This is the VHS-Decode Wiki written and maintained by Harry Munday (harry@opcomedia.com) Inside this wiki and its pages, you will find everything! From easy-to-understand technical guidance and notations for getting a signal out of VCRs, capturing original FM RF signals off of tapes, storing them and finally processing them into lossless digital media archives.

VHS-Decode is part of a family of software sharing the same tools & developers!

CVBS (Composite) Decode / HiFi Decode / RTLSDR HiFi Decode / LaserDisc Decode / MUSE-Decode / CD-Decode / FL2K TBC Player

• The Frequently Asked Questions
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• Full Signal Software Time Base Correction "TBC"
• Cross Platform Support
• Full Post Signal Decoding Control
• Advanced dropout detection and concealment
• Advanced VBI Data Reader & Metadata Extraction
• Backwards Support to analogue systems
• Wide Range of Tape Formats Supported
• Easy profile based video file exporting

We have a overview YouTube video!

And more content:

Odysee Official VHS-Decode - therealharrypm

Odysee The Rewinding - MrCarter

YouTube The Video Dump Channel - Jitterbug

Thanks to low-cost analogue to digital converters CX Cards & RTLSDR alongside the DomesDayDuplicator direct digitisation and archival of many magnetic analouge media formats can be done not only properly, but affordably with original FM RF (Frequency Modualted Radio Frequency) signals being captured and preserved in the digital file realm. This is dubbed as the "FM RF Archival" method.

Unlike limited baked-in standard S-Video/Composite, baseband video & audio capture, FM RF capture allows the original tape signals to be stored making a true digital master copy of your analogue media, thus removing the need for expensive time base correctors and even working physical players in the future.

The decode family of tools brings you a state of the art archival toolchain to make use of these FM RF archives today!

FM RF capture and subsequent software decoding provides anyone with a standard desktop or laptop a complete software-defined videotape player with a full suite of "after the fact" broadcast level processing & manipulation tools with a full-frame software-based time base corrector, drop out detection, and compensation practically speaking near endless remastering potential.

Simpler digitisation, with conversion to baseband and then video files being a fluid copy-paste drag 'n drop experience for many tape formats not limited to just VHS or SVHS, the burden of effort is no longer tied to high cost real-time equipment allowing for near endless remastering possibility's only limited to the potential of the media format and not the hardware used to capture it.

Bypass all non-essential hardware, and process it all in software directly.

Capture today, decode tomorrow!

To see more expanded examples, see The Visual Diagrams Page.

For various tape media formats we create what we call an "RF Tap" and its as simple as the following:

• VCR/VTR Player --> Find FM RF Test Points --> Add a Decoupling 10 µF Ceramic Capacitor --> 50 Ohm RG316/RG178 Cabling --> BNC or SMA Bulkhead Connector.

• RF Tap (Bulkhead) --> Amplifier or Direct --> RF Capture Hardware (CX Card, DdD, MIRSC, RLTSDR or outher ADC) -> 8-bit or 16-bit stream of RF Samples --> RF Data File --> Software Chain.

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1. Practically Any VCR/VTR/Camcorder --> Analog to Digital Converter "ADC" 28-40msps --> Generic RF File of Video/HiFi Signals.

2. RF File of Tape --> FLAC Compression --> Optical Archive or LTO Tape Archive.

3. HiFi FM File (RAW or FLAC) --> HiFi Decode --> Demodulation & Noise Reduction --> FLAC 48kHz 24-bit audio file.

4. Video FM File (RAW or FLAC) --> VHS-Decode -> Demodulation & Time Base Correction -> Composite or S-Video .TBC Files video.tbc & video_chroma.tbc --> VBI Data Extraction ld-process-vbi --> ld-analyse Inspection & adjustment --> TBC Video Export FFmpeg & Chroma-Decoder --> RGB/YUV Uncompressed Colour Stream -> FFmpeg Encode -> Final Interlaced Video File.

5. Interlaced Video Files --> Deinterlacing --> Use on modern devices.

Unlike conventional methods, software decoding provides 4fsc sampling in non-square pixels so not only the visual picture area but the entire signal frame including the vertical blanking area (VBI) so information such as Closed Captions, VITC Timecode and Teletext can be visually inspected and some can be digitally decoded automatically via ld-process-vbi to a standard .JSON metadata file or via 3rd party tools like VHS-Teletext.

Thanks to the Time Base Corrected Format:

TV System	Full-Frame 4fsc	Frequency	Frame Rate	Field Rate	Data Rate CVBS	Data Rate Y+C
PAL	1135x624	17727262 Hz	25i	50i	280mbps 2.1GB/min	560mbps 4.2GB/min
NTSC	910x524	14318181 Hz	29.97i	59.94i	226.5mbps 1.7GB/min	453mbps 3.4GB/min

The .tbc format is a fully open standard method of containing the full 4fsc sampled contents of a composite or Y/C separated video signal, this is similar to the 4fsc D2/D3 lossless SD broadcast tape formats but in a binary digital file format ready for software chroma decoding or playback back to analogue systems via DACs.

The data is stored in the 16-bit GREY16 format and Luminance (Y) files can be used with FFmpeg directly to render a greyscale full frame "open-matte" video, however the Chrominance (C) is QAM modulated hence "Digital S-Video" being a apt term.

This baseband signal file or file set can also be opened in GNUradio it also allows backwards support for playback to analogue systems as media see Analogue Playback for more information.

Thanks to the ld-tools and LD-Analyse (TBC Inspection Tool), complete software control over black & white levels and fully software defined 1/2/3D chroma decoders for NTSC & PAL Composite/S-Video provide a massive amount of adjustment in the baseband signal domain.

After decoding and inspection/adjustment, the .tbc files can then run through the chroma-decoder (comb-filter in NTSC speak) which recovers the original colour and can output it as a RGB or YUV stream this is virtually hands off with tbc-video-export with a wide range of FFmpeg profiles for producing interlaced files ready for playback and further post processing.

For viewing media we recommend players such as Media Player Classic or VLC.

Standard 760x488 NTSC & 928x576 PAL	Standard + VBI 760x512 NTSC & 928x608 PAL

The default output is lossless compressed archival ready FFV1 & FLAC video and audio streams in the reliable .mkv (Matroska) container, but many FFmpeg Profiles are available.

• Lossless Cut & DaVinci Resolve are recommended for editing.

• Interlacing & Deinterlacing Guide

After inital interlaced video files are created, it can then be be de-interlaced quickly with bwdif. However, today more powerful deinterlacers like QTGMC can be easily used inside of StaxRip or Hybrid with a few clicks, providing a very high-quality motion accurate progressive video files.

After the interlaced video files are created, they can then be deinterlaced quickly with bwdif. However, today there are more powerful deinterlacers, such as QTGMC, that can be easily used inside of StaxRip or Hybrid with a few clicks, providing very high-quality motion accurate progressive video files.

• VHS-Decode has self-contained cross platform support, and has standardised multi channel RF capture workflows - 2023

• VHS-Decode supports decoding both stable and especially unstable media incredibly well with added support for SMPTE-C/Umatic SP/EIAJ/Philips VCR - 2023

• VHS-Decode has support added for Video8, Hi8 - 2022

• VHS-Decode surpasses in-deck time base corrector hardware & rivals dedicated commercial units - 2021

FM RF capture and post software decoding just cuts out the signal handling, not the physical handling.

Your VCR needs to be mechanically stable and able to track the tape. This means decks that are dramatically out of spec will have to be serviced/adjusted that's about it. Standard capture rules of thumb such as tracking adjustment per tape/segment with channel up/down buttons/sliders or knobs on pro decks and keeping the heads/guides clean still applies.

In the future, It would be ideal to capture all head drum signals with a custom amp/capture board and then do tracking in software, but for now, refining an already tried and working test point path based capture and increasing format support is the clear priority alongside increasing the processing speed, and building on standardised workflows.