Seven experiments examined the spatial reference systems used in memory to represent
the locations of objects in the environment. Participants learned the locations of common
objects in a room and then made judgments of relative direction using their memories of the
layout (eg,“Imagine you are standing at the shoe, facing the lamp; point to the clock”). The
experiments manipulated the number of views that observers were allowed to experience,
the presence or absence of local and global reference systems (eg, a rectangular mat on …