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وېليم شېکسپيير

تړنې سمول
د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
ویلیم شکسپیر

ويليم شكسپير (۲۶اپرېل ۱۵۶۴م زېږدي ـ ۲۳ اپرېل ۱۶۱۶م زېږدي)(په انگرېزي: William Shakespear) يو انگرېز شاعر ، ننداره لیکوال او لوبگر و . په لويه کچه د انگرېزي ژبې تر ټولو تکړه او مخکښ لیکوال گڼل شوی او بې جوړې د نندارو لیکوال او لوبگر هم و .دی تر ډېره د انگلنډ ملي شاعر گڼل کېږي او ورته د "Bard of Avon" ستاينوم هم ورپه برخه شوی دا ځکه چې دی د سټرټفورډ په سیمه زېږېدلی او ماغه ځای کې خښ دی . د ښاغلي شکسپيير تر ټولو ډېره ونډه په ننداره لیکوالي کې ده او د عمر لويه برخه یې لوبگرۍ کې تېره شوې چې د نندارو لیکنې لمخې یې ۳۸ په بر کې نیسي . د ۱۵۴ پورې لنډ او بې سرلیکه شعرونه ترې پاتې دي او برسېره پر هغو دوه قصيده یي شعرونه يې هم لیکلي دي ، او څو لیکنې هم ترې گڼل کېږي چې د کښلو لیکلو مودې یې ندي مالومې . د ويليم شکسپيير نندارې د نړۍ ژونديو ژبو ته ژباړل شوي او تمثیل شوي . ويليم شکسپیير په سټرټفورډ ـ اپون ـ اېوان کې زېږېدلی او لوی شوی . د ۱۸ کالو په عمر هغه د ٫ان هيداوې، سره واده وکړ . ان هيداوې څخه یې درې ماشومان راوړل : سوسانه او دوه غبرگولي هېمنټ او جوډيت . شکسپيير د ۱۵۸۵ م زېږدي او ۱۵۹۲م زېږدي کالونو تر منځ يې د لوبگر ، لیکوال او په لندن کې د لوبگرۍ د کمپنۍ چې نوم یې د لارډ چمبرلېن سړي يادېده په برخې لرلو سره خپل کار په بريالیتوب سره پیل کړ . وروسته یې د کمپنۍ نوم د پاچا سړي ته واړاؤه . داسې ښکاري چې په کال ۱۶۱۳م زېږدي کې د سټرټفورډ په ښار کې د ۴۹ په عمر په کور کېناست چې وروسته له درې کالو مړ شو . د شکسپيير د ځاني ژوند ځینې داسې بېلگې پاتې شوي چې د ځینو مسايلو په څرگندونه کې شکونه راولاړوي ، د بېلگې په توگه د هغه د پږنیز حالت او ظاهري اړخ ، جنسي حالت ، دیني گروهې چې مالومات یې ناڅرگند دي او داسې هم ښايي چې د هغه څخه پاتې نښېرونو کې د نورو لیکوالانو ونډې هم شاملې وي . د شکسپيير تر ټولو ډېر مشهوره کښنې له ۱۵۸۹ زېږدي څخه تر ۱۶۱۳م زېږدي پورې د يادولو وړ دي . د هغه په لومړنيو نندارو کې خندنيز ځېل او تاريخي ځېل ډېر ځلېد ه چې د هغه په کارونو کې تر ټولو مخکښه ځېلونه همدغه يادېږي . وروسته یې تراژیدي ځېل ته مخه کړه چې تر ۱۶۰۸م زېږدي پورې يې همدې ځېل باندې آزمويښتونه کول . دغه ځینې بېلگې یې لکه : هېملېټ ، کنگ ليېر ، اوتېلو او ماکبېت په انگرېزي ژبه کې تر ټولو ښکلي بېلگې گڼل کېږي . د شکسپيير د ژوندپه پای پړاؤ کې ده په تراژیده ـ خندني ځېل کښنې کړي چې رومانس ځېل په نوم هم نومېږي او پدغه ځېل کې یې ورسره د نورو لیکوالو گډکار برېښي . د شکسپيير ډېری چاپي نښېرونه د هغه په ژوند کې په رازو رازو کيفيتي ټوکونو راوتلي دي . په ۱۶۲۳م زېږدي کې جان هېمنگېز او هنري کونډېل په نوم د شکسپيير دوه نژدو ملگرو او لوبگره ملکارانو یې د First Folio (فرسټ فوليو) په نوم یې ټولې ننداريزې په يو ټوک کې د شکسپيير په نوم خپرې کړې خو وروسته بيا څرگند شول چې په هغو کې يوازې دوه ننداريزې د شکسپيير وې . د هغه په پیليزې یې د بېن جانسن په نوم يو شعر چاپ شوی چې په شعر کې يې د شکسپيير ستاینه کړې ده او ورسره یې داسې وړانديز کړی چې د ٫٫ د عمر ځانگړي پير لپاره نه ، خو د ټول عمر لپاره،، . د شکسپيير اثار په ۲۰مې پېړۍ او ۲۱تمې پېړۍ کې بيا بيا را اخيستل شوي او د نويو خوځښتنو لخوا نندارو کې او د علمي بورسونو لپاره وړاندې شوي . همدارنگه د ژباړو له لارې نورو کولتورونو کې بيا اړول شوي او په سیاسي توگه یې مفهومونه په نړۍ کې په نورو ډولونو اخيستل شوي .

مخینه

ویليم شکسپيير د جان شکسپيير ځوی و . جان شکسپيير د خپل د سیمې د جرگې غړی و او د لاسپېلو جوړولو چاره کې ډېر بريالی کارپوه و . د شکسپيير مور مېري آرډن نومېده چې د يوه مالداره نوموتي بزگر لور وه . د شکسپيير پلار د سنټرفیلډ پورې تړاؤ درلود . پخپله شکسپيير په سټرېټفورډ ـ اپون ـ اېوان کې ښايي د اپرېل په ۲۳مه کال ۱۵۶۴م زېږدي کې زېږېدلی و خو اصلي زېږون نېټه یې نده مالومه . د زېږېدو نېټه یې د اتلسمې پېړۍ پورې تړل شوې چې د ژوندلیک لیکونکو لخوا تېروتنه گڼل شوې ځکه چې د هغه د مړینې نېټه ۲۳ اپرېل ۱۶۱۶م زېږدي کال بلل شوی . شکسپيير د خپل د پلار په اتو ماشومانو کې ېې درېيم مشر ځوی و.

لندن او ننداريزه مخینه

پاتې ژوند او مړینه

زده کړې

ډېری ژوندلیک لیکونکي د شکسپيير زده کړې د کنگز نيو سکول ښوونځي کې گڼي چې په سټرېټفورډ سیمه کې و .

نندارې او ډرامې

شعرونه

سونېټس (بې نومه لنډ شعرونه)

ډول یې

په نورو یې اغېزې

ناندره ییزه لړۍ

د شکسپيير په هکله گڼنیزه شکونه

د نندارو ټولگه ییزې يې

زېرمه لیکنې

باندنۍ تړنې

سرچینې

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  • Shapiro, James (2005), 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare, London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-21480-0.
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  • Steiner, George (1996), The Death of Tragedy, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06916-2.
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