Westerschelde & Saeftinghe |
Designated | 9 April 1995 |
Reference no. | 748[2] |
Official name | Vallées de la Scarpe et de l'Escaut |
Designated | 2 February 2020 |
Reference no. | 2405[3] |
The Scheldt (/ˈʃɛlt, ˈskɛlt/ SHELT, SKELT; French: Escaut [ɛsko]; Dutch: Schelde [ˈʃxɛldə] ) is a 435-kilometre-long (270 mi)[4] river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea. Its name is derived from an adjective corresponding to Old English sċeald ("shallow"), Modern English shoal, Low German schol, West Frisian skol, and obsolete Swedish skäll ("thin").[citation needed]
Course
[edit]The headwaters of the Scheldt are in Gouy, in the Aisne department of northern France. It flows north through Cambrai and Valenciennes, and enters Belgium near Tournai. Ghent developed at the confluence of the Lys, one of its main tributaries, and the Scheldt, which then turns east. Near Antwerp, the largest city on its banks, the Scheldt flows west into the Netherlands toward the North Sea.[citation needed]
Originally there were two branches from that point: the Oosterschelde (Eastern Scheldt); and the Westerschelde (Western Scheldt). In the 19th century, however, the Dutch built a dyke that cuts the river off from its eastern (northern) branch and connects Zuid-Beveland with the mainland (North Brabant). Today the river continues into the Westerschelde estuary only, passing Terneuzen to reach the North Sea between Breskens in Zeelandic Flanders and Vlissingen (Flushing) on Walcheren.[citation needed]
The Scheldt is an important waterway, and has been made navigable from its mouth up to Cambrai. Above Cambrai, the Canal de Saint-Quentin follows its course. The port of Antwerp, the second-largest in Europe, developed on its banks. Several canals (including the Scheldt-Rhine Canal connecting Antwerp to Rotterdam, the Albert Canal connecting it to Liège and the Brussel-Scheldt, Brussels and Brussels-Charleroi canals connecting it to Charleroi via Brussels) connect the Scheldt with the basins of the Rhine, Meuse, and Seine rivers, and with the industrial areas around Brussels, Liège, Lille, Dunkirk, and Mons.[citation needed]
The Scheldt flows through the following departments of France, provinces of Belgium, provinces of the Netherlands, and towns:[citation needed]
- Aisne (F): Gouy
- Nord (F): Cambrai, Denain, Valenciennes
- Hainaut (B): Tournai
- West Flanders (B): Avelgem
- East Flanders (B): Oudenaarde, Ghent, Dendermonde, Temse
- Antwerp (B): Antwerp
- Zeeland (NL): Hulst, Terneuzen, Sluis, Vlissingen
History
[edit]The Scheldt estuary has always had considerable commercial and strategic importance. Called Scaldis in Roman times, it was important for the shipping lanes to Roman Britain. Nehalennia was venerated at its mouth. The Franks took control over the region about the year 260 and at first interfered with the Roman supply routes as pirates. Later they became allies of the Romans. With the various divisions of the Frankish Empire in the 9th century, the Scheldt eventually became the border between the Western and Eastern parts of the Empire, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire.[citation needed]
This status quo remained intact, at least on paper, until 1528, but by then, both the County of Flanders on the western bank and Zeeland and the Duchy of Brabant on the east were part of the Habsburg possessions of the Seventeen Provinces. Antwerp was the most prominent harbour in Western Europe. After this city fell back under Spanish control in 1585, the Dutch Republic took control of Zeelandic Flanders, a strip of land on the left bank, and closed the Scheldt for shipping. That shifted the trade to the ports of Amsterdam and Middelburg and seriously crippled Antwerp, an important and traumatic element in the history of relations between the Netherlands and what was to become Belgium.[citation needed]
Access to the river was the subject of the brief Kettle War of 1784, and during the French Revolution shortly afterwards, the river was reopened in 1792. Once Belgium had claimed its independence from the Netherlands in 1830, the treaty of the Scheldt determined that the river should remain accessible to ships heading for Belgian ports. Nevertheless, the Dutch government would demand a toll from passing vessels until 16 July 1863.[5]
The Question of the Scheldt, a study providing "a history of the international legal arrangements governing the Western Scheldt", was prepared for the use of British negotiators at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.[6]
In the Second World War, the Scheldt estuary once again became a contested area. Despite Allied control of Antwerp, German forces still occupied fortified positions in September 1944 throughout the Scheldt estuary west and north, preventing any Allied shipping from reaching the port. In the Battle of the Scheldt, the Canadian First Army successfully cleared the area, allowing supply convoys direct access to the port of Antwerp by November 1944.[7]
Tributaries and sub-tributaries
[edit]- Western Scheldt or Honte (Vlissingen)
- Schijn (Antwerp)
- Rupel (Rupelmonde)
- Nete (Rumst)
- Kleine Nete (Lier)
- Aa (Grobbendonk)
- Wamp (Kasterlee)
- Grote Nete (Lier)
- Wimp (Herenthout)
- Molse Nete (Geel)
- Laak (Westerlo)
- Kleine Nete (Lier)
- Dijle (Rumst)
- Zenne (Mechelen)
- Maalbeek (Grimbergen)
- Woluwe (Vilvoorde)
- Maalbeek (Schaerbeek)
- Molenbeek (Brussels-Laeken)
- Neerpedebeek (Anderlecht-Neerpede)
- Zuun (Sint-Pieters-Leeuw-Zuun)
- Geleytsbeek (Drogenbos)
- Linkebeek (Drogenbos)
- Molenbeek (Lot)
- Senette (Tubize)
- Vrouwvliet (Mechelen) [further upstream named Grote Beek, Meerloop, Raambeek, Zwartwaterbeek, Boeimeer]
- Demer (Rotselaar)
- Voer (Leuven)
- IJse (Huldenberg-Neerijse)
- Nethen (Grez-Doiceau-Nethen)
- Laan (Huldenberg-Terlanen-Sint-Agatha-Rode)
- Zilverbeek (Rixensart-Genval)
- Thyle (Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve)
- Zenne (Mechelen)
- Nete (Rumst)
- Durme (Temse)
- Molenbeek (Wichelen)
- Dender (Dendermonde)
- Mark (Lessines-Twee-Akren)
- Ruisseau d'Ancre (Lessines)
- Zulle (Ath)
- Eastern Dender (Ath)
- Western Dender (Ath)
- Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek (Hofstade)
- Lys/Leie (Ghent)
- Zwalm (Zwalm)
- Rone (Kluisbergen)
- Scarpe (Mortagne-du-Nord)[8]
- Haine (Condé-sur-l'Escaut)
- Trouille (Mons-Jeumont)
- Hogneau of Honneau (Condé-sur-l'Escaut)
- Honelle (Quiévrain)
- Aunelle (..)
- Grande Honelle (..)
- Petite Honelle (..)
- Honelle (Quiévrain)
- Rhonelle (Valenciennes)
- Écaillon (Thiant)[8]
- Selle (Denain)[8]
- Torrent d'Esnes
- Sensée (Bouchain)[8]
- Hirondelle (..)
- Erclin (Iwuy)
- Eauette (Marcoing)
Navigation
[edit]Canalisation from Cambrai down to Valenciennes was completed in 1788. Napoleon saw the benefits of linking Paris to Belgium and accelerated completion of the Canal de Saint-Quentin to the south. The locks were deepened and doubled, as coal became the essential commodity of the industrial revolution. Upgrading downstream from Bouchain was started in the 1960s in both France and Flanders, but the waterway is still not fully compliant with European standards. All the locks on the high-capacity section are being doubled by European Class Vb size locks, 185 by 12 m (607 by 39 ft), as part of the overall European Seine-Scheldt waterway project.[9] The Pont des Trous, a listed fortified bridge in Tournai that has already been substantially modified, will again be raised to provide the necessary dimensions, including an air draught of 7.10 m (23 ft 4 in).[citation needed]
The 13 km section between Cambrai (connection with Canal de Saint-Quentin) and Hordain (connection with Canal de la Sensée) is only navigable for small ships (péniche) and has 5 locks.[10]
In culture
[edit]Tradition says that Saint Amalberga of Temse crossed the river in Temse on the back of a big Sturgeon.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Scheldt–Rhine Canal
- Striene which was the main stem of the river until 1421, it flowed northwards.
- Zeeschelde
- Zwalm (River)
References
[edit]- ^ "Schorren van de Beneden Schelde". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Westerschelde & Saeftinghe". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Vallées de la Scarpe et de l'Escaut". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "VNSC Communicatie : vraagbaak voor alles op, rond en in de Schelde" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2014-06-03.
- ^ "Avalon Project - Belgian-American Diplomacy - Convention for the Extinguishment of the Scheldt Dues: July 20, 1863". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ Prothero, G W (1920). Question of the Scheldt. Peace handbooks. London: H.M. Stationery Office. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
- ^ Zuehlke, Mark (2009). Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 - November 6, 1944. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 460. ISBN 978-1771620307.
- ^ a b c d Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - L'Escaut Canalisée (E---004-)".
- ^ Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1.
- ^ Fluviacarte, Escaut (à petit gabarit)
External links
[edit]- Water basin of the Scheldt
- www.scheldenet.nl
- ScheldeMonitor; Research studies and monitoring activities
- Deltaworks; Flood protection works in Scheldt Delta
- International Scheldt Commission
- Scaldit - Interreg IV B NWE project for a safer and cleaner Scheldt River Basin District (FR - BE (Walloon Region - Brussels Cap. Region - Flemish Region) - NL)
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
- River Escaut with maps and details of places, ports and moorings, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
- Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section)
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Scheldt". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- "Scheldt". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Scheldt". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
- Paget-Tyrell Memorandum of August 7, 1916, Section 6 (Belgium and the Scheldt)
- Scheldt basin
- Rivers of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
- International rivers of Europe
- Rivers of France
- Rivers of Belgium
- Rivers of the Netherlands
- 1528 disestablishments in Europe
- Rivers of Flanders
- Rivers of Wallonia
- Rivers of Aisne
- Rivers of Nord (French department)
- Rivers of Hauts-de-France
- Rivers of Antwerp Province
- Rivers of East Flanders
- Rivers of Hainaut (province)
- Rivers of West Flanders
- Rivers of Zeeland
- 1520s disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
- Ramsar sites in Belgium
- Ramsar sites in the Netherlands
- Ramsar sites in Metropolitan France