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==Background== {{see also|Second Lebanon War#Israeli civilians|Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel}} [[Hezbollah]], based in [[Lebanon]], fired [[Hezbollah armed strength#Weapons|rockets]] into northern Israeli population centers in the 1990s, posing a security challenge for the Israel Defense Forces. Israel had floated the idea of its own short-range antimissile system, but U.S. defense officials cautioned that it would be "doomed to fail".<ref name="Levinson">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324712504578136931078468210|title=Israel's Iron Dome Defense Battled to Get Off the Ground|last=Levinson|first=Charles|author2=Adam Entous|date=26 November 2012|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> In 2004, the idea for Iron Dome gained momentum with the installation of Brig. Gen. Daniel Gold as the head of the [[research and development]] bureau of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). Gold was a strong backer of the antimissile project, even skirting army contracting regulations to secure financing.<ref name="Levinson" /> He also helped persuade key politicians to support the project.<ref name="Levinson" /> During the 2006 [[Second Lebanon War]], approximately 4,000 Hezbollah-fired rockets (the great majority of which were short-range [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha rockets]]) landed in northern Israel, including on [[Haifa]], the country's [[List of cities in Israel|third largest city]]. The rocket barrage killed 44 Israeli civilians<ref name="Ref_b">{{cite web|title=Israel-Hizbullah conflict: Victims of rocket attacks and IDF casualties|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+from+Lebanon-+Hizbullah/Israel-Hizbullah+conflict-+Victims+of+rocket+attacks+and+IDF+casualties+July-Aug+2006.htm|publisher=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date=21 August 2009}}</ref> and caused some 250,000 Israeli citizens to evacuate and relocate to other parts of Israel while an estimated 1 million Israelis were confined in or near [[bomb shelter]]s during the conflict.<ref name="Rubin2007">{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Uzi|title=The Rocket Campaign against Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War|url=http://biu.ac.il/soc/besa/MSPS71.pdf|date=June 2007|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies|access-date=15 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202114822/http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS71.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> To the south, more than 8,000 projectiles (estimated at 4,000 rockets and 4,000 mortar bombs) were fired indiscriminately into Israel from Gaza between 2000 and 2008, principally by [[Hamas]]. Almost all of the rockets fired were [[Qassam rocket|Qassams]] launched by [[BM-21 Grad|122 mm Grad launchers]] smuggled into the Gaza Strip, giving longer range than other launch methods. Nearly a million Israelis living in the south were within rocket range, posing a serious security threat to the country and its citizens.<ref name="Ref_2009">{{cite web|title=Summary of rocket fire and mortar shelling in 2008|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/data/pdf/PDF_19045_2.pdf | date=1 January 2009|publisher=[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]]|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> In February 2007, Defense Minister [[Amir Peretz]] selected Iron Dome as Israel's defense against this short-range rocket threat.<ref name="Ref_2007">{{cite web|title=Defense Minister selects Rafael anti-missile defense system|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/820967.html|date=4 February 2007|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=4 August 2009|archive-date=25 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725042418/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/820967.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, the $210 million system has been developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems working jointly with the IDF.<ref name="specs">{{cite web|title=Israel successfully tests "Iron Dome" rocket & artillery shell defence system|url=http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/277/|date=27 March 2009|publisher=defpro.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402200705/http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/277|archive-date=2 April 2009}}</ref> In May 2021 it was estimated that Palestinian militant groups had an arsenal of about 30,000 rockets and mortar bombs in Gaza, potential targets, when fired, for Iron Dome. Range varies widely, and guidance systems are lacking, but accuracy has improved over the years. There are estimates of the numbers and types of rockets, and their range and payload.<ref name=elnaggar>{{Cite web |title=Gaza's Rockets: A Replenished Arsenal That Vexes Israel |last=El-Naggar |first=Mona |newspaper=New York Times |date=13 May 2021 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/world/middleeast/gaza-rockets-hamas-israel.html}}</ref>
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