Deer

Cervidae; Temporal range: Early Oligocene – Recent
	A fully grown male red deer
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Suborder:	Ruminantia
Infraorder:	Pecora
Family:	Cervidae

A deer is a even-toed ungulate mammal in the family Cervidae.^[1] They form the family Cervidae. The word 'deer' is both singular and plural.

A male deer is called a stag or buck, a female deer is called a hind or doe, and a young deer is called a fawn, kid or calf.

There are about 60 species of deer. They originally lived in the Northern Hemisphere,^[2] and now are native to Europe, Asia, North America and South America. Humans have introduced deer to places where they did not live naturally, such as Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and South Africa.

Antlers

Almost all adult deer have antlers, except one, the water deer, which has tusks. Only male deer have antlers, except for reindeer (caribou), where both sexes carry antlers. The antlers are deciduous, and drop off after the mating season. Their main use is for males to fight for groups of females during the rutting season (mating season).^[3]^[4]

Musk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (Tragulidae) have no antlers, and are not deer. They are ruminants (Ruminantia). They are no more closely related to deer than any other even-toed ungulates. Their evolutionary history is not well-known, and they are often described as "not true deer".^[5]

Behaviour

Deer do not make nests or dens. They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches. They stay close to where they can find food. In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds. In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches. They do not store their food for the winter. If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves. If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches.

The doe usually has one or two fawns in the spring. The fawn is precocial, and can stand immediately after birth, but is weak. The doe will hide each fawn in a different place. They are camouflaged by spots on their backs.

Deer have many predators. Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer. They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger.

Group behaviour

Generally speaking, deer prefer mixed forest and grassland areas. In former times, wolves were the number one enemy of deer. Even though deer today rarely need to defend against attack, their behaviour is adapted to succeed in mating, and protect themselves and their relatives from predators.

The rut establishes which males are dominant, and each successful male has a group of females. The group stays together until the fawns are born, about four or five months. Deer are by nature gregarious (social) and like to live together. This helps their defence against predators. The details vary between species.^[6] The actual defence against attack is decided by the dominant male. He decides whether to stand and, if necessary, to fight. Males keep their antlers for half a year. If they run, deer are outstanding runners. If they stand, they can kick. They will not attack humans unless the male senses danger. He gives warning by posture and sound. Stags tend to join up in male groups for mutual defence once their antlers are shed. The females also join up in large herds which can defend themselves fairly well. Deer stay in these single-sex groups for much of the year.

Diet

Deer are browsers, and feed mainly on leaves. Deer choose easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. This is mostly low-fibre food. The male deer need minerals such as calcium and phosphate for their antler growth.

Evolution

Deer are a monophyletic group.^[2] They originated in the northern hemisphere and arrived in some Gondwana continents much later. Red deer are found in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and some deer arrived in South America via the Great American Interchange.

Below North Africa there are no deer. Their place in the ecosystems is taken by antelopes, which occupy a niche similar to the deer. Antelopes are not a monophyletic group. The antelope types have evolved from several bovid groups, and are an example of convergent evolution.

Taxonomy

Bull moose on Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge.

In shaded areas they are not so easy to see

The deer family has about 62 species.

Family Cervidae
- Subfamily Hydropotinae: Water deer
  - Genus Hydropotes
    - Water deer, Hydropotes inermis
- Subfamily Muntiacinae: Muntjacs
  - Genus Muntiacus: Muntjacs
  - Genus Elaphodus
    - Tufted deer, Elaphodus cephalophus
- Subfamily Capreolinae: New World deer
  - Genus Capreolus
    - Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus
    - Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus
  - Genus Odocoileus
    - White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
    - Mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus
  - Genus Ozotoceros
    - Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus
  - Genus Blastocerus
    - Marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus
  - Genus Mazama: Brocket deer
  - Genus Pudu: Pudú
  - Genus Rangifer
    - Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus
  - Genus Hippocamelus: Andean deer
  - Genus Alces
    - Moose, Alces alces
- Subfamily Cervinae: True deer, Old World deer
  - Genus Axis
    - Chital, Axis axis
    - Hog deer, Axis porcinus
    - Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii
    - Calamian deer, Axis calamianensis
  - Genus Elaphurus
    - Père David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus
  - Genus Cervus
    - Red deer, Cervus elaphus
    - Wapiti (Elk) Cervus canadensis
    - White-lipped deer, Cervus albirostris
    - Sika deer, Cervus nippon
    - Barasingha, Cervus duvaucelii
    - Schomburgk's deer, Cervus schomburgki †
    - Thamin, Cervus eldii
    - Sambar deer, Cervus unicolor
    - Rusa deer, Cervus timorensis
    - Philippine deer, Cervus mariannus
    - Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi
  - Genus Dama
    - Fallow deer, Dama dama

Miscellaneous

The most famous fictional deer is Bambi.

References

↑ The plural of 'Deer' is just 'Deer'.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Pitraa, Christian et al 2004. Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 880–895. [1]
↑ "ADW: Cervidae: Information". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
↑ Malo A.F. et al 2005. Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences. 272:149-157.
↑ Frädrich H 1984. "Deer". In Macdonald D. (ed) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 518–9. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5
↑ Geist, V. (1998). Deer of the World: their evolution, behaviour and ecology. Mechanicsburg, USA: Stackpole Books. pp. 1–54. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.

Other websites

Data related to Deer at Wikispecies
Media related to Cervidae at Wikimedia Commons

[1] The plural of 'Deer' is just 'Deer'.

[evol-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Pitraa, Christian et al 2004. Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 880–895. [1]

[3] "ADW: Cervidae: Information". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved 29 July 2010.

[4] Malo A.F. et al 2005. Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences. 272:149-157.

[5] Frädrich H 1984. "Deer". In Macdonald D. (ed) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 518–9. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5

[Geist-6] Geist, V. (1998). Deer of the World: their evolution, behaviour and ecology. Mechanicsburg, USA: Stackpole Books. pp. 1–54. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.

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