R
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Cursive script 'r' and capital 'R' in the U.S. D'Nealian script style
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R (named ar /ˈɑːr/[1]) is the aichteent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
History
[eedit | eedit soorce]Egyptian hieroglyph t |
Phoenician Resh |
Etruscan R |
Greek Rho |
Later Etruscan R | ||
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The oreeginal Semitic letter mey hae been inspired bi an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, "head". It wis uised for /r/ bi Semites acause in thair leid, the wird for "heid" wis rêš (an aa the name o the letter). It developed intae Greek 'Ρ' ῥῶ (rhô) an Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan an Wastren Greek fairms o the letter addit the extra stroke tae distinguish it frae a later fairm o the letter P.
The name o the letter in Latin wis er (/ɛr/), follaein the pattern o ither letters representin continuants, sic as F, L, M, N, an S. This name is preserved in French an mony ither leids. In Middlin Inglis, the name o the letter chynged frae /ɛr/ tae /ar/, follaein a pattern exhibitit in mony ither wirds sic as farm (compare French ferme), an star (compare German Stern).
The minuscule (lowercase) fairm as 'r' developed throu several variations on the caipital fairm. In haundwritin it wis common nae tae close the bottom o the luip but continue intae the leg, savin an extra pen stroke. The luip-leg stroke shortened intae the semple arc uised the day. Anither minuscule, r rotunda (ꝛ), kept the luip-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke, altho it fell oot o uise aroond the 18t century.
Uisage
[eedit | eedit soorce]In science, the letter R is a seembol for the gas constant. Mathematicians uise 'R' or (an R in blackboard bold, displayed as ℝ in Unicode) for the set o aw real nummers.
R represents a rhotic consonant in mony leids, as shawn in the table ablo. The Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet uises several variations o the letter tae represent the different rhotic consonants; [r] represents the alveolar trill.
Alveolar trill [r] | Listen | some dialects o Breetish Inglis or in emphatic speech, staundart Dutch, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Czech, Lithuanie, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian maistly in the northwast, Polish, Catalan, Portuguese (tradeetional fairm), Romanian, Scots, Spaingie an Albanie 'rr', Swadish, Welsh |
Alveolar approximant [ɹ] | Listen | Inglis (maist varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific poseetions o wirds), Swadish, Faroese, Sicilian |
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ] | Listen | Portuguese, Catalan, Spainyie an Albanian 'r', Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Erse |
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ] | Listen | Norwegian aroond Tromsø, Spainyie uised as an allophone o /r/ in some Sooth American accents; Staundart Cheenese (in pinyin); Vietnamese (soothren dialects) |
Retroflex approximant [ɻ] | Listen | some varieties o American Inglis; Staundart Cheenese (in pinyin); an Gutnish |
Retroflex flap [ɽ] | Listen | Norwegian when follaeed bi <d>, whiles in Scottis Inglis |
Uvular trill [ʀ] | Listen | German stage staundart; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant an Limburg, an some ceety dialects in The Netherlands), Swadish in Soothren Swaden, Norwegian in wastren an soothren pairts |
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] | Listen | German, Danish, French, staundart European Portuguese 'rr', staundart Brazilian Portuguese 'rr', Puerto Rican Spainyie 'rr' an 'r-', Norwegian in wastren an soothren pairts. |
Ither leids mey uise the letter 'r' in thair alphabets (or Latin transleeterations schemes) tae represent rhotic consonants different frae the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a soond sae weak that it is eften written interchyngeably wi 'w', e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.
Brazilian Portuguese haes a great nummer o allophones o /ʁ/ sic as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] an [r], the latter three anes can be uised anly in certaint contexts ([ɣ] an [r] as 'rr'; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone o /ɾ/ accordin tae the European Portuguese norm an /ʁ/ accordin tae the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Uisually at least twa o them are present in a single dialect, sic as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] an, for a few speakers, [ɣ].
Relatit letters an ither similar characters
[eedit | eedit soorce]- Ρ ρ/ϱ : Greek letter Rho
- Р р : Cyrillic letter Er
- Я я : Cyrillic letter Ya
- ℛ : Script caipital R
Computin codes
[eedit | eedit soorce]Character | R | r | ||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAIPITAL LETTER R | LATIN SMAA LETTER R | ||
Encodins | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 82 | U+0052 | 114 | U+0072 |
UTF-8 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
Numeric chairacter reference | R | R | r | r |
EBCDIC faimily | 217 | D9 | 153 | 99 |
ASCII 1 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
- 1 An aa for encodins based on ASCII, includin the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 an Macintosh faimilies o encodins.
Ither representations
[eedit | eedit soorce]NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Romeo |
[[File:Sign language {{{fingerspelling}}}.svg|90px]] | |||
Seegnal banner | Banner semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspellin) | Braille dots-1235 |
References
[eedit | eedit soorce]- ↑ "R", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit.
Freemit airtins
[eedit | eedit soorce]Media relatit tae R at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionar defineetion o R at Wiktionary
The dictionar defineetion o r at Wiktionary
Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | ||
Letter R with diacritics
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Ŕŕ | Řř | Ṙṙ | Ŗŗ | Ȑȑ | Ȓȓ | Ṛṛ | Ṝṝ | Ṟṟ | Ɍɍ | Ɽɽ | ᵲ | ᶉ | ɼ | ɾ | ᵳ | |||||||||||
Related
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