Prekmurje Slovene

Prekmurje Slovene
prekmürščina, prekmörščina, panonska slovenščina, prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje
Native to	Slovenia, Hungary and emigrant groups in various countries
Ethnicity	Prekmurje Slovenes
Native speakers	(undated figure of 110,000)
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Slovene Pannonian Prekmurje Slovene
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	prek1239
Map of Slovenian dialects. Prekmurje Slovene is in dark yellow at the top right.

Prekmurje Slovene, also known as the Prekmurje dialect, East Slovene, or Wendish (Slovene: prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje, Hungarian: vend nyelv, muravidéki nyelv, Prekmurje Slovene: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina), is a dialect of the Slovene language. Part of the Pannonian dialect group, it is spoken in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in Vas County in western Hungary. It is used in private communication, liturgy and publications by authors from Prekmurje as well as in television, radio and newspapers. It is closely related to other Slovene dialects in neighboring Slovene Styria, as well as to Kajkavian with which it retains a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility, and forms a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages.

Range

Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide. 80,000 in Prekmurje, 20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especially Maribor and Ljubljana) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd. Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony, and Mosonmagyaróvár. The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States, and Argentina.

Status

Nouvi Zákon (New Testament) by István Küzmics. The Prekmurian language was codified by this book.

Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature, and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that are still spoken by all strata of the local population. Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics, István Küzmics, Ágoston Pável, József Klekl Senior, and József Szakovics, have claimed that it is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar, a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language." It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II. There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary, and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since the late 1990s.

Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language, without denying that it is part of Slovene. The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons, as has the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček. However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In 2016 the General Maister Society (Društvo General Maister) proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene. Some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene.

Together with Resian, Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from the rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of education, as well as in the press and mass. The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek, or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov).

Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films, literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names. In the 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota the protesters used Prekmurje Slovene banners. It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek, a professor at the University of Maribor, states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism."

Linguistic features

Prekmurian graffiti in Murska Sobota.

Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze, Slovenske Gorice, and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian, although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene in fact it is a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in the relationships of stress, in intonation, in the softening of consonants and—as a result of the lack of lunguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary and that it preserves many older features from the Proto-Slavic language.

Orthography

Historically, Prekmurje Slovene was not written with the Bohorič alphabet used by Slovenes in Inner Austria, but with a Hungarian-based orthography. János Murkovics's textbook (1871) was the first book to use Gaj's Latin Alphabet.

Before 1914: Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Cscs, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gygy, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Lyly, Mm, Nn, Nyny, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Őő, Pp, Rr, Szsz, Ss, Tt, Uu, Üü, Űű, Vv, Zz, Zszs.

After 1914: Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gjgj, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Zz, Žž.

Phonology

The vowel ö occurs only in a few words as a variant of closed e or ö. It has plain a in long stressed syllables and rounded a in short stressed and unstressed syllables in the Hill country (Goričko) and Lowland (Ravensko) dialect. The relationship is reversed in the Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, where the long stressed a is rounded.

Long vowels and most diphtongs occur only stressed in syllables. If the stress shifts, the vowel loses its length and the diphtong usually loses its glide, e.g.: Nom. Boug; Gen. Bogá.

Diphtongs

The diphtong ej (ei) is a short, closed e followed by a shorter, less fully articulated i, e.g.: dejte (child), bejžati (run), pejnezi (money), mlejko (milk), bejli (white).

The diphtong ou consists of a short o and a short, less fully articulated u, e.g.: rouka (hand), nouga (foot), goloub (dove), rour (chimney), gospoud (lord).

Prekmurian Slovene is very rich in the diphtongs ej and ou. These diphtongs are found in various Slovene dialects, but in forms that are phonetically different from the diphtongs of Prekmurian Slovene. The ou and ej diphtongs were represented in the old Prekmurian literary language ortographically by separate signs ê and ô but only in the books and newspapers of the Lutheran Slovenes.

The diphtong ou in the northern Goričko subdialects (mostly near the river Rába) and in the settlements along the Hungarian-Slovene border is reduced to au. The Ravensko dialect and some Goričko subdialects have diphtongs üj or öj.

Diphtongs in open syllables, if they occur in polysyllabic words, are broken up into their components, for ex. Nom. sou (salt), Gen. soli; Nom. krau (king), Gen. krala.

Vowel alternations

a>e
Unstressed a and a in a diphtong with i or j often sound like open e. This system is typical mostly in the lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, for ex. eli (or) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: ali), nezaj (back) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: nazaj), dele (forward) (Ravensko, Goričko: dale, Standard Slovene: dalje).

o>i
This is a sporadic dissimilation and assimilation. e.g.: visiki (high, Standard Slovene visok).

o>e
In inflected forms a soft consonant (c, č, š, ž, j) is usually followed by o instead of the e in Standard Slovene. For example: z noužicon (Standard Slovene z nožem 'with knife'), s konjon (Standard Slovene s konjem 'with horse'). In neuter nominative singular and accusative o is also heard instead of e, e.g.: mojo delo, našo delo, (Standard Slovene moje delo, naše delo 'my work', 'our work'). Innovative e is heard only in the eastern subdialects of the Dolinsko dialect, mostly along the Slovene-Croatian border (near the Međimurje).

o>u
The diactric ŭ refers to the non-frontedness of the vowel. For ex. un, una Standard Slovene on, ona (he, she). The Dolinsko dialect have has even more diactric u, for ex. kunj (horse) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: konj), Marku (Marc) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene Marko).

a>o
For ex. zakoj (why) (Standard Slovene zakaj).

u>ü
The historical u is pronounced almost without exception as ü and it is also spelled this way. For ex. küp (mound) (Standard Slovene kup), küpiti (purchase) (Standard Slovene kupiti), düša (soul) (Standard Slovene duša), lüknja (slit) (Standard Slovene luknja), brüsiti (facet) (Standard Slovene brusiti).

In words starting wutg a v there are mixed forms, while in the Standard Slovene remains the u, for ex. vüjo (ear) (Standard Slovene uho), vujti (escapes) (Standard Slovene uiti).

The u derived from earlier ol preceding a consonant does not turn into ü, for ex. pun (full) (Standard Slovene poln), dugi (long) (Standard Slovene dolg), vuna (wool) (Standard Slovene volna), vuk (wolf) (Standard Slovene volk).

Consonant alternations

Z preceding nj often sound like ž, for ex. ž njin (with him) (Standard Slovene z njim).

k>c
For ex. tenko, natenci (thin, thinly) (Standard Slovene tanko, natanko). This type of alternations was even more frequent in the old Prekmurian Slovene, for ex. vuk, vucke, vuci (wolf, wolfs) (Standard Slovene volk, volki, Croatian vuk, vuci). Today it is preserved in the speech of older people in Goričko and the subdialect of Hungarian Slovenes.

m>n
Word final m in Prekmurian Slovene almost always sounds like n (just like in other Pannonian Slovene dialects or in the Chakavian). For ex. znan (I know) (Standard Slovene znam), man (I have) (Standard Slovene imam), tan (there) (Standard Slovene tam), vüzen (Easter) (Standard Slovene vuzem z zlaton (with gold) (Standard Slovene z zlatom), ran (building) (Standard Slovene hram). Exceptions: grm (bush), doum (home), tram (strut) etc.

The change of m>n can also occur in middle position, preceding consonants, for ex.: Nom. vüzen, Gen. vüzma.

nj>n
The n has developed from an nj in word-final position or medial position, for ex. ogen (fire) (Standard Slovene ogenj), kniga (book) (Standard Slovene knjiga). In declined forms nj return, for ex. ognja (Genitive).

lj>l
The hard lj (ł) has totally disappeared from Prekmurian Slovene, for ex.: klüč (key) (Standard Slovene ključ), lübiti, lübezen (love) (Standard Slovene ljubiti, ljubezen), grable (rake) (Standard Slovene grablje).

h>j or ∅
In certain regions and in certain positions it is still present the h.

1. in word initial position preceding a vowel or syllable forming r its usage is ambigous and regionally variable. For ex. hüdi, üdi (evil) (Standard Slovene hud). In noun iža (house) (Standard Slovene hiša) in every Prekmurian dialect is missing the h
2. in medial position, between vowels h is present, a j has replaced it, for ex. küjati (cook) (Standard Slovene kuhati)
3. h usually disappears in word position followed by consonants and in medial position preceded by consonants, for ex. lad (cold) (Standard Slovene hlad), sprneti (decay) (Standard Slovene trohneti)
4. the syllable-final h in word-medial position followed by consonants usually turns into j, which merge with the preceding vowel to form a diphtong, for ex. lejko (perhaps, easily) (Standard Slovene lahko)
5. in word-final position, preceded by a vowel, it either changes into j, for ex. grej (sin) (Standard Slovene greh), krüj (bread) (Standard Slovene kruh).

Exceptions shajati (to make do on something), zahtejvati (demand) etc.

bn>vn
For ex. drouvno (tiny) (Standard Slovene drobno).

p>f
For ex. ftic, ftič, ftica (bird) (Standard Slovene ptic, ptič, ptica).

j>d
For ex. žeden (thirsty) (Standard Slovene žejen).

hč>šč
For ex. nišče (nobody) (Standard Slovene nihče).

kt>št
For ex. što (who) (Standard Slovene: kdo).

ljš>kš
For ex. boukši (better, right) (Standard Slovene boljši).

dn (dnj)>gn (gnj)
For ex. gnes, gnjes (today) (Standard Slovene danes). Nom. škegen (barn), Gen. škegnja.

t>k
Manly preceding an l.

1. word-initially, for ex. kmica (darkness), klačiti (to tread) (Standard Slovene tlačiti), kusti (thick, fat) (Standard Slovene tolst)
2. in word medial position, for ex. mekla (broom) (Standard Slovene metla)
3. in word-final position soldak (soldier).

Morphology

Also in Prekmurian Slovene can be nouns masculine, feminine or neuter. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual and plural, just like in the Standard Slovene.

Feminine

Feminine nouns ending in a.

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-a	-i/ej	-e
Gen.	-e	-∅/ej	-∅
Dat.	-i/ej	-ama	-an
Ac.	-o/ou	-i/ej	-e
Loc.	-i/ej	-ama/aj	-aj
Inst.	-of(v)/-ouf(v)	-ama	-ami

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-a	-i	-e
Gen.	-e	-∅	-∅
Dat.	-i	-ama	-am
Ac.	-o	-i	-e
Loc.	-i	-ah	-ah
Inst.	-o	-ama	-ami

Feminine nouns ending in consonant.

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-∅	-i/ej	-i
Gen.	-i	-i/ej	-i
Dat.	-i	-ama	-an
Ac.	-∅	-i/ej	-i
Loc.	-i	-ama/aj	-aj
Inst.	-jof(v)/-of(v)	-ama	-ami

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-∅	-i	-i
Gen.	-i	-i	-i
Dat.	-i	-ema	-em
Ac.	-∅	-i	-i
Loc.	-i	-eh/ih	-eh/ih
Inst.	-o	-ema	-mi

Declension of feminine adjective.

Declension patterns of feminine adjectives (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-a	-ivi/evi	-e
Gen.	-e	-ivi(j)/evi(j)	-i(j)
Dat.	-oj	-ima	-in
Ac.	-o	-ivi/evi	-e
Loc.	-oj	-ima/ivaj/evaj	-i(j)
Inst.	-of(v)	-ima/ivima/evima	-imi

Declension patterns of feminine adjectives (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-a	-i	-e
Gen.	-e	-ih	-ih
Dat.	-i	-ima	-im
Ac.	-o	-i	-e
Loc.	-i	-ih	-ih
Inst.	-o	-ima	-imi

Masculine

Masculine nons ending in a consonant. The singular accusative of masculine nouns designating animate things is the same as their genitive form. The singular accusative of nouns designatinginanimate things is the same as their nominative.

Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-∅	-a	-i
Gen.	-a	-a/of(v)	-of(v)
Dat.	-i	-oma	-on
Ac.	-∅/a	-a	-e
Loc.	-i	-oma/aj	-aj/i
Inst.	-on	-oma	-ami

Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-∅	-a	-i
Gen.	-∅/a	-ov	-ov
Dat.	-u	-oma	-om/-em
Ac.	-∅/a	-a	-e
Loc.	-u	-ih	-ih
Inst.	-om/-em	-oma	-i

Masculines nouns ending in a.

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-a	-a	-e/i
Gen.	-o/e	-of(v)/a	-∅/of(v)
Dat.	-i	-oma	-on
Ac.	-o	-a/i	-e
Loc.	-i	-oma/aj	-aj
Inst.	-of(v)	-oma	-ami/i

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-a	-i	-e
Gen.	-e	-∅	-∅
Dat.	-i	-ama	-am
Ac.	-o	-i	-e
Loc.	-i	-ah	-ah
Inst.	-o	-ama	-ami

Declension of masculine adjective.

Declension patterns of masculine adjectives (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-i	-iva/eva	-i
Gen.	-oga	-iva/ivi(j)/eva/evi(j)	-i(j)
Dat.	-omi	-ima	-in
Ac.	-i/oga	-iva/eva	-e
Loc.	-on	-ima/ivaj/evaj/i(j)	-i(j)
Inst.	-in	-ima/ivima/evima	-imi

Declension patterns of masculine adjectives (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-∅	-a	-i
Gen.	-∅/ega	-ih	-ih
Dat.	-emu	-ima	-im
Ac.	-∅/ega	-a	-e
Loc.	-em	-ih	-ih
Inst.	-im	-ima	-imi

Neuter

Neuter nouns ending in o and e.

Declension patterns of neuter nouns ending in o or e (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-o/e	-i	-a
Gen.	-a	-i/∅	-∅
Dat.	-i	-oma	-an
Ac.	-o/e	-i	-a
Loc.	-i	-oma/aj	-aj/ami/i
Inst.	-on	-oma	-ami/i

In the declension of nouns for ex tejlo (body, St. Slov.: telo) or drejvo (three, St. Slov.: drevo) are not lengthened as in the Standard Slovene with the syllable –es (Prekmurian: Nom. tejlo, drejvo Gen. tejla, drejva; Standard Slovene: Nom. telo, drevo Gen. telesa, drevesa).

Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in e (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-e	-i	-a
Gen.	-a	-∅	-∅
Dat.	-u	-ema	-em
Ac.	-e	-i	-a
Loc.	-u	-ih	-ih
Inst.	-em	-ima	-i

Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in o (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-o	-i	-a
Gen.	-a	-∅	-∅
Dat.	-u	-oma	-om
Ac.	-o	-i	-a
Loc.	-u	-ih	-ih
Inst.	-om	-oma	-i

Declension of neuter adjective.

Declension patterns of masculine adjectives (Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-o	-ivi/evi	-a
Gen.	-oga	-ivi(j)/evi(j)/i(j)	-i(j)
Dat.	-omi	-ima/ivima/evima	-in
Ac.	-o	-ivi/evi	-a
Loc.	-on	-ima/ivima/evima/i(j)	-i(j)
Inst.	-in	-ima/ivima/evima	-imi

Declension patterns of neuter adjectives (Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nom.	-o/e	-i	-a
Gen.	-ega	-ih	-ih
Dat.	-emu	-ima	-im
Ac.	-o/e	-i	-a
Loc.	-em	-ih	-ih
Inst.	-im	-ima	-imi

Personal pronouns

Singular

Singular (Prekmurian)

Nom.	ges/jes (Masc.Fem.)	ti(j) (Masc.Fem.)	un (Masc.)	una (Fem.)
Gen.	mene(j) me	tebe(j) te	njega ga	nje je
Dat.	meni mi	tebi ti	njemi	njej/njoj ji
Ac.	mene(j) me	tebe(j) te	njega ga	njou jo
Loc.	meni	tebi	njen	njej/njoj
Inst	menof(v)/meuf	tebof(v)/teuf	njin	njouf(v)

Singular (Standard Slovene)

Nom.	jaz (Masc.Fem.Neut.)	ti (Masc.Fem.Neut)	on (Masc.)	ona (Fem.)	ono (Neut.)
Gen.	mene me	tebe te	njega ga	nje je	njega ga
Dat.	meni mi	tebi ti	njemu mu	njej/nji ji	njemu mu
Ac.	mene me -me	tebe te -te	njega ga -(e)nj	njo jo -njo	njega/ono ga -(e)nj
Loc.	pri meni	pri tebi	pri njem	pri njej/nji	pri njem
Inst.	z mano/menoj	s tabo/teboj	z njim	z njo	z njim

Dual

Dual (Prekmurian Slovene)

Nom.	müva (Masc.), müve (Fem.)	vüva (Masc.), vüve (Fem.)	njüva/njiva/oneva (Masc), njüve/njive (Fem.)
Gen.	naj(a)	vaj(a)	njiva(Masc), njivi (Fem.)
Dat.	nama	vama	njima
Ac.	naj(a)	vaj(a)	njiva(Masc), njivi (Fem.)
Loc.	nama	vama	njima
Inst.	nama	vama	njima

Dual (Standard Slovene)

Nom.	midva (Masc.), medve (Fem.Neut.)	vidva (Masc.), vedve (Fem.Neut.)	onadva (Masc.), onidve (Fem.Neut.)
Gen.	naju	vaju	njiju
Dat.	nama	vama	njima jima
Ac.	naju	vaju	njiju ju -nju
Loc.	naju	vaju	njiju
Inst.	nama	vama	njima

Plural

Plural (Prekmurian Slovene)

Nom.	mi (Masc.Fem.)	vi (Masc.Fem.)	uni (Masc.), une (Fem.)
Gen.	nas	vas	njih/nji jih/je
Dat.	nan	van	njin jin
Ac.	nas	vas	njih/nje jih je
Loc.	nas/nan	vas/van	njij
Inst.	nami	vami	njimi

Plural (Standard Slovene)

Nom.	mi (Masc.), me (Fem.Neut.)	vi (Masc.), ve (Fem.Neut.)	oni (Masc.), one (Fem.), ona (Neut.)
Gen.	nas	vas	njih jih
Dat.	nam	vam	njim jim
Ac.	nas	vas	njih/nje jih -nje
Loc.	nas	vas	njih
Inst.	nami	vami	njimi

Reflexive pronoun

Prekmurian Slovene

Nom.	—
Gen.	sebe(j) se
Dat.	sebi si
Ac.	sebe(j) se
Loc.	sebi/sebej
Inst.	sebof(v)/seuf

Standard Slovene

Nom.	—
Gen.	sebe se
Dat.	sebi si
Ac.	sebe se -se
Loc.	sebi
Inst.	sabo/seboj

Numerals

The names for numerals in Prekmurian Slovene are formed in a similar way to that found in the Standard Slovene or other Slavic languages. The again, the old way of two-digit numbers was preserved. Ten comes first, followed by a one-digit number. They don't need a conjunction. In Standard Slovene the formation of numerals from 21 to 99, in which the unit is placed in front of the decade ("four-and-twenty"), as in German language.

Numerals

Prekmurian Slovene	Standard Slovene	Number
štirideset eden	enainštirideset	41
štirideset dva	dvainštirideset	42
štirideset tri(j)	triinštirideset	43
štirideset štiri	štiriinštirideset	44

Verb

Verb stems in Prekmurian Slovene is most frequently üvati or avati, more rarely ovati (stem ovati is most frequently in Standard Slovene). In the conjugation suffixes change is also dissimilar in Prekmurian and Slovene. For ex. Prekm. nategüvati, obrezavati, conj. nategüvlen/nategüjen, obrezavlen, Stand. Slov. nategovati, obrezovati, conj. nategujem, obrezujem.

In Goričko dialect and some western subdialects of Ravensko is the infinitive stem with the suffix -niti (zdigniti), just like in the Standard Slovene (dvigniti), infrequently -nouti (Prekm. obrnouti, Stand. Slov. obrniti). In the Dolinsko dialect and other Ravensko subdialects the infinitive stem with the suffix -noti (zdignoti), just like in Croatian (and Kajkavian).

Present tense

Prekmurian Slovene

Singular	lübin	lübiš	lübi
Dual	lübiva	lübita	lübita
Plural	lübimo	lübite	lübijo

Standard Slovene

Singular	ljubim	ljubiš	ljubi
Dual	ljubiva	ljubita	ljubita
Plural	ljubimo	ljubite	ljubijo

Past tense

Prekmurian Slovene

Singular	san/sen lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	si lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	je lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)
Dual	sva lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	sta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	sta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)
Plural	smo lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	ste lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	so lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)

Standard Slovene

Singular	sem ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	si ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	je ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)
Dual	sva ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	sta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	sta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)
Plural	smo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	ste ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	so ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)

Future tense

Prekmurian Slovene

Singular	mo lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	boš lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	de lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)
Dual	va lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	ta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	ta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)
Plural	mo lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	te lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	do lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)

Standard Slovene

Singular	bom ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	boš ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	bo ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)
Dual	bova ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bosta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bosta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)
Plural	bomo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	boste ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	bodo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)

Conditional present

Prekmurian Slovene

Singular	bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)	bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.)
Dual	bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)	bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.)
Plural	bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)	bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.)

Standard Slovene

Singular	bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)	bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.)
Dual	bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)	bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.)
Plural	bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)	bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.)

Lexicon

The Prekmurian Slovene vocabulary is very rich and is significantly different from the Standard Slovene vocabulary. The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurje Slovene is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects with regard to vocabulary.

The Prekmurian Slovene greatly expanded its vocabulary from the other Slavic languages (mainly from Kajkavian Croatian, Standard Slovene, Styrian Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, partly from the Czech and Slovak) and non-Slavic languages (mainly from Hungarian and German, partly from Latin and Italian). The more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from English.

Comparison

Prekmurian Slovene	Standard Slovene	Kajkavian Croatian	Serbo-Croatian	English
bajžlek	bazilika	bajžulek, bažuljek	bosiljak	basil
bejžati	hiteti, teči	bežati	trčati	run
betvo	betev	betvo	stabljika	stem
blejdi	bled	bledi	blijed	white-faced
bliskanca	bliskavica	bliskavica, blesikavec	blistanje	flashing
bougati	ubogati	poslušati	pokoravati se, slušati	submit
brač	trgač	brač	berač	vintager
brbrati, brbravi	klepetati, klepetav	brbotati, brblivi, brbotlivi	brbljati, brbljavi	chatter, chatterbox
comprnjak	čarovnik, čarodej	coprnik carovnik	čarobnjak	wizard
cükati	lulati	cukati	piškiti	urinate
čarni, črni	črn	črni	crn	black
česnek	česen	česen, češnjak	češnjak	garlic
činiti	delati, opravljati	činiti	činiti	make
čun	čoln	čun	čamac	boat
čüti	slišati	čuti	čuti	hear
den	dan	den	dan	day
dečko	fant, deček	dečko	dečak	boy
deklina, dekla	deklica	devojka	devojka	girl
delati	delati	delati	raditi	work
dokeč	dokler	doklam, dok	dok	until
dveri	vrata	vrata	vrata	door
fala	hvala	fala/hvala	hvala	thanks, gratitude
fčela	čebela	čmela	pčela	bee
fčera/včera	včeraj	čera	jučer	yesterday
geniti	ganiti	genuti	ganuti	move
ge	kje, kjer	de, gde	gdje	where
gorice	vinograd	trsje	vinograd	vineyard
grbanj	jurček	vrganj	vrganj	penny bun
gnes, gnjes	danes	denes	danas	today
gnüs	gnus	gnus, gnjus	gnus	disgust
gostüvanje	ženitovanje	goščenje	svadba	wedding
goušča	gozd	šuma	šuma	forest
gučati	govoriti	govoriti	govoriti	speak, talk
grüška	hruška	hruška	kruška	pear
inda	nekoč	negda	nekada	once
istina	resnica	istina	istina	truth
iža	hiša	hiža	kuća	house
Jezuš Kristuš	Jezus Kristus	Jezuš Kristuš	Isus Krst	Jesus Christ
ka	kaj	kaj	što	what
ka	da	da	da	that
ka	ker	arold jernew	jer	as
kakši	kakšen	kakvi	kakov	what
kama	kam, kamor	kam	kamo	to where
kapla	kaplja	kaplja, kapla	kapljica	drop
keden, tjeden	teden	tjeden	tjedan	week
kelko	koliko	kulko, kuliko	koliko	how much
kisili	kisel	kisel	kiseo	sour
kitina	kutina	kutina	dunja	quince
klejt	klet, shramba	sramba	podrum	cellar
klün	kljun	klun	kljun	beak
kmica	tema	tmica, kmica	tama, tmina	darkness
koupanca	kopalnica	kopel	kupatilo	bathroom
kopün	kopun	kopon, kopun	kopun	capon
koula	voz	kola, vozica	kola	cart
krapanca	krastača	krastača	krastača	toad
krpliva	kopriva	kopriva	kopriva	nettle
krpüšnica	robidnica, robida	kupina	kupina	blackberry
krumpiš, krumpič, krumše	krompir	krumpir	krumpir	potato
krüj	kruh	kruh	hlijeb, kruh	bread
krv	kri	krv	krv	blood
kukorca	koruza	kuruza	kuruza	corn
küščar	kuščar	kuščer	gušter	lizard
lapec	hlapec	hlapec	sluga	servant
ledičen	samski	ledičen	samac	bachelor
lejko	lahko	lehko	lako	possible
len	lan	len	lan	flax
lice	obličje	lice	lice	face
liki	toda, ampak	nego	međutim, ali	but
loški	divji	divji	divlji	wild (plant)
lübezen	ljubezen	ljubav, lubav	ljubav	love
mejšati	mešati	mešati	miješati	mix
meša	maša	meša	misa	mass
metül	metulj	metul, metulj	leptir	butterfly
mouč	moč	jakost	jakost	power
modroust	modrost	mudrost	mudrost	wisdom
Möra, Müra	Mura	Mura	Mura	Mura (river)
mrejti	umreti	hmreti, vumreti	umreti	die
mrlina	mrhovina, crkovina	mrcina	lešina	corpse
miditi	muditi	muditi	kasniti	be late
müja	muha	muha	muha	fly
nači(k)	drugače	inače	inače	other
natelebati	natepsti	nabobotati, namlatiti	istuči	beat
nedela	nedelja	nedela	nedjelja	sunday
nigdar	nikoli	nigdar	nikada	never
nigi	nikjer	nigde, nigdi	nigdje	nowhere
nikak	nikakor	nikak	nikako	no way
nojet	noht	nohet	nokat	nail
norija	norost, neumnost	norost, norija	glupost	foolishness
obed, obid, oböd	kosilo	obed	ručak	lunch
oditi	hoditi	hoditi	hoditi	move
odzaja	odzadaj, zadaj	odzaj	odostraga	from behind
ograd	vrt	vrt	vrt	garden
ovak	drugače	inače	inače	other
öček	sekirica	sekirica	sjekira	ax
pajžli	parkelj	parkel	kopita	hoof
paroven	pohlepen, požrešen	paraven	proždrljiv	gluttonous
paska	pazljivost	paska	skrbljenje	prudence
pejati	bosti	pehati	ubosti	prod
pejsek	pesek	pesek	pijesak	sand
pesen	pesem	pesem	pjesma	song
pondejlek	ponedeljek	pondelek	ponedjeljak	monday
pitati, pitanje	vprašati, vprašanje	pitati, pitanje	pitati, pitanje	ask, question
plantavi	šepav	šantavi, plantavi	šepav, šantav	lame
plastič	kopica, kopa	stok	plast sena	haycock
plüča	pljuča	pluča	pluća	lung
plüskati	klofutati	pluskati	ošamariti	slap
poboukšati	poboljšati	pobolšati	poboljšati	improve
pogača	potica	pogača	pogača	scone
pojeb, pojbič	fant, fantič	dečec	dečak	boy
pokapanje	pokop	pokapanje	pogreb	burial
pozoj	zmaj	pozoj	zmaj	dragon
pükša	puška	puška, pušak	puška	riffle
praviti	reči	reči	reći	say
püščava	puščava	pustina	pustinja	desert
radost	veselje	radost	radost	joy
ranč tak, gli tak	prav tako	ravno tak	isto tako	alike
rasoje, rašoške	vile, vilice	rasohe	vile, viljuška	pitchfork, fork
rejč	beseda	reč	riječ	word
sklejca	skleda, krožnik	zdela	zdjela	dish
sledi, sledkar	kasneje	stopram	kasnije	later
slejpi	slep	slepi	slijep	blind
smej	smeh	smeh	smijeh	laugh
spitavati	izpraševati, spraševati	spitavati	ispitavati	interrogate
sprejvod	pogreb	sprevod, pogreb	pogreb	funeral
spuniti	izpolniti	spuniti	ispuniti	fulfil
stüdenec	vodnjak	zdenec	bunar	well
sunce	sonce	sunce	sunce	sun
svaja	prepir	svaja	svađa	conflict
ščava	kislica	ščava	štavelj	sorrels
šinjek	vrat, tilnik	šinjak	vrat	neck
šoula, škola	šola	škola	škola	school
školnik	učitelj	školnik	učitelj	teacher
škrampeu	krempelj	krampel	pandža	claw
taca	šapa	taca	šapa	paw
telko	toliko	tulko, tuliko	toliko	that much
tejlo	telo	telo	tijelo	body
tenja	senca	senca	zasenak	shadow
tou	to	to, ovo	to, ovo	this
trplenje	tprljenje	muka	muka	pain
trüd	trud	trud	napor	effort
türen, tören	stolp	turem	toranj	tower
ugorka	kumara	vugorek	krastavac	cucumber
vaga	tehtnica	vaga	vaga	scales
veleti	ukazati	veleti	naređivati	instruct
vejnec	venec	venec	vjenac	wreath
vonjati	smrdeti	smrdeti	smrdeti	smell
vonjüga	smrad	smrad	smrad	stench
vüpati, vüpanje	upati, upanje	vufati, vufanje	ufati, ufanje	hope, trust
vživati	uživati	vživati	uživati	enjoy
zajtra	zjutraj	vjutro	ujutro	morning
zoubar	zobozdravnik	zobar	zubar	dentist
zveličanje	zveličanje	zveličenje	spasenje	redemption
žalec	želo	žalec	žaoka	sting
žmeten	težek	teški	teški	heavy
žnjec	žanjec	žnjač	žetelac	harvester
žuč	žolč	žuč	žuč	bile
žuna	žolna	žuna	detlić	woodpecker
župa	juha	juha	supa	soup

Loanwords

Prekmurian Slovene has also today many foreign words of mostly German and Hungarian origin. The German loanwoards German mainly come from the Austro-Bavarian dialect. There is still a strong German influence in Goričko dialect.

Prekmurian Slovene	Hungarian	Standard Slovene	English
beteg, betežen	betegség, beteg	bolezen, bolan	illness, ill
čonta, čunta	csont	kost	bone
engriš	egres	kosmulja	gooseberry
gezero, jezero	ezer	tisoč	thousand
pajdaš	pajtás	kamerad	buddy
laboška	lábas, lábos	kozica	pot
ugorka	uborka	kumara	cucumber
koudiš	koldus	berač	beggar
valon	való	veljaven	suitable
varaš	város	mesto	city, town

Prekmurian Slovene	German	Standard Slovene	English
brütif, brütof	Friedhof	pokopališče	cemetery
cajgar	Zeiger	kazalec	hand of watch
cigeu	Ziegel	opeka	brick
cimprati	zimmparon(Bav.)	graditi	build (with wood)
cug	Zug	vlak	train
cvek	zwëc(Middle High German)	žebelj	spike
dönok, denok	dennoch(Middle High German)	vendar	however
fabrika	Fabrik	tovarna	factory
fašenek	Fasching	pust	carnival
farba	Farbe	barva	color
farar	Pfarrer	duhovnik	protestant pastor
fejronga	Vorhang	zavesa	curtain
förtoj	Fürtuch(Bavarian)	predpasnik	woman apron
glaž	Glas	steklo	glass
gratati	geraten	postati, nastati	to arise
gvant	Gewand	obleka	clothes
lampe	Lippen	usta	mouth
pejgla	Bügeleisen	likalnik	clothes iron
plac	Plaz	trg	square
rafankeraš, rafankerar	Rauchfangkehrer	dimnikar	chimney-sweep
šalica	Schale(Bavarian)	skodelica	cup
šker	geschirre(Middle High German)	orodje	tool
špilati	spielen	igrati	play
šrajf	Schrafe(Bavarian)	vijak	screw
šraklin	Schürhakel	žarač, grebača	fire rake
žajfa	Seife	milo	soap

We also find Latin loanwords: bauta, bunta (storage, Lat. voluta, Stand. Slov. trgovina), cintor (cemetery, Lat. coementerium, Stand. Slov. pokopališče), kanta (can, Lat. canna, Stand. Slov. ročka), oštarija (inn, Italian osteria, Stand. Slov. gostilna), upkaš (hoopoe, Lat. upupa, Stand. Slov. smrdokavra) etc.

Loanwords adopted from the Serbo-Croatian during Yugoslavia: dosaden (tedious, Serbo-Croatian dosadan, Stand. Slov. dolgočasen), novine (newspaper, Serbo-Croatian novine, Stand. Slovene časopis), život (live, Serbo-Croatian život, Stand. Slov. življenje).

Prekmurje Slovene dialects

• Hill country or Highlands dialect (Goričko), in Upper Prekmurje, in locations of Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Križevci, Kuzma, Kuzma, Rogašovci, Šalovci, Mačkovci.
  • Raba March subdialect (Porabje), in Hungary, part of the Goričko dialect.
• Lowland dialect (Ravensko), Central Prekmurje, in locations of Puconci, Cankova, Bogojina, Bakovci, Tišina, Petanjci, Moravske Toplice, Rakičan.
  • Murska Sobota subdialect, the speech of the city Murska Sobota. Part of the Ravensko dialect.
• Lower Lowland dialect (Dolinsko) in South Prekmurje, in locations Beltinci, Bratonci, Črenšovci, Velika Polana, Turnišče, Žižki, Renkovci, Bistrica (Dolnja, Gornja and Srednja). Other name is Markovsko, Markasto dialect, because of the prevalence of the personal name Marko (Marc) in old times.

History

Early history

The Prekmurje Slovene developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language.

From Carniola and Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Jurij Dalmatin, were used in Felsőszölnök and Postil of Primož Trubar, were used in Gornji Petrovci. Hungarian Slovenes found it difficult to understand the language of this book.

By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular. Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica, Hungarian: Vandál nyelv).

The fact of double development of the Slovene language in Slovenian linguistics and science was ignored for a long time. The current form of the standard Slovene language only developed in the 19th century. Prior to this, there was two types of language norms: the Central Slovene language (mostly in Carniola) and the East Slovene language (in Styria and Hungary).

For a short time, there were also two variants of the East Slovene language: the Prekmurian Slovene and the East Styrian Slovene (in the regions of Ormož, Ljutomer and Lenart of Slovene Hills).

The literary traditions of the Prekmurian language developed during the protestant Reformation: mostly manuscript hymnals with religious hymns, psalms from the 16th and 17th century and a agreement from 1643. The standard language emerged at the beginning of the 18th century and slowly developed. The Prekmurian literary language followed homogeneous grammatical rules and phonetic characteristics. An example of this is the use of the wovels ö or ü and diphtongs in writing.

Manuscripts were also written in the East Styrian Slovene language. Printed books in this language were also published. However, there were no homogeneous grammatical or phonologycal forms in this language variant. Styrian Slovene authors had completely different ideas about the standard language. The Styrian Slovene literary language eventually ceased to exist and was replaced by the Central Slovene language.

18th century

The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin. The most important authors from this period were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century.

István translated the entire New Testament into Prekmurian (Nouvi Zákon 1771). István was born in Ravensko, the standard language was based on the Lowland dialect of Prekmurian Slovene, just like the as is the language of the old manuscripts. István as well expanded the language with elements from Highland (Goričko) dialect.

Who whill disallow those Slovenians who live between the Mura and the Raba the right to translate these holy books into the language, in which they understand God talking to them through prophets and apostles' letters? God tells them too read these books in order to get prepared for salvation in the fait of Jesus Christ. But they cannot receive this from Trubar's, Dalmatin's, Francel's, or other translations (versio). The language of our Hungarian Slovenians is different from other languages and unique in its own characteristics. Already in the aforementioned translations there are differences.

— István Küzmics, József Torkos, Predgovor, Nouvi Zákon (1771)

Miklós Küzmics though was born in Goričko, but he followed István's conception in language. He adopted additional elements from the Highland and Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialects. Miklós wrote several books, which were reprinted in the 20th century. His prayer book was really popular (Kniga molitvena 1783). His text and coursebook (ABC Kni'sicza 1790) was mandatory for decades in Slovene schools.

István Szijjártó and Mihály Bakos also performed important standardization work in Prekmurian Lutheran literature.

In 1774 was written Versus Vandalici, the first literary poem in Prekmurian language.

19th century

Natural history in Prekmurian language. The Prekmurian scientific language was codified by Imre Augustich's Prirodopis (1878).

In 1823 Mihály Barla created a new orthography for the Prekmurian Slovene. Two new characters were introduced to denote diphthongs: ô (ou), ê (ej) and â (aj). The new orthography was presented in new hymn books Diktomszke, versuske i molitvene kni'zicze (1820) and Krscsanszke nôve peszmene knige (1823). In 1820, a Lutheran teacher named István Lülik wrote a new coursebook Nôvi abeczedár, into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863). His book also spread Barla's orthography. Although this orthogragphy was used only in Prekmurian Lutheran literature.

Lülik wrote the first grammar of the Prekmurian language, but it remained in manuscript.

The first non-religious book in Prekmurian language was a ceremony book for weddings (Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo 1804; the author is probably István Szijjártó).

Catholic priest József Kossics brought the Prekmurian language to a new functional position. Kossics no longer wrote religious books, but books on history, grammar and etiquette. His orientation merged with the orientation towards national encouragement.

Lutheran pastor Sándor Terplán translated the Psalmas (Knige 'zoltárszke 1848) and also wrote new school-books.

János Kardos translated numerous verses from Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and few Hungarian poet. He worked on new coursebooks, for ex. Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs. Kardos followed a conservative conception in language: Kardos was not open to Slovene or Croatian, stuck to the archaic elements. Kárdos' purism was very similar to purism of Fran Levstik in Carniola.

Opposite Kardos was Catholic priest József Borovnyák, who adapted the Prekmurian literary language to the Slovene literary language. Borovnyák also contributed to the functional development of the Prekmurian language, for ex. with his political brochure Máli politicsni vodnik (1869).

In 1875, poet, writer, translator and journalist Imre Augustich established the first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper Prijátel (The Friend). Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers.

Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene, but at first retained the Hungarian alphabet. Later Augustich introduced the Gaj alphabet in the Prijátel and in a new coursebook Prirodopis s kepami, the first natural science book in Prekmurian language.

In 1871 József Bagáry wrote first course-book, which apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê). The Magyarization policy tried to push the coursebook out of the school, however, the coursebook was so popular in schools that in 1886 it was reprinted.

In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends" and "Wendish language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.

The Prekmurian Slovene language was able to follow the changes of the modern era and was able to renew itself. Either unaided or by taking over innovations from the (Central) Slovene and Croatian languages. The assertion that the Prekmurian Slovene slowly declined with modernization in the middle of the 19th century is not believable. This is contradicted by the first science books (by Kossics and Augustich) and the first journalistic products.

20th century

In 1908 Hungarian minister of Education and Religion Albert Apponyi introduced a new law, according to which subjects of instruction must be taught in Hungarian language in all schools of Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of the law was to Magyarization of national minorities. Education in the Prekmurian Slovenian language in schools has been displaced.

In 1914-1918, the political leader and later parliamentarian congressman in Belgrade József Klekl reformed the Prekmurje Slovene literary language, making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages. In 1923, the new prayerbook's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to the Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj.

In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene and Serbo-Croatian replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. The language of literature, journalism and the church remained Prekmurian Slovene.

Although in Yugoslavia, education in Prekmurian Slovene was not restored in schools (instead, they learned Serbo-Croatian and Standard Slovene at schools), nevertheless journalism in Prekmurian language flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. Items in the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendari were written in the Prekmurje Slovene. Prekmurian Slovene Emigrants also had their own weekly in the USA between 1921 and 1954: Amerikanszki Szlovencov Glász (American Windisch Voice).

József Szakovics took an active part in cultivating the Prekmurje Slovene with his books and articles in newspapers and calendars or with the reprints of oldest book of Miklós Küzmics. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene.

In these years, works of world literature were also translated into Prekmurian, for. ex. Molière's Le Médecin malgré lui.

János Berke started to collect the vocabulary for the first Prekmurian dictionary. János Fliszár was published a part of this dictionary (Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik 1922). The dictionary, which contains fifty thousand terms, has been preserved in manuscript.

In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje Slovene and Slovene by the help of Mikola.

After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of books and newspapers in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene or Serbo-Croatian was used in administration and education. In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.

Since the independence of Slovenia, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the Prekmurian language and cultural heritage. Few assotioations, publisher and self-publisher prints both old and new books in Prekmurian.

21th century

In the 21st century, the Prekmurian language has become more most visible in Slovenia's cultural life. The Premurian can be more often heard in different interviews on TV channels and radios (Murski val, Slovenski utrinki). Today, Prekmurian is also found in written form on public signs, such as some shop signs, evidence of growing use in the linguistic landscape.

In 2018 a Prekmurje Slovene translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince was published.

Singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan in 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas Is You aka Fse ka bi za Božič. On one occasion she said: »Prekmurians are often local patriots and sometimes we say with pride: This is prekmurščina, not slovenščina.«

Popular throughout Slovenia, Vlado Kreslin also sings in Prekmurian. It also has its own website in the Prekmurian.

The Wendish question

Main article: Wendish question

The issue of how Prekmurje Slovene came to be a separate tongue has many theories. First, in the 16th century, there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals.

In 1627, was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság, or Slovene Circumscription (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Raba March, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina).

According to the Hungarian dissenters, the Wendish (Prekmurje Slovene) language was of Danish, Sorbian, Germanic, Celtic, Eastern Romance or West Slavic extraction. But this was often false, political or exaggerated affirmations.

According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured by Turkish and Croatian troops who were later integrated into Hungarian society. Another popular theory created by some Hungarian nationalists was that the speakers of the Wendish language were "in truth" Magyar peoples, and some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.

In 1920, Hungarian physicist Sándor Mikola wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wendish language: the Wendish-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenians in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola also adopted the belief that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians. In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program tried to prove his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes, and Croatians alike were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have Latin blood and culture in them as well.

During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenians, however, supported the rebel Lajos Kossuth siding with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy. At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that, as a consequence, their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest of Hodoš, the only possibility for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovenian population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture. Thereafter, the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e., pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Lutheran priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.

In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swept into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The Hungarian government in Budapest after 1867 tried to assimilate the Prekmurje Slovenes. In Somogy in the 19th century, there was still a ban on using Prekmurje Slovene. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovenian politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurje Slovene and identity.

In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Prekmurian Slovenes is to conceive Prekmurian is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect. Prekmurians and other Slovenes have common national and ethnic identity but Prekmurians have also their special separate language identity, literature, grammar and spelling. Literature in Prekmurian Slovene is linguistically clearly distinguished from the literature in standard Slovene or other Slovene dialectical traditions. Prekmurian literature is always variegated, multifarious and not only a repository of religious books, as Slovene linguistics and literary history once claimed.

In Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurje Slovene was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.

Examples

A comparison of the Lord's Prayer in standard Slovene, Old Prekmurje Slovene, new Prekmurje Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian, and standard Croatian. The Prekmurje Slovene versions is taken from a 1942 prayer book (Zálozso János Zvér, Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition) and from a 2022 prayer book Jezuš tovariš moj. The original Hungarian orthography has been transliterated into Gaj's Latin alphabet, as used in the other versions, for easier comparison.

Standard Slovene	Old Prekmurje Slovene	New Prekmurje Slovene	Standard Kajkavian	Standard Croatian
Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, posvečeno bodi tvoje ime, pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo, zgodi se tvoja volja kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji. Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh in odpusti nam naše dolge, kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom, in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo, temveč reši nas hudega. Amen.	Oča naš, ki si vu nebésaj! Svéti se Ime tvoje. Pridi králestvo tvoje. Bojdi vola tvoja, kak na nébi, tak i na zemli. Krüha našega vsakdanéšnjega daj nam ga dnes. I odpüsti nam duge naše, kak i mi odpüščamo dužnikom našim. I ne vpelaj nas vu sküšávanje. Nego odslobodi nas od hüdoga. Amen.	Oča naš, šteri si v nebesaj, sveti se ime tvojo, pridi k nan kralestvo tvojo, bodi vola tvoja kak na nebi tak na zemli. Krüj naš sakdanešnji daj nan gnes, odpüsti nan duge naše, kak mi odpüščamo dužnikon našin. Ne pelaj nas v sküšnjavo, nego rejši nas hüdoga. Amen.	Otec naš, koji jesi v nebesih, sveti se ime tvoje, dojdi kralevstvo tvoje, budi volja tvoja, kak na nebu tak i na zemli. Kruh naš svakdašni daj nam denes i otpusti nam duge naše, kak i mi otpuščamo dužnikom našim, i ne uvedi nas v napast, nek izbavi nas od zla. Amen.	Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, sveti se ime tvoje, dođi kraljevstvo tvoje, budi volja tvoja, kako na nebu tako i na zemlji. Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas i otpusti nam duge naše, kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim, i ne uvedi nas u napast, nego izbavi nas od zla. Amen.

Examples from main Prekmurian Slovene dialects

Highland (Goričko) dialect (Selo, Moravske Toplice)

Standard Slovene

Mouž pa žena sta domou gnala kravo, štero sta na senji v Motvarjavcaj küjpila. Nouč je že bjla, nejbo je bilou puno zvejzd pa mejsec fejst svejto. Mouž je kravo vlejko za lanc, žena jo je pa odza gonila z boton. Preci potij sta že opodila, kda sta pa bila blüjzi potoka, sta na nejbi pod seuf vídla glij takšiva dva, kak kravo ženejta. Kak da bi samiva sebe vidla v glendali! Samo ka njima je tista ženska majütala z rokouv, ka naj idete bole na pravo rokou. Tak sta tüdi šla, pa sta zabloudila mijmo mousta pa v potok spadnola s kravov vrejt. Šče sreča, ka je bilou malo vodej v njon, vači bi se vsi trgej zalejali v njon. Kda so se vö rejšili z vodej, je tista prikazen z nejba minoula.

Mož in žena sta vodila kravo, kupljeno na senju v Motvarjevcih, proti domu. Bila je že noč, nebo je bilo posejano z zvezdami in mesec je sijal. Mož je vlekel kravo za verigo, žena pa jo je od zadaj priganjala s palico. Dobršen kos poti sta že prehodila, ko pa sta se približala potoku, sta na nebu nad sabo zagledala prav taka, kot onadva, ki sta ravno tako gnala kravo. Kot da bi videla sama sebe v ogledalu! Vendar pa jima je tista ženska na nebu mahala z roko, naj gresta bolj na desno. Tako sta tudi ravnala, vendar pa sta zgrešila most in s kravo vred padla v potok Še sreča, da je bilo le malo vode v njem, sicer bi se vsi trije utopili. Ko pa so rešili iz vode, je nebesna prikazen izginila.

Lowland (Ravensko) dialect (Murski Črnci)

Standard Slovene

Eden moški je kesno vnoči s konjami vlejko pune mele z mlina domou. Kda je pelo prejk potoka Mokoša, je vido gouske, štere so se koupale notri. Zeu je bič pa z norije začno mlatiti po nji. Pa so priletele do kola, prijale potače, pa so ga nej püstile naprej. Tisti moment so se spremejnile v čarno oblečene ženske, štere so bile doma ž njegove pa s sousidni vesnic. Zgrabile so ga pa začnole gvant ž njega trgati, zraven pa so njemi zagrouzile, ka njemi gezik vö potegnejo, če je vö ovadi komi.

Nek možakar je pozno ponoči s konjsko vprego vlekel poln voz moke iz mlina domov. Ko je prečkal Mokoš, je videl goske, ki so se kopale v njem. Vzel je bič in iz objestnosti švrkal po njih, pa so priletele do voza, prijele za kolesa in ga niso pustile naprej. V tem so se že spremenile v črno oblečene ženske, domačinke iz njegove in sosednje vasi. Ujele so ga in pričele trgati obleki iz njega, grozeč mu, da mu iztrgajo jezik, če jih komu izda.

Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect (Bratonci)

Standard Slovene

Zidari so pri ednoj iži zidali nouvo ižo. Vertinja njin je dobro dvorila. Pouleg župe pa mesa so meli sakši den na stouli šče dobre retaše pa krapce. Piti so si pa točili po vouli. Krav pa pri iži nej bilou, ka bi je dojijli, moški so pa tüdi nigdar nej vidli, ka bi kakša sousida prinesla k iži mlejko eli kislikaj, kak je v Prekmörji pač bijla stara navada. Če so ge zidali, so sousidje pa rodbina pomagali z delon pa jestijon. Gda so zidari tak že več dnij dobro jeli, je eden od njij, šteromi je bilou sümlivo, stoupo pred obedon v küjnjo gledat, kak vertinja küja. Ravno te je zela krapce s peči, te je pa v rokaj stiskavala krotajco, šteroj je z gobca prikaplalo vrnje, z njin je pa namazala krapce. Tak so zidari gor prišli, ka je vertinja cumprnica, pa v pamet zeli, otket njoj telko kisilaka pa vrnja.

Zidarji so pri neki hiši zidali novo zgradbo. Gospodinja jim je dobro stregla. Ob juhi in mesu so imeli vsak dan na mizi tudi zavitke in pogače. Tudi pijačo so si točili po volji. Krave pa pri hiši ni bilo, da bi jo dojili in možje nikoli niso videli, da bi katera izmed sosed prinesla k hiši mleko ali skuto, kakor je bila v Prekmurju navada. Če so namreč kje zidali, so sosedje in sorodniki pomagali z delom in hrano. Ko so zidarji tako že nekaj dni dobro jedli, je eden izmed njih, ki mu je bilo vse skupaj sumljivo, stopil pred kosilom v kuhinjo, da bi videl, kako gospodinja kuha. Ravnokar je vzela pogače iz peči. Nato je v rokah stiskala krastačo, ki ji je prikapljalo iz gobca smetano, s katerim je namazala pogače. Tako so zidarji spoznali, da je gospodinja čarovnica, in ugotovili, odkod ji toliko smetane in skute.

Slovene national anthem in Prekmurian language

Original version (by France Prešeren)

Prekmurian Slovene version (translated Peter Brenčič, 2018)

Spet trte so rodile prijatli, vince nam sladkó, ki nam oživlja žile, srcé razjásni in oko, ki utopi vse skrbi, v potrtih prsih up budi! Komú najpred veselo zdravljico, bratje! čmò zapét'! Bog našo nam deželo, Bog živi ves slovenski svet, brate vse, kar nas je sinóv sloveče matere! V sovražnike 'z oblakov rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm; prost, ko je bil očakov, naprej naj bo Slovencov dom; naj zdrobé njih roké si spone, ki jih še težé! Edinost, sreča, sprava k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo; otrók, kar ima Slava, vsi naj si v róke sežejo, de oblast in z njo čast, ko préd, spet naša boste last! Bog žívi vas Slovenke, prelepe, žlahtne rožice; ni take je mladenke, ko naše je krvi dekle; naj sinóv zarod nov iz vas bo strah sovražnikov! Mladenči, zdaj se pije zdravljica vaša, vi naš up; ljubezni domačije noben naj vam ne usmŕti strup; ker zdaj vàs kakor nàs, jo sŕčno bránit' kliče čas! Živé naj vsi naródi, ki hrepené dočakat' dan, da koder sonce hodi, prepir iz svéta bo pregnan, da rojak prost bo vsak, ne vrag, le sosed bo mejak! Nazadnje še, prijatlji, kozarce zase vzdignimo, ki smo zato se zbrat'li, ker dobro v srcu mislimo; dókaj dni naj živí vsak, kar nas dobrih je ljudi!

Pajdaši! poroudilo, je tršče víjno nan sladko, štero nam žilé poživê, srcê bistrî pa okô, štero doj vtopî, sakše skrbi, v potrtij prsaj vüpanje bidî ! Komi naj najprlê vesêjlo zdravico, bratja !mo spopêvali ! Boug našo nam krajino, Boug živi Slovenski cêjli svejt, brate vse, ka nas je, sinov sloveče matere! F te štêri nas mrzê, doj z oblakov roda naj našoga' ga vdari gron; prost, tak kak je biu že očákov dale naj bo Slovencov doum; naj spotêrejo njüve roke si lance štêri jih drž ê! Fküp držanje, sreča, spravlênje k nan naj nazaj pridejo; dicê, kelko jih ma Slava, vsi si naj v roke sêgnejo, te de vlast vkup z njo pa čast, kak prle, boujo naša last! Boug živi vas Slovenke, lepe, érašne roužice; nega takših mladih diklin, kak naša je krf dekel naj sinov zarod nouv od vas de straj neprijatelof. Pojge, zdaj se pige zdravica vaša, vi naš vüp; lübezen domačije ni eden naj vas ne buje strup; kak zdaj vas, tak kak nas, jo srčno branoti zove čas ! Živêjo naj vsi narodi, štêri trdno ščêjo dočakat dên, da tan gê sunce odi svaja iz svejta de stirana, gda rojak sloboden bou fsak, nej vrag, liki sousid bou mejak! Na kunci pa še ,pajdaši, küpice za sebe zdignimo, šteri smo se zato pobratili, ka dobro v srci mislimo; püno dni naj živi saki, pa vsi ka nas je dobrij lidi!

Gallery

• 
  The first printed book in Prekmurje Slovene: Mali cathecismus (Small Catechism), by Ferenc Temlin.
• 
  The ABC-book of Miklós Küzmics. This is also the first Hungarian-Slovenian Dictionary.
• 
  József Kossics: Small Grammar of the Hungarian language and Vandalic language
• 
  János Kardos's school book from 1872
• 
  The famous Prekmurje Slovene prayer-book, the Kniga molitvena from 1855.
• 
  First Prekmurian newspaper Prijátel (Friend) by Imre Augustich
• 
  Pray my brothers! Prayer-book of József Szakovics in 1936. His script was written in the Slovene alphabet.
• 
  The tomb of the young Vince Talabér from Permise (Kétvölgy) in the cemetery of Apátistvánfalva with Prekmurje Slovene inscription.
• 
  Prekmurje Slovene gravestone in the United States (St. Michael's Cemetery, South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)
• 
  The the most important Prekmurian Slovene-language newspaper Novine (1913–1941) by József Klekl
• 
  Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga (Jesus's Heart Calendar) was Prekmurje Catholic calendar between 1904 and 1944.
• 
  Dober pajdás kalendárium (Good Friend Calendar) from 1911. It contains various articles on politics, everyday life, literature and science
• 
  Oneiromancy in Prekmurian Slovene

See also

• Languages of Slovenia
• List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
• Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)
• Vandalic language
• János Fliszár
• József Klekl (politician)
• Ágoston Pável

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External links

• Marko Jesenšek: STILISTIKA PREKMURSKIH OGLAŠEVALSKIH BESEDIL/STYLISTICS IN ADVERTISING TEXTS IN PREKMURJE
• László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
• Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1715-1919
• Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1920-1944
• PREKMURSKI PUBLICISTIČNI JEZIK V PRVI POLOVICI 20. STOLETJA
• Američan, ki je doktoriral iz prekmurščine
• "Zame prekmurščina ni narečje, temveč jezik" – Branko Pintarič, gledališki ustvarjalec (For Me, Prekmurje Slovenian Is Not a Dialect, But a Language)
• Preučevanje jezika in literature (Slovene)
• Marko Jesenšek: The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area
• Six stories from Prekmurje (1)