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ChatGPT in healthcare: : A taxonomy and systematic review

Published: 16 May 2024 Publication History
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  • Abstract

    The recent release of ChatGPT, a chat bot research project/product of natural language processing (NLP) by OpenAI, stirs up a sensation among both the general public and medical professionals, amassing a phenomenally large user base in a short time. This is a typical example of the ‘productization’ of cutting-edge technologies, which allows the general public without a technical background to gain firsthand experience in artificial intelligence (AI), similar to the AI hype created by AlphaGo (DeepMind Technologies, UK) and self-driving cars (Google, Tesla, etc.). However, it is crucial, especially for healthcare researchers, to remain prudent amidst the hype. This work provides a systematic review of existing publications on the use of ChatGPT in healthcare, elucidating the ‘status quo’ of ChatGPT in medical applications, for general readers, healthcare professionals as well as NLP scientists. The large biomedical literature database PubMed is used to retrieve published works on this topic using the keyword ‘ChatGPT’. An inclusion criterion and a taxonomy are further proposed to filter the search results and categorize the selected publications, respectively. It is found through the review that the current release of ChatGPT has achieved only moderate or ‘passing’ performance in a variety of tests, and is unreliable for actual clinical deployment, since it is not intended for clinical applications by design. We conclude that specialized NLP models trained on (bio)medical datasets still represent the right direction to pursue for critical clinical applications.

    Highlights

    First systematic review and taxonomy about ChatGPT in healthcare.
    Definition of a two-sided application- and user-oriented taxonomy.
    Categorization of the reviewed publications based on our taxonomy.
    Assigning the reviewed works a tag (Level 1 - Level 3) to indicate the depth and particularity.
    Critical discussion and outlook on ChatGPT in healthcare.

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    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
    Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine  Volume 245, Issue C
    Mar 2024
    325 pages

    Publisher

    Elsevier North-Holland, Inc.

    United States

    Publication History

    Published: 16 May 2024

    Author Tags

    1. ChatGPT
    2. Healthcare
    3. NLP
    4. Transformer
    5. LLM
    6. OpenAI
    7. Taxonomy
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