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Ruyi Jingu Bang (Chinese: 如意金箍棒; Pinyin: Rúyì Jīngū Bàng), or simply as Ruyi Bang or Jingu Bang, is the poetic name of a magical staff wielded by the immortal monkey Sun Wukong in the 16th-century classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. Anthony Yu translates the name simply as "The Compliant Golden-Hooped Rod,"[1] while W.J.F. Jenner translates it as the "As-You-Will Gold-Banded Cudgel."[2]
Origin and General description
[edit]The weapon first appears in the third chapter when the Monkey King goes to the underwater kingdom of Ao Guang, the Dragon King of the East Sea, looking for a magic weapon to match his strength and skill. When all of the traditional magic weapons--swords, spears, and halberds weighing thousands of pounds each--fail to meet his standards, the dragon queen suggests to her husband that they give Sun a useless iron pillar taking up space in their treasury. She claims that the ancient shaft had started producing heavenly light days prior and suggests that the monkey is fated to own it. The novel never explains how the pillar was made, only that it was originally used by Yu the Great to measure the depths of the world flood during times immemorial.[3]
The staff is initially described as a pillar of black iron twenty feet in height and the width of a barrel. It is only when Monkey lifts it and suggests that a smaller size would be more manageable that the staff complies with his wishes and shrinks. This is when Sun sees that the weapon is banded with a gold ring on each end, as well as the inscription "The Compliant Golden-Hooped Rod. Weight: thirteen thousand five hundred [catties]" (如意金箍棒重一万三千五百斤).[4] The inscription indicates that the staff follows the commands of its owner, shrinking or growing to their whim, and that it is immensely heavy, weighing 17,550 lbs (7,960 kg).[5]
Literary Predecessor
[edit]The oldest edition of Journey to the West, the Kōzanji Version (高山寺, 13th-century),[6] published during the late Song Dynasty, diverts on many points from the final version published during the Ming. For instance, the episode where Monkey acquires the staff is completely different, as is the staff itself. Sun takes the monk Xuanzang to heaven to meet the supreme god Mahabrahma Deva. After the monk impresses the gods with his lecture on the Lotus Sutra, Monkey is given a golden monk's staff (among other items) as a magical weapon against the evils they will face on their journey to India. Sun later uses the staff in a battle with a white-clad woman who transforms into a tiger demon. He changes the staff into a titanic red-haired, blue-skinned Yaksha with club, showing that the predecessor of the Compliant Golden-Hooped Rod has more magical abilities.[7]
A weapon that predicts the Compliant Rod from the Ming version is mentioned in passing early on in the tale. Monkey mentions that the Queen Mother of the West had flogged him with an "Iron Cudgel" (铁棒) on his left and right sides for stealing 10 peaches from her heavenly garden. He later borrows the cudgel to use in tandem with the monk's staff to battle 9 dragons.[8] The rings on the latter may have influenced the bands on the former.[9]
Reference
[edit]- ^ Wu, Cheng'en, and Anthony C. Yu. The Journey to the West (Vol. 1). Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 104
- ^ Wu, Cheng'en, and W.J.F. Jenner. Journey to the West (Vol. 1). [S.l.]: Foreign Languages Press, 2001, p. 56
- ^ The W.J.F. Jenner translation says the pillar was used to fix the milky way in place (Wu and Jenner, Journey to the West (Vol. 1), p. 55).
- ^ Anthony Yu's original translation uses the word "pounds" (Wu and Yu, Journey to the West (Vol. 1), 104). However, Chinese versions of the novel use jin (斤). Jin and pound are two different measures of weight, the former being heavier than the latter. Therefore, I have altered the English text to show this.
- ^ The jin during the Ming Dynasty when the novel was compiled equaled 590 grams (Elvin, Mark. The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China. New Haven (Conn.): Yale university press, 2004, p. 491 n. 133).
- ^ This edition is named after the Japanese temple in which a copy was discovered (Mair, Victor H. The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 1181).
- ^ Dudbridge, Glen. The Hsi-Yu Chi: A Study of Antecedents to the Sixteenth-Century Chinese Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970, pp. 32 and 35
- ^ Ibid, pp. 37-38
- ^ Ibid, p. 38
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Category:Journey to the West Category:Fictional weapons Category:Size change in fiction Category:Magic objects