William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( bapt. 26 Afrilu [lower-alpha 1] 1564 - 23 Afrilu 1616) [lower-alpha 2] marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingilishi, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana yi masa kallon babban marubuci a cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a duniya.[2][3][4] Ana kiransa sau da yawa mawaƙin ƙasa na Ingila da " Bard of Avon" (ko kuma kawai "Bard").[5][lower-alpha 3] Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwar, sun ƙunshi wasu wasan kwaikwayo 39, [lower-alpha 4] 154 sonnets, dogayen wakoki guda uku, da wasu 'yan wasu baiti, wasu daga cikin marubuta marasa tabbas. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su sau da yawa fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo.[7] Ya kasance a iya cewa shi ne marubuci mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma ana ci gaba da nazari da sake fassara ayyukansa. An haifi Shakespeare kuma ya girma a Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya auri Anne Hathaway, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Susanna, da tagwaye Hamnet da Judith. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1592, ya fara aiki mai nasara a London a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma mai mallakar wani kamfani mai suna Lord Chamberlain's Men, wanda daga baya akafi sani da King's of Men. Yana da shekaru 49 (a kusan 1613), ya bayyana ya yi ritaya zuwa Stratford, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru uku. 'Yan kaɗan na bayanan sirri na Shakespeare sun tsira; wannan ya jawo hasashe mai yawa game da al'amura kamar kamanninsa, Sexuality, imaninsa na addini da kuma ko wasu ne suka rubuta ayyukan da aka dangana masa.[8][9][10] Shakespeare ya samar da mafi yawan sanannun ayyukansa tsakanin 1589 da 1613.[11][12] [lower-alpha 5] Wasanninsa na farko sun kasance masu ban dariya da tarihi kuma ana daukar su a matsayin wasu mafi kyawun ayyukan da aka samar a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in. Daga nan ya rubuta mafi yawan tragedies har zuwa 1608, daga cikinsu Hamlet, Romeo da Juliet, Othello, King Lear, da Macbeth, duk an dauke su daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin harshen Ingilishi.[2][3][4] A cikin lokaci na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta abubuwan ban tausayi (wanda aka fi sani da romances) kuma ya yi aiki tare da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo.
Yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare an buga su a cikin bugu na inganci da daidaito a cikin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 1623, John Heminges da Henry Condell, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da abokan Shakespeare, sun buga wani rubutu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da Folio na Farko, wani bugun da aka tattara na Shakespeare na ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa da duka amma biyu daga cikin wasanninsa.[13] Gabatarwansa wata waka ce ta Ben Jonson, tsohon abokin hamayyar Shakespeare, wanda ya yaba Shakespeare tare da sanannen yanzu: "ba na zamani ba, amma na kowane lokaci".[13]
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙuruciya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shakespeare ɗa ne ga John Shakespeare, alderman kuma ƙwararren mai yin sana'ar safar hannu (mai yin safar hannu) asali daga Snitterfield a Warwickshire, da Mary Arden, 'yar dangin masu affluent landwning.[14] An haife shi a Stratford-Upon-Avon, inda aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1564. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, amma bisa ga al'ada ana kiyaye shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Ranar Saint George.[14] Wannan kwanan wata, wanda za a iya gano shi zuwa William Oldys da George Steevens, ya tabbatar da sha'awar masu tarihin saboda Shakespeare ya mutu a daidai wannan ranar a 1616.[14][15] Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, kuma mafi girma da ya tsira. ɗa.[14]
Kodayake ba a sami bayanan halarta na wannan lokacin ba, yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yarda cewa tabbas Shakespeare ya sami ilimi a Sabuwar Makarantar King a Stratford,[14][16][17] makarantar kyauta da aka yi hayar a 1553, [18] kusan mil (mile kwata). 400 m) daga gidansa. Makarantun nahawu sun bambanta da inganci a lokacin Elizabethan, amma tsarin karatun nahawu sun kasance kama da haka: ainihin rubutun Latin an daidaita shi ta dokar sarauta, [18] [19] kuma makarantar za ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin nahawu bisa ga marubutan gargajiya na Latin. [18]
Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Shakespeare ya auri Anne Hathaway mai shekaru 26. Kotun da'a na Diocese na Worcester ta ba da lasisin aure a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1582. Kashegari, biyu daga cikin makwabtan Hathaway sun buga shaidu da ke ba da tabbacin cewa babu wani da'awar halal da ta hana auren. [14] Wataƙila an shirya bikin cikin gaggawa tun lokacin da shugaban gwamnati na Worcester ya ba da izinin karanta haramcin aure sau ɗaya maimakon sau uku, [20] [14] da watanni shida bayan auren Anne ta haifi diya mace. Susanna, ta yi baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu 1583. [14] [14] Twins, ɗan Hamnet da 'yar Judith, sun bi kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma aka yi musu baftisma a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu 1585. [14]
Bayan haihuwar tagwaye, Shakespeare ya bar tarihin tarihi har sai da aka ambace shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na London a karni na 1592. Banda shi ne bayyanar sunansa a cikin "lissafin korafi" na wata shari'a a gaban kotun Sarauniya a Westminster Michaelmas Term 1588 da 9 Oktoba 1589 [21] shekaru". [14] Marubutan tarihin rayuwar da suke ƙoƙarin yin lissafin wannan lokacin sun ba da rahoton labaran apocryph da yawa. Nicholas Rowe, marubucin tarihin rayuwar farko na Shakespeare, ya ba da labarin wani labari na Stratford cewa Shakespeare ya gudu daga garin zuwa Landan don tserewa tuhumar farautar barewa a cikin gida na squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare kuma ya kamata ya dauki fansa akan Lucy ta hanyar rubuta balla mai ban tsoro game da shi. [14] [22] Wani labari na karni na 18 shine Shakespeare ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo yana kula da dawakai na abokan wasan kwaikwayo a London. [14] John Aubrey ya ruwaito cewa Shakespeare ya kasance malamin makaranta na kasa. [14] Wasu malaman ƙarni na 20 sun ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Shakespeare ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta Alexander Hoghton na Lancashire, wani mai gidan Katolika wanda ya ba da wani sunan "William Shakeshafte" a cikin wasiyyarsa. [23] [17] Ƙananan shaidu sun tabbatar da irin waɗannan labarun ban da jita -jita da aka tattara bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Shakeshafte shine sunan gama gari a yankin Lancashire. [23] [20]
London da aikin wasan kwaikwayo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a san ainihin lokacin da Shakespeare ya fara rubuce-rubuce ba, amma zance na zamani da tarihin wasan kwaikwayon sun nuna cewa da yawa daga cikin wasanninsa sun kasance a matakin London a shekara ta 1592.[24] A lokacin, an san shi sosai a Landan wanda marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Robert Greene ya buga shi a cikin Groats-Worth of Wit daga waccan shekarar: Akwai wani Crow mai tasowa, wanda aka kawata shi da gashin fuka-fukan mu, wanda da zuciyar Tiger dinsa a nannade cikin boyen dan wasa, yana zaton shi ma zai iya bam wata aya mara kyau a matsayin mafi kyawun ku: kuma kasancewarsa cikakken Johannes factotum. a cikin tunaninsa shine kawai abin girgiza a cikin ƙasa.[25] Masana sun bambanta a kan ainihin ma'anar kalmomin Greene, [26] [27] amma yawancin sun yarda cewa Greene yana zargin Shakespeare da kai sama da matsayinsa wajen ƙoƙarin daidaita irin waɗannan marubutan jami'a kamar Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, da Greene da kansa (wanda ya dace da shi. abin da ake kira "Jami'ar Wits").[28]. Kalmomin da aka lissafta suna lalata layin "Oh, zuciyar tiger nannade cikin ma'auni na mace" daga Shakespeare's Henry VI, Sashe na 3, tare da pun "Shake-scene", a fili bayyana Shakespeare a matsayin Greene manufa. Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a nan, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") yana nufin tinkerer na biyu tare da aikin wasu, maimakon "hazaka na duniya" na kowa.[29] [30]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ The concept that Shakespeare was born on 23 April, contrary to belief, is a tradition, and not a fact; see the section on Shakespeare's life below.
- ↑ Dates follow the Julian calendar, used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, but with the start of the year adjusted to 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates). Under the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May.[1]
- ↑ The "national cult" of Shakespeare, and the "bard" identification, dates from September 1769, when the actor David Garrick organised a week-long carnival at Stratford to mark the town council awarding him the freedom of the town. In addition to presenting the town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned in the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon as the birthplace of the "matchless Bard".[6]
- ↑ The exact figures are unknown. See Shakespeare's collaborations and Shakespeare Apocrypha for further details.
- ↑ Individual play dates and precise writing span are unknown. See Chronology of Shakespeare's plays for further details.
- ↑ The crest is a silver falcon supporting a spear, while the motto is Non Sanz Droict (French for "not without right"). This motto is still used by Warwickshire County Council, in reference to Shakespeare.
- ↑ Schoenbaum 1987, p. xv.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Greenblatt 2005.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bevington 2002.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wells 1997.
- ↑ Dobson 1992.
- ↑ McIntyre 1999, pp. 412–432.
- ↑ Craig 2003.
- ↑ Shapiro 2005.
- ↑ Schoenbaum 1991.
- ↑ Taylor 1990.
- ↑ Chambers 1930a.
- ↑ Taylor 1987.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Greenblatt & Abrams 2012.
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 Schoenbaum 1987.
- ↑ Honan 1998.
- ↑ Ackroyd 2006.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wells et al. 2005.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Baldwin 1944.
- ↑ Cressy 1975.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Wood 2003.
- ↑ Bate 2008.
- ↑ Rowe 1709.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Honigmann 1999.
- ↑ Chambers 1930a, pp. 287, 292
- ↑ Greenblatt 2005, p. 213
- ↑ Greenblatt 2005, p. 213.
- ↑ Schoenbaum 1987
- ↑ Ackroyd 2006, p. 176
- ↑ Greenblatt 2005, p. 213
- ↑ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 151–153