Yaren Tzeltal

Yaren Tzeltal
Dangin harshen	abu; abstract entity (en) ; languoid (en) ; language (en) ; human language (en) ; indigenous language (en) ; Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) ; Mesoamerican languages (en) ; Mayan (en) ; Western Mayan (en) ; Chʼolan–Tseltalan (en) ; Yaren Tzeltal; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	tzh
Glottolog	tzel1254

Tzeltal ko Tseltal (/ˈ (t) sɛltɑːl/) ^[2] yare ne na Mayan da ake magana a jihar Chiapas ta Mexico, galibi a cikin kananan hukumomin Ocosingo, Altamirano, Huixtán, Tenejapa, Yajalón, Chanal, Sitalá, Amatenango del Valle, Socoltenango, Las Rosas, Chilón, San Juan Cancuc, San Cristóbal de las Casas da Oxchuc . Tzeltal yana daya daga cikin Harsunan Maya da yawa da ake magana a kusa da wannan yankin gabashin Chiapas, gami da Tzotzil, Chʼol, da Tojolabʼal, da sauransu. ila yau, akwai ƙananan Tzeltal a wasu sassan Mexico da Amurka, da farko sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziki mara kyau a Chiapas.

Yankin da ake magana da Tzeltal za a iya raba shi zuwa rabi ta hanyar layin arewa maso kudu; zuwa yamma, kusa da Oxchuc, shine gidan kakannin Mutanen Tzeltal, wanda ya riga ya wuce mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, yayin da ɓangaren gabas ya zauna da farko a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin. wani bangare a sakamakon wadannan ƙaura, lokacin da Mutanen Tzeltal da sauran kungiyoyin al'adu suka sami juna a kusa, an bayyana yare daban-daban guda huɗu na Tzeltel: arewa, tsakiya (ciki har da Oxchuc), kudu, da kudu maso gabas, kodayake yaren kudu maso gabar a yau ana magana da shi ne kawai ta 'yan tsofaffi da masu magana da suka warwatse a cikin ƙasa. Harshen mai rai tare da wasu masu magana 371,730 tun daga shekara ta 2005, gami da kusan 50,000 monolinguals.

Bayani da matsayi na yanzu

Siffofin Tzeltal, tare da Harshen Tzotzil, reshe na yarukan Mayan, wanda ake kira Tzeltalan, wanda hakan ya zama reshe tare da yarukan Chʼolan da ake kira Cholan-Tzeltalan. Duk waɗannan harsuna sune harsunan Mayan da aka fi magana a Chiapas a yau. A tarihi, an yi imanin cewa rassan sun rabu kimanin shekaru 1,400 da suka gabata. Har ila yau, wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa ana magana da harshen Tzeltal har zuwa nesa kamar a Guatemala. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}Duk yake Greenberg ya haɗa Tzeltal tare da dangin Penutian da aka gabatar, wannan ra'ayi ba a tabbatar da shi sosai ba.

Ethnologue rarraba Tzeltal a matsayin 5 daga cikin 10 (Ci gaba) a kan sikelin matsayinsa na haɗari, kuma ya bayyana amfani da shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi. " Duk da haka, amfani da shi kusan baki ne kawai; makarantu da wuya su haɗa kayan Tzeltel, kuma a sakamakon haka kusan kowa da ke ƙarƙashin shekaru 30 yana da harsuna biyu a cikin Mutanen Espanya.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin yarukan Tzeltalan da Chʼol a yau shine cewa yayin da yarukan Chʼol ke nuna rabuwa ergativity, yarukan Tceltalan suna da cikakkiyar ergative.

Shirin yaren Tzeltal ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar gidan rediyo na CDI XEVFS, yana watsa shirye-shirye daga Las Margaritas, Chiapas.

A cikin 2013, Paparoma Francis ya amince da fassarorin addu'o'in Mass da bikin sacraments zuwa Tzotzil da Tzeltal. Fassarar sun haɗa da "addu'o'in da aka yi amfani da su don Mass, aure, baftisma, tabbatarwa, ikirari, tsarkakewa da shafa marasa lafiya ... Bishop Arizmendi ya ce Oktoba 6 cewa za a yi amfani da matani, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru takwas don fassara, a cikin diocese da Archdiocese na Tuxtla Gutierrez. An yi bikin Mass a cikin diocese a cikin 'yan shekarun nan tare da taimakon masu fassara - sai dai a lokacin homilies - Bishop Arizmendi ya ce a cikin wata kasida a cikin jaridar La Jornada .

Fasahar sauti

Harshen sauti na Tzeltal yana da sauƙi tare da lissafin wasula na yau da kullun da lissafin ma'anar harsunan Mayan. Wasu matakai na phonological suna faruwa, duk da haka, gami da daidaitawa, epenthesis, lenition da reduplication.

Sautin sautin

Tzeltal yana da wasula guda biyar:

	A gaba	Komawa
Kusa	i	u
Tsakanin Tsakiya	da kuma	o
Bude	a

Tsawon wasula shine bambancin sauti a cikin Tzeltal yana da muhawara.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tzeltal yana da ƙwayoyin 21, gami da tsayawar ƙashi. Kodayake Tzeltal ba shi da daidaitattun orthography, haruffa da aka yi da su a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa suna wakiltar rubutun da aka samo asali daga Mutanen Espanya:

		Biyuwa	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci		Ya kam a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	Ya kasan a cikinYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
Plosive	da ake nema	YanayiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	th zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya		Ƙadkh daYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	Sunan ʔ ake cikiYanayinSanya
Plosive	fitarwa	pʼ yi amfani da shi a matsayinYanayinSanya	tʼ yayaYanayinSanya		SanyaYanayinSanya
Rashin lafiya	da ake nema		SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
Rashin lafiya	fitarwa		Sunubiyar TsaroYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	SashenYanayinSanya
Fricative		Sunan β aka yiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	SanyaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	h kamata a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
Trill			r-rubuceSanya
Kusanci			SanyaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	j zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	w w w watauYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Tzeltal". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Tzeltal". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

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