skip to main content
10.1145/3468737.3494090acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesuccConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Multi-cloud serverless function composition

Published: 17 December 2021 Publication History

Abstract

Function-as-a-service (FaaS) is an emerging model based on serverless cloud computing technology. It builds on the microservice architecture, where developers implement specific functionality, deploy it to a cloud provider to be executed independently in its own containerised environment. In this paper, we present a software composition approach that orchestrates FaaS from various cloud providers to fulfil the requirements of an application. Our solution integrates a hierarchical planner and a constraint satisfaction solver. Specifically, we discuss the planning method, constraint satisfaction solver, and the coordination of selected functions during the execution. We also present an experiment where our approach is tested using functions in the cloud.

References

[1]
[n.d.]. Multicloud solutions with the Serverless Framework. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/example-scenario/serverless/serverless-multicloud
[2]
Vikas Agarwal, Girish Chafle, Sumit Mittal, and Biplav Srivastava. 2008. Understanding Approaches for Web Service Composition and Execution. In Proceedings of the 1st Bangalore Annual Compute Conference (Bangalore, India) (COMPUTE '08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 1, 8 pages.
[3]
Vikas Agarwal, Koustuv Dasgupta, Neeran Karnik, Arun Kumar, Ashish Kundu, Sumit Mittal, and Biplav Srivastava. 2005. A Service Creation Environment Based on End to End Composition of Web Services. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on World Wide Web (Chiba, Japan) (WWW '05). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 128--137.
[4]
Tsz-Chiu Au, Okhtay Ilghami, Ugur Kuter, J. William Murdock, Dana S. Nau, Dan Wu, and Fusun Yaman. 2011. SHOP2: An HTN Planning System. CoRR abs/1106.4869 (2011). arXiv:1106.4869 http://arxiv.org/abs/1106.4869
[5]
Ioana Baldini, Paul C. Castro, Kerry Shih-Ping Chang, Perry Cheng, Stephen J. Fink, Vatche Ishakian, Nick Mitchell, Vinod Muthusamy, Rodric M. Rabbah, Aleksander Slominski, and Philippe Suter. 2017. Serverless Computing: Current Trends and Open Problems. CoRR abs/1706.03178 (2017). arXiv:1706.03178 http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03178
[6]
Ioana Baldini, Perry Cheng, Stephen J. Fink, Nick Mitchell, Vinod Muthusamy, Rodric Rabbah, Philippe Suter, and Olivier Tardieu. 2017. The Serverless Trilemma: Function Composition for Serverless Computing. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (Onward! 2017). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 89--103.
[7]
Srividya Kona Bansal, Ajay Bansal, Gopal Gupta, and M. Brian Blake. 2016. Generalized semantic Web service composition. Serv. Oriented Comput. Appl. 10, 2 (2016), 111--133. http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/soca/soca10.html#BansalBGB16
[8]
Daniel Barcelona-Pons, Pedro García-López, Álvaro Ruiz, Amanda Gómez-Gómez, Gerard París, and Marc Sánchez-Artigas. 2019. FaaS Orchestration of Parallel Workloads. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (Davis, CA, USA) (WOSC '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 25--30.
[9]
R.G. Bartholet, D.C. Brogan, P.F. Reynolds Jr, and J.C. Carnahan. 2004. In search of the philosopher's stone: Simulation composability versus component-based software design. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{&}btnG=Search{&}q=intitle:In+Search+of+the+Philosopher+?+s+Stone+:+Simulation+Composability+Versus+Component-Based+Software+Design{#}0. Proceedings of the 2004 Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop September (2004), 1--11.
[10]
Amina Bekkouche, Sidi Mohamed Benslimane, Marianne Huchard, Chouki Tibermacine, Hadjila Fethallah, and Merzoug Mohammed. 2017. QoS-aware optimal and automated semantic web service composition with user's constraints. Serv. Oriented Comput. Appl. 11, 2 (2017), 183--201.
[11]
Pascal Bercher, Ron Alford, and Daniel Höller. 2019. A Survey on Hierarchical Planning - One Abstract Idea, Many Concrete Realizations. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-19. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 6267--6275.
[12]
Antonio Brogi, Sara Corfini, and Popescu Razvan. 2008. Semantics-based composition-oriented discovery of Web services. ACM Trans. Internet Techn. 8, 4 (2008), 19:1--19:39.
[13]
E Bruneton, T Coupaye, and JB Stefani. 2002. Recursive and dynamic software composition with sharing. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{&}btnG=Search{&}q=intitle:Recursive+and+Dynamic+Software+Composition+with+Sharing{#}0. Proceedings of the 7th ECOOP ... (2002), 1--9.
[14]
Soumi Chattopadhyay and Ansuman Banerjee. 2020. QoS-Aware Automatic Web Service Composition with Multiple Objectives. ACM Trans. Web 14, 3, Article 12 (May 2020), 38 pages.
[15]
Soumi Chattopadhyay, Ansuman Banerjee, and Nilanjan Banerjee. 2017. A Fast and Scalable Mechanism for Web Service Composition. ACM Trans. Web 11, 4, Article 26 (Aug. 2017), 36 pages.
[16]
Rik Eshuis, Freddy Lécué, and Nikolay Mehandjiev. 2016. Flexible Construction of Executable Service Compositions from Reusable Semantic Knowledge. ACM Trans. Web 10, 1 (2016), 5:1--5:27.
[17]
Fission. 2019. Fission: Serverless Functions for Kubernetes. https://github.com/fission/fission
[18]
Pedro Garcia Lopez, Marc Sanchez-Artigas, Gerard Paris, Daniel Barcelona Pons, Alvaro Ruiz Ollobarren, and David Arroyo Pinto. 2019. Comparison of FaaS orchestration systems. Proceedings - 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion, UCC Companion 2018 (2019), 109--114. arXiv:arXiv:1807.11248v2
[19]
Ilche Georgievski and Marco Aiello. 2015. HTN Planning: Overview, comparison and beyond. Artif. Intell. 222, C (May 2015), 124--156.
[20]
Malik Ghallab, Adele Howe, Craig A. Knoblock, Drew Mcdermott, Ashwin Ram, Maria Veloso, Daniel Weld, and David E. Wilkins. 1998. PDDL---The Planning Domain Definition Language. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.37.212
[21]
Robert P. Goldman and Ugur Kuter. 2019. Hierarchical Task Network Planning in Common Lisp: the case of SHOP3. In Proceedings of the 12th European Lisp Symposium (ELS 2019), Genova, Italy, April 1-2, 2019, Nicolas Neuss (Ed.). ELSAA, 73--80.
[22]
Patrik Haslum, Nir Lipovetzky, and Daniele Magazzeni. 2019. An Introduction to the Planning Domain Definition Language. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
[23]
Joseph M. Hellerstein, Jose M. Faleiro, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Johann Schleier-Smith, Vikram Sreekanti, Alexey Tumanov, and Chenggang Wu. 2018. Serverless Computing: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. CoRR abs/1812.03651 (2018). http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr1812.html#abs-1812-03651
[24]
Jason Hemann and Daniel P. Friedman. 2017. A Framework for Extending microKanren with Constraints. In Proceedings 29th and 30th Workshops on (Constraint) Logic Programming and 24th International Workshop on Functional and (Constraint) Logic Programming, WLP 2015 / WLP 2016 / WFLP 2016, Dresden and Leipzig, Germany, 22nd September 2015 and 12-14th September 2016 (EPTCS, Vol. 234), Sibylle Schwarz and Janis Voigtländer (Eds.). 135--149.
[25]
Scott Hendrickson, Stephen Sturdevant, Tyler Harter, Venkateshwaran Venkataramani, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau. 2016. Serverless Computation with open-Lambda. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (Denver, CO) (HotCloud'16). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, 33--39. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3027041.3027047
[26]
Daniel Höller, Gregor Behnke, Pascal Bercher, Susanne Biundo, Humbert Fiorino, Damien Pellier, and Ronald Alford. 2019. HDDL - A Language to Describe Hierarchical Planning Problems. CoRR abs/1911.05499 (2019). arXiv:1911.05499 http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.05499
[27]
IronFunctions. 2019. IronFunctions. https://github.com/iron-io/functions
[28]
Abhinav Jangda, Donald Pinckney, Yuriy Brun, and Arjun Guha. 2019. Formal Foundations of Serverless Computing. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 3, OOPSLA, Article 149 (Oct. 2019), 26 pages.
[29]
Aji John, Kristiina Ausmees, Kathleen Muenzen, Catherine Kuhn, and Amanda Tan. 2019. SWEEP: Accelerating Scientific Research Through Scalable Serverless Workflows. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (Auckland, New Zealand) (UCC '19 Companion). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 43--50.
[30]
Ali Kanso and Alaa Youssef. 2017. Serverless: Beyond the Cloud. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Serverless Computing (Las Vegas, Nevada) (WoSC '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 6--10.
[31]
Kyriakos Kritikos and Dimitris Plexousakis. 2015. Multi-cloud Application Design through Cloud Service Composition. In 8th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2015, New York City, NY, USA, June 27 - July 2, 2015, Calton Pu and Ajay Mohindra (Eds.). IEEE Computer Society, 686--693.
[32]
Xingwei Liu and Hui Zhao. 2007. An AI planning based approach for automated Web services composition. In International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering. Atlantis Press, 488--491.
[33]
Wes Lloyd, Shruti Ramesh, Swetha Chinthalapati, Lan Ly, and Shrideep Pallickara. 2018. Serverless Computing: An Investigation of Factors Influencing Microservice Performance. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). 159--169.
[34]
Pedro García López, Aitor Arjona, Josep Sampé, Aleksander Slominski, and Lionel Villard. 2020. Triggerflow: Trigger-Based Orchestration of Serverless Workflows. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) (DEBS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3--14.
[35]
Pedro García López, Marc Sánchez Artigas, Gerard París, Daniel Barcelona Pons, Álvaro Ruis, and David Arroyo Pinto. 2018. Comparison of Production Serverless Function Orchestration Systems. CoRR abs/1807.11248 (2018). arXiv:1807.11248 http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.11248
[36]
Agnes F. N. Lumala and José Ghislain Quenum. 2009. A Distributed Problem Solving Approach for Service-Oriented Computing Systems. In 2009 IEEE Congress on Services, Part I, SERVICES I 2009, Los Angeles, CA, USA, July 6-10, 2009. IEEE Computer Society, 530--538.
[37]
Haithem Mezni and Mokhtar Sellami. 2017. Multi-Cloud Service Composition Using Formal Concept Analysis. J. Syst. Softw. 134, C (Dec. 2017), 138--152.
[38]
Haithem Mezni and Mokhtar Sellami. 2018. A negotiation-based service selection approach using swarm intelligence and kernel density estimation. Softw. Pract. Exp. 48, 6 (2018), 1285--1311.
[39]
Microsoft. 2018. Drurable Azure Functions. https://aws.amazon.com/step-functions/features/
[40]
Mahboobeh Moghaddam and Joseph G. Davis. 2014. Service Selection in Web Service Composition: A Comparative Review of Existing Approaches. In Web Services Foundations, Athman Bouguettaya, Quan Z. Sheng, and Florian Daniel (Eds.). Springer, 321--346.
[41]
Felix Mohr and Hans Kleine Büning. 2013. Semi-Automated Software Composition Through Generated Components. In Proceedings of International Conference on Information Integration and Web-Based Applications & Services (Vienna, Austria) (II-WAS '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 676--680.
[42]
Dana Nau, Malik Ghallab, and Paolo Traverso. 2004. Automated Planning: Theory & Practice. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
[43]
Dana S. Nau, Tsz-Chiu Au, Okhtay Ilghami, Ugur Kuter, J. William Murdock, Dan Wu, and Fusun Yaman. 2003. SHOP2: An HTN Planning System. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 20 (2003), 379--404.
[44]
Le Duy Ngan and Rajaraman Kanagasabai. 2013. Semantic Web service discovery: state-of-the-art and research challenges. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 17, 8 (2013), 1741--1752.
[45]
Oscar Nierstrasz and Laurent Dami. 1995. Component-Oriented Software Technology. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., GBR, 3--28.
[46]
OpenFaas. 2019. OpenFaaS - Serverless Functions made simple. https://docs.openfaas.com/
[47]
OpenWhisk. 2019. What is Apache OpenWhisk? https://openwhisk.apache.org/
[48]
Beibei Pang, Fei Hao, Doo-Soon Park, and Carmen De Maio. 2020. A Multi-Criteria Multi-Cloud Service Composition in Mobile Edge Computing. Sustainability 12, 18 (2020).
[49]
Rodric Rabbah. 2017. Introducing Serverless Composition for IBM Cloud Functions. https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/serverless-composition-ibm-cloud-functions
[50]
Sasko Ristov, Stefan Pedratscher, and Thomas Fahringer. 2021. AFCL: An Abstract Function Choreography Language for serverless workflow specification. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 114 (2021), 368--382.
[51]
Mike Roberts. 2018. Serverless Architectures. https://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless.html
[52]
Mohammad Shahrad, Jonathan Balkind, and David Wentzlaff. 2019. Architectural Implications of Function-as-a-Service Computing. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (Columbus, OH, USA) (MICRO '52). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1063--1075.
[53]
Evren Sirin. 2004. Automated Composition of Web Services using AI Planning Techniques.
[54]
Shirin Sohrabi, Jorge A. Baier, and Sheila A. McIlraith. 2009. HTN Planning with Preferences. In IJCAI 2009, Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Pasadena, California, USA, July 11-17, 2009, Craig Boutilier (Ed.). 1790--1797. http://ijcai.org/Proceedings/09/Papers/298.pdf
[55]
Vikram Sreekanti, Chenggang Wu, Xiayue Charles Lin, Johann Schleier-Smith, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Joseph M. Hellerstein, and Alexey Tumanov. 2020. Cloudburst: Stateful Functions-as-a-Service. Proc. VLDB Endow. 13, 12 (July 2020), 2438--2452.
[56]
Michael Stollberg, Uwe Keller, Holger Lausen, and Stijn Heymans. 2007. Two-Phase Web Service Discovery Based on Rich Functional Descriptions. In The Semantic Web: Research and Applications, 4th European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2007, Innsbruck, Austria, June 3-7, 2007, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4519), Enrico Franconi, Michael Kifer, and Wolfgang May (Eds.). Springer, 99--113.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)MUSA: A Platform for Data-Intensive Services in Edge-Cloud ContinuumAdvanced Information Networking and Applications10.1007/978-3-031-57931-8_32(327-337)Online publication date: 9-Apr-2024
  • (2023)Inverse Response Time Ratio Scheduler: Optimizing Throughput and Response Time for Serverless Computing2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom)10.1109/CloudCom59040.2023.00018(26-33)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2023
  • (2023)Multicloud Deployment of AI Workflows Using FaaS and Storage Services2023 15th International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS)10.1109/COMSNETS56262.2023.10041365(269-277)Online publication date: 3-Jan-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
UCC '21: Proceedings of the 14th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
December 2021
214 pages
ISBN:9781450385640
DOI:10.1145/3468737
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

In-Cooperation

  • CIMPA: International Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 17 December 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. composition
  2. constraint satisfaction
  3. function-as-a-service
  4. hierarchical planning
  5. multi-cloud
  6. serverless

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Conference

UCC '21
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

UCC '21 Paper Acceptance Rate 21 of 62 submissions, 34%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 38 of 125 submissions, 30%

Upcoming Conference

UCC '24
2024 IEEE/ACM 17th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
December 16 - 19, 2024
Sharjah , United Arab Emirates

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)60
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3
Reflects downloads up to 10 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)MUSA: A Platform for Data-Intensive Services in Edge-Cloud ContinuumAdvanced Information Networking and Applications10.1007/978-3-031-57931-8_32(327-337)Online publication date: 9-Apr-2024
  • (2023)Inverse Response Time Ratio Scheduler: Optimizing Throughput and Response Time for Serverless Computing2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom)10.1109/CloudCom59040.2023.00018(26-33)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2023
  • (2023)Multicloud Deployment of AI Workflows Using FaaS and Storage Services2023 15th International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS)10.1109/COMSNETS56262.2023.10041365(269-277)Online publication date: 3-Jan-2023
  • (2023)QoS-Aware Deployment of Service Compositions in 5G-Empowered Edge-Cloud Continuum2023 IEEE 16th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD)10.1109/CLOUD60044.2023.00063(471-478)Online publication date: Jul-2023
  • (2022)PCDTPP: Design and Implementation of Private Cloud Desktop of Teaching and Practical Platform Based on Virtual Desktop Infrastructure2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Educational Technology (ICET)10.1109/ICET55642.2022.9944413(213-217)Online publication date: 25-Jun-2022

View Options

Get Access

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media