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Harshen Kam

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Harshen Kam
'Yan asalin magana
 1,500,000
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 kmc
Glottolog kami1255[1]


Harshen Kam ko Gam (lix Gaeml), kuma aka sani da Dong ( Chinese ), yaren Kam–Sui ne da mutanen Dong ke magana da shi. Ethnologue ya bambanta nau'ikan Kam guda uku a matsayin daban amma harsuna masu alaƙa. [2]

Alkaluma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kudancin Dong

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kusan masu magana da harshen Kudancin Dong miliyan 1.5 ne aka ƙidaya a cikin ƙidayar harshe na 1990, daga jimillar mutane miliyan 2.5 a cikin kabilar Dong. Kudancin Dong yana zaune ne a yankunan Rongjiang, da Jinping, da Liping, da Zhenyuan, da kuma Congjiang na lardin Guizhou ; Gundumomin Longsheng, Sanjiang, da Rongshui a arewa maso gabashin Guangxi ; da gundumar Tongdao a lardin Hunan . Kauyukan Dong guda biyu kuma suna cikin arewacin Vietnam, kodayake mutum ɗaya ne a Vietnam har yanzu yana iya yin magana Dong. [3]

Yaruka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harshen Kam za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan sassa biyu: Kudancin Kam da Arewacin Kam. [4] Arewacin Kam yana nuna ƙarin tasirin Sinanci kuma ba shi da bambanci tsakanin tsayin wasali, yayin da Kudancin Kam ya fi mazan jiya. Ire-iren harsunan da ke da alaƙa da ko ɓangaren Kam sun haɗa da Cao Miao da Naxi Yao . Wani nau'in Pinghua na arewacin da ake kira Tongdao Pinghua, wanda ake magana a gundumar Tongdao, Hunan, Kam kuma ya sami tasiri sosai.

Kudancin Kam
  • Yanki na farko : Róngjiāng Zhānglǔ (榕江县章鲁村</link> ), Líping Hóngzhōu (黎平县洪州镇</link> ), Jǐnping Qǐméng (锦屏县启蒙镇</link>) in Guizhou ; Tōngdào (通道县</link>) in Hunan ; Longsheng (龙胜县</link>) da Sanjiang Dudong (三江侗族自治县独峒乡</link>) in Guangxi
  • Yanki na biyu : Líping Shuǐkǒu (黎平县水口镇</link> ), Cóngjiāng Guàndòng (从江县贯洞镇</link>), Róngjiāng Píngjiāng (榕江县平江乡</link>) in Guizhou ; Sānjiāng Hélǐ (三江侗族自治县和里村</link> ) in Guangxi
  • Yanki na uku : Zhènyuǎn Bàojīng (镇远县报京乡</link>) in Guizhou
  • Wuri na huɗu na lectal : Róngshuǐ (融水苗族自治县</link>) in Guangxi
Arewacin Kam
  • Yanki na farko : Tiānzhù Shídòng (天柱县石洞镇</link> ), Sānsuì Kuǎnchǎng (三穗县款场</link>), Jiànhé Xiǎoguǎng (剑河县小广侗寨</link>) in Guizhou ; kuma Jǐnping Jiǔzhài (锦屏县九寨</link>) in Guizhou
  • Yanki na biyu na lacca : Tiānzhù Zhǔxī (天柱县注溪乡</link>) in Guizhou
  • Yanki na uku : Jǐnping Dàtóng (锦屏县大同乡</link>) in Guizhou

Dogon (2012:19-20) [5] ya karkasa wuraren lectal na Kam (harsuna) kamar haka.

Kudancin Kam
  • Yankin Lectal 1
    • Chejiang, gundumar Rongjiang,榕江县车江
    • Longcheng, Tongdao County通道县陇城
    • Pingdeng, Longsheng County龙胜县平等
    • Chengyang, gundumar Sanjiang三江县程阳
    • Hongzhou, gundumar Liping黎平县洪州
  • Yankin Lectal 2
    • Zhaihao, gundumar Rongjiang榕江县寨蒿
    • Shuikou, Liping County黎平县水口
    • Guidong, gundumar Congjiang从江县贵洞
    • Heli, gundumar Sanjiang三江县和里
  • Yankin Lectal 3
    • Zhaihuai, gundumar Rongshui融水县寨怀
  • Yanki na Lectal 4
    • Pindong, gundumar Rongshui融水县聘洞
Arewacin Kam
  • Yankin Lectal 1 (Highland Dong高坡侗</link>)
    • Shidong, gundumar Tianzhu天柱县石洞
    • Kuanchang, gundumar Sansui三穗县款场
    • Jiuzhai, gundumar Jinping锦屏县九寨
    • Xiaoguang, gundumar Jianhe剑河县小广
  • Lectal Area 2 (River Dong河边侗</link>)
    • Datong, gundumar Jinping锦屏县大同
    • Sanmentang, gundumar Tianzhu天柱县三门塘
    • Lannichong, 靖州县烂泥冲 Jingzhou
  • Yankin Lectal 3
    • Zhuxi, gundumar Tianzhu天柱县注溪
    • Zhongzhai, gundumar Xinhuang新晃县中寨
  • Yanki na Lectal 4
    • Qimeng, gundumar Jinping锦屏县启蒙
  • Yanki na Lectal 5
    • Baojing, gundumar Zhenyuan镇远县抱京

A gundumar Congjiang, Dong ya ƙunshi yaruka uku: Jiudong九洞</link>(kamar Chejiang车江</link>Dong), Liudong六洞</link>(kamar Liping黎平</link>Dong), da wani yare da ake magana a cikin Xishan西山</link>, Bingmei丙梅</link>, da Guandong贯洞</link>(kamar Sanjiang三江</link>Dong) ( Gazetteer County Congjiang 1999: 109).

A cikin gundumar Suining, Hunan, ana magana da Dong a cikin Lianfeng联丰</link>(ciki har da Duolong多龙村</link>), Huangsangping黄桑坪</link>, Le'anpu乐安铺</link>, da sauran wurare na kusa. [6] A gundumar Chengbu, Hunan, ana magana da Dong a cikin Yanzhai岩寨</link>, Chang'anying长安营</link>, da Jiangtousi江头司</link>. [7]

Ana kuma magana da Kam a ƙauyen guda ɗaya na Đồng Mộc, Trung Sơn Commune, Yên Sơn District, Tuyên Quang Province, arewacin Vietnam, inda akwai kimanin mutane 35 Kam (Edmondson & Gregerson 2001). [8] Kam na Đồng Mộc ya yi hijira zuwa Vietnam daga China kimanin shekaru 150 da suka wuce. Kam iri-iri da ake magana a cikin Đồng Mộc ya fi kama da na Líping Shuǐkǒu (黎平县水口镇</link> ) a kudu maso gabashin Guizhou .

A kasar Sin, jimillar kananan hukumomi bakwai da aka ware a matsayin kananan hukumomin Dong masu cin gashin kansu (侗族自治县</link> ).

  • Yuping Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Guizhou
  • Gundumar Sanjiang Dong mai cin gashin kanta, Guangxi
  • Gundumar Longsheng Daban-daban Masu cin gashin kansu, Guangxi
  • Xinhuang Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
  • gundumar Zhijiang Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
  • Jingzhou Miao da Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
  • Tongdao Dong County mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan

Wasu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bisa ga Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997), nau'ikan yare da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Kam ana magana da su a Naxi那溪</link>, gundumar Dongkou (wanda ke da kabilar Yao 4,280 a 1982 (Chen 2013:39)) da Lianmin联民</link>, Suining County . Duk da haka, a hukumance gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sanya su a matsayin 'yan kabilar Yao, ba Dong ba. Chen Qiguang (2013:39) [9] ya ruwaito cewa kakannin Naxihua那溪话</link>Masu magana sun yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke a yanzu daga Tianzhhu, Liping, da Yuping na kudu maso gabashin Guizhou a farkon karni na 15.

Sanqiao三锹(三橇) gauraye yaren Dong- Miao ne da ake magana da shi a gundumar Liping da gundumar Jinping ta Guizhou ta kasar Sin kusan mutane 6,000. [10]

phonology da rubutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kam yana da manyan litattafai guda biyu: tsarin bunkasa ilimin kasar Sin da tsarin da Ngo Van Lyong ya kirkira na Kudancin Kam kamar yadda yake magana a Rongjiang. [11] Tsarin Sinanci galibi masana harshe ne ke amfani da shi kuma yana da kamanceceniya da sauran ƙamus na harshen Kra-Dai na Sinanci (irin su Zhuang ). Tsarin Ngo Van Lyong ya sami wahayi daga haruffan Vietnamanci kuma an yi shi don masu magana da masu koyo.

Yayin da tsarin Sinanci ya fi shahara, yawancin masu magana da Kam ba su da ilimi.

Na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Labial Alveolar ( Alveolo- )<br id="mwAXo"><br><br><br></br> palatal Velar Glottal
a fili dan uwa a fili lab.
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʷ
Tsaya /



</br> Haɗin kai 		mara murya p pʲ t tɕ k kʷ
m pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ
Ƙarfafawa s ɕ h
Kusanci tsakiya w wʲ j
na gefe l lʲ

Rubutun Sinanci na Kam yana da baƙaƙe na farko 32; bakwai daga cikinsu ( tʃ-</link> , tʃʰ-</link> , ʃ-</link> , ɻ-</link> , f-</link> , ts-</link> kuma tsʰ-</link> ) kawai yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin lamuni na kwanan nan daga Sinanci.

IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml
Samfuri:IPAslink b Samfuri:IPAslink d Samfuri:IPAslink j Samfuri:IPAslink g Samfuri:IPAslink zh
Samfuri:IPAslink p Samfuri:IPAslink t Samfuri:IPAslink q Samfuri:IPAslink k Samfuri:IPAslink ch
Samfuri:IPAslink m Samfuri:IPAslink n Samfuri:IPAslink ny Samfuri:IPAslink ng Samfuri:IPAslink sh
Samfuri:IPAslink w Samfuri:IPAslink l Samfuri:IPAslink ly Samfuri:IPAslink h Samfuri:IPAslink r
Samfuri:IPAslink bi Samfuri:IPAslink s Samfuri:IPAslink x Samfuri:IPAslink gu Samfuri:IPAslink f
Samfuri:IPAslink pi Samfuri:IPAslink y Samfuri:IPAslink ku Samfuri:IPAslink z
Samfuri:IPAslink mi Samfuri:IPAslink ngu Samfuri:IPAslink c
Samfuri:IPAslink wi

Rubutun rubutun Ngo Van Lyong na Kudancin Kam yana da haruffa 28-na farko.

IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm
/p / b /t / d /k / g /h / h /j / y /s / s /ts / z
/pʰ / p /tʰ / t /kʰ / k /f / f /w / w /ɕ / x /tsʰ / c
/tɕ / j /ŋ / ng /ʎ / ly /ɲ / yi /l / l /n / n /m / m
/tɕʰ / q /ŋʰ / ngh /ʎʰ / lhy /ɲʰ / nhy /lʰ / lh /nʰ / nh /mʰ / mh

Gasar karshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rubutun kalmomin kasar Sin na Kam yana da wasannin karshe na silasi 64; 14 daga cikinsu suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin lamunin kasar Sin kuma ba a jera su a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa ba.

IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml
a a ə e e ee i i o o u ku/uu
aɪ ai əɪ ei oɪ oi uɪ ui
aʊ ao eʊ eeu iʊ iu oʊ ku
am am ɐm aem əm em em eem im im om om um um
an an ɐn ina ən en en een in in on kan un un
aŋ ang ɐŋ aeng əŋ Eng eŋ eeng iŋ ing oŋ ong uŋ ung
ap ab ɐp ab əp eb ep eb ip ib op ob up ub
at ad ɐt ad ət ed et ed it id ot od
ak ag ɐk ag ək misali ek misali ik ig ok og uk ug

Ƙimar sautin wasali a wasan ƙarshe da aka rubuta -ab, -ad da -ag, shine [ɐ]</link> a cikin kalmomin da ke da sautunan -l, -p da -c (duba tebur a ƙasa); a cikin harbuwa tare da sautuna -s, -t da -x, [a] ne.</link> . Ƙimar sautin wasali a wasan ƙarshe da aka rubuta -eb, -ed da -misali, shine [ə]</link> a cikin kalmomin da ke da sautunan -l, -p da -c ; a cikin harbuwa tare da sautuna -s, -t da -x, shi ne [e].

Rubutun rubutun Ngo Van Lyong na Kudancin Kam yana da wasan ƙarshe na haruffa 116.

IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm
a a ɔ o e e u u i i
ɐ ă o ô ə ơ ɿ ư y ü
ai ai oi oi ɐi ei əi ơi ui ui
au au ɐu ou ɛu eu əu ơu iu iu
ʲa ia ʲo io ʲe ie ʷa ua ʷo uo ʷe ue
ʲai iai ʲoi ioi ʲɐi iei ʲəi iơi ʲui iui ʲau iau
ʲɐu iou ʲeu ieu ʲəu iơu ʷai uai ʷoi uoi ʷɐi uei
ʷau uau ʷɐu uou ʷeu ueu ʷəu uơu ʷiu uiu ʷəi uơi
an an am am aŋ ang ak ak ap ap at at
ʲan ian ʲam iam ʲaŋ iang ʲak iak ʲap iap ʲat iat
ʷan uan ʷam uam ʷaŋ uang ʷak uak ʷap uap ʷat uat
ɐn ăn ɐm ăm ɐŋ ăng ɐk ăk ɐp ăp ɐt ăt
ʲɐn iăn ʲɐm iăm ʲɐŋ iăng ʲɐk iăk ʲɐp iăp ʲɐt iăt
ʷɐn uăn ʷɐm uăm ʷɐŋ uăng ʷɐk uăk ʷɐp uăp ʷɐt uăt
ɔn on ɔm om ɔŋ ong ɔk ok ɔp op ɔt ot
ʲɔn ion ʲɔm iom ʲɔŋ iong ʲɔk iok ʲɔp iop ʲɔt iot
ʷɔn uon ʷɔm uom ʷɔŋ uong ʷɔk uok ʷɔp uop ʷɔt uot
on ôn om ôm oŋ ông ok ôk op ôp ot ôt
ʲon iôn ʲom iôm ʲoŋ iông ʲok iôk ʲop iôp ʲot iôt
ʷon uôn ʷom uôm ʷoŋ uông ʷok uôk ʷop uôp ʷot uôt
en en em em eŋ eng ek ek ep ep et et
ʲen ien ʲem iem ʲeŋ ieng ʲek iek ʲep iep ʲet iet
ʷen uen ʷem uem ʷeŋ ueng ʷek uek ʷep uep ʷet uet
ən ơn əm ơm əŋ ơng ək ơk əp ơp ət ơt
ʲən iơn ʲəm iơm ʲəŋ iơng ʲək iơk ʲəp iơp ʲət iơt
ʷən uơn ʷəm uơm ʷəŋ uơng ʷək uơk ʷəp uơp ʷət uơt
un un um um uŋ ung uk uk up up ut ut
ʲun iun ʲum ium ʲuŋ iung ʲuk iuk ʲup iup ʲut iut
in in im im iŋ ing ik ik ip ip it it
ʷin uin ʷim uim ʷiŋ uing ʷik uik ʷip uip ʷit uit

Sautuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kam harshe ne na tonal . Buɗaɗɗen maɗaukaki na iya faruwa a ɗaya daga cikin sautuna daban-daban guda tara, waɗanda aka duba cikin sautuna shida (wanda ake kira shigar sautunan ), ta yadda tsarin al'ada ya ƙidaya sau goma sha biyar. Kamar yadda yake da harafin Hmong, rubutun kalmomin Sinanci suna yin alamar sautuna tare da baƙar magana a ƙarshen kowane saƙo.

kwandon sautin: babba high tashi ƙananan tsomawa low tashi low fadowa babban fadowa kololuwa tsakiyar
/˥/ (55) /˧˥/ (35) /˨/ (11) /˨˦/ (24) /˩˧/ (13) /˧˩/ (31) /˥˧/ (53) /˦˥˧/ (453) /˧/ (33)
Rubutun Rubutu: -l -p -c -s -t -x -v -k -h
misali



</br> (budaddiyar magana) 		bal pap bac bas qat miax bav pak ba
"kifi" "launin toka" "rake" "inna" "haske" "wuka" "leaf" "lalata" "kashi"
misali



</br> (tabbataccen sila) 		gadon sedp medc bads pads bagx
"duka" "bakwai" "ant" "iya"? "jini" "farar"

Rubutun rubutun Ngô Văn Lương yana alamar sautuna ta hanyar yarukan da aka rubuta a sama ko ƙasa da wasali kamar yadda yake tare da haruffan Vietnam kuma yana fasalta sautuna 6 kawai.

kwandon sautin: babban falo m lebur babban fadowa low fadowa high tashi low tashi
/˧/ (33) /˨/ (11) /˥˩/ (51) /˧˩/ (31) /˧˥/ (45) /˨˦/ (24)
Misali: ba ba ba bã bả bã

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Northern Dong at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
    Southern Dong at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
    Cao Miao at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
  3. ↑ Joshua Project
  4. ↑ Yang Tongyin and Jerold A. Edmondson (2008). "Kam." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
  5. ↑ Long Yaohong [龙耀宏]. 2012. A study of Dong dialectology Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. [侗语方音研究 Dongyu fangyin yanjiu]. Ph.D. dissertation, Shanghai Normal University [上海师范大学]. http://www.taodocs.com/p-5926320.html
  6. ↑ Suining County Gazetteer (1997)
  7. ↑ Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997)
  8. ↑ Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. 2001, "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands", in Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, ed. K.L. Adams and T.J. Hudak, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 101-133. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
  9. ↑ Chen, Qiguang [陈其光] (2013). Miao and Yao language [苗瑶语文]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  10. ↑ Yu Dazhong [余达忠]. 2017. "Ethnic Interactions and the Formation of the Sanqiu People in the Borderland of Modern Hunan，Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces [近代湘黔桂边区的族群互动和“三锹人”的形成]". In Journal of Guizhou Education University [贵州师范学院学报], Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jan 2017).
  11. ↑ Article in Omniglot

Kara karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Long, Y., Zheng, G., & Geary, DN (1998). Harshen Dong a lardin Guizhou na kasar Sin . Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta bazara da Jami'ar Texas a wallafe-wallafen Arlington a cikin ilimin harshe, ɗaba'a 126. Dallas, TX: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan bazara. ISBN 1-55671-051-8
  • Yang, Tongyin & Edmondson, Jerold A. (2008). Kam . A cikin Anthony VN Diller da Jerold A. Edmondson da Yongxian Luo (eds.), Harsunan Tai-Kadai, 509-584. London & New York: Routledge.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harshen_Kam&oldid=463291"