-ity: difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Content deleted Content added
Luxtaythe2nd (talk | contribs) |
→Etymology 2: clarifying, as there are 2 -ety suffixes |
||
(27 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) | |||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
||
* {{IPA|en| |
* {{IPA|en|/əti/|/ɪti/|a=RP}}; ''but see the usage notes below'' |
||
* {{IPA|en|/əti/|[əɾi]|[ɾi]|/ɪti/|[ɪɾi]|a=GA}} |
|||
** {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101--ity.wav|a=US}} |
|||
* {{IPA|en|/əti/|[əɾi]|a=AU}} |
|||
===Etymology 1=== |
===Etymology 1=== |
||
From {{inh|en|enm|-ite}}, from {{der|en|fro|-ite}}, {{m|fro|-ete}}, {{m|fro|-eteit||-ity}}, from {{der|en|la|-itātem}}, from {{m|la|-itās}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*- |
From {{inh|en|enm|-ite}}, {{m|enm|-itee}}, from {{der|en|fro|-ite}}, {{m|fro|-ete}}, {{m|fro|-eteit||-ity}}, from {{der|en|la|-itātem}}, from {{m|la|-itās}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*-teh₂ts|pos=suffix}}. Cognate with {{cog|got|-𐌹𐌸𐌰||-th}}, {{cog|goh|-ida||-th}}, {{cog|ang|-þo}}, {{m|ang|-þu}}, {{m|ang|-þ||-th}}. More at {{l|en|-th}}. |
||
====Alternative forms==== |
====Alternative forms==== |
||
Line 15: | Line 18: | ||
{{en-suffix|ity|cat2=productive suffixes}} |
{{en-suffix|ity|cat2=productive suffixes}} |
||
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form |
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form an uncountable noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.}} |
||
#:{{suffixusex|en|absurd|absurdity}} |
#: {{suffixusex|en|absurd|absurdity|t2=the quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment}} |
||
#: {{suffixusex|en|anonymous|alt1=anonym''(''ous'')''|anonymity|t2=the quality or state of being anonymous}} |
|||
#:{{suffixusex|en|modern|modernity}} |
#: {{suffixusex|en|modern|modernity|t2=the quality of being modern or contemporary}} |
||
#: {{suffixusex|en|precarious|alt1=precar''(''ious'')''|precarity|t2=a condition of existence without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare}} |
|||
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form a countable noun from an adjective, referring to someone or something that conforms to the adjective's description.}} |
|||
#: {{suffixusex|en|absurd|''[''an'']'' [[absurdity]]|t2=that which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction}} |
|||
#: {{suffixusex|en|anonymous|alt1=anonym''(''ous'')''|''[''an'']'' [[anonymity]]|t2=that which is anonymous}} |
|||
#: {{suffixusex|en|insipid|''[''an'']'' [[insipidity]]|t2=something that is insipid; an insipid utterance, sight, object, etc.}} |
|||
#: {{suffixusex|en|odd|''[''an'']'' [[oddity]]|t2=an odd or strange thing or opinion; a strange person; an oddball}} |
|||
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form other nouns, especially abstract nouns.}} <!-- such as [[proclivity]] --> |
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form other nouns, especially abstract nouns.}} <!-- such as [[proclivity]] --> |
||
=====Usage notes===== |
=====Usage notes===== |
||
* Many nouns formed with ''-ity'' are uncountable; those that are countable form their plurals in ''-ities''. |
* Many nouns formed with ''-ity'' are uncountable; those that are countable form their plurals in ''-ities''. |
||
⚫ | * The addition of ''-ity'' to an adjective results in a shift of stress to the antepenultimate syllable; that is, words in ''-ity'' are stressed on the last syllable before the ''-ity'', even in cases where this syllable is part of another suffix (as in words in ''[[-ability]]'' and ''[[-icity]]''). Further, this shift typically results in a change in vowel quality; compare, for example, ''[[real]]'' and ''[[reality]]'', where the sound {{IPAchar|[æ]}} in the second word is not present in the first. These vowel quality changes are usually consistent with the spelling of both forms — note that the letter <a> in the second word ''is'' present in the first — but sometimes spelling changes are seen, as with the suffix ''[[-ous]]'', which when it combines with ''-ity'' produces the suffix ''[[-osity]]''. |
||
⚫ | |||
* Final ''-e'' is dropped before adding this suffix. |
* Final ''-e'' is dropped before adding this suffix. |
||
* Pronunciation: |
|||
⚫ | ** The addition of ''-ity'' to an adjective results in a shift of stress to the antepenultimate syllable; that is, words in ''-ity'' are stressed on the last syllable before the ''-ity'', even in cases where this syllable is part of another suffix (as in words in ''[[-ability]]'' and ''[[-icity]]''). Further, this shift typically results in a change in vowel quality; compare, for example, ''[[real]]'' and ''[[reality]]'', where the sound {{IPAchar|[æ]}} in the second word is not present in the first. These vowel quality changes are usually consistent with the spelling of both forms — note that the letter <a> in the second word ''is'' present in the first — but sometimes spelling changes are seen, as with the suffix ''[[-ous]]'', which when it combines with ''-ity'' produces the suffix ''[[-osity]]''. |
||
⚫ | |||
=====Derived terms===== |
=====Derived terms===== |
||
Line 34: | Line 45: | ||
=====Translations===== |
=====Translations===== |
||
{{trans-top|Used to form nouns from adjectives.}} |
{{trans-top|Used to form nouns from adjectives.}} |
||
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|-iteit}} |
|||
* Albanian: {{t|sq|-itet|m}} |
|||
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-ություն}} |
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-ություն}} |
||
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|-ãtati}}, {{t|rup|-tati}} |
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|-ãtati}}, {{t|rup|-tati}} |
||
* Asturian: {{t|ast|-idá|f}}, {{t|ast|-dá|f}} |
|||
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|-лыҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лек|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лоҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лөк|sc=Cyrl}} |
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|-лыҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лек|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лоҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лөк|sc=Cyrl}} |
||
* Basque: {{t|eu|-itate}} |
|||
* Belarusian: {{t|be|-ітэ́т|m}} |
|||
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-itat|f}}, {{t+|ca|-tat|f}} |
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-itat|f}}, {{t+|ca|-tat|f}} |
||
* Chinese: |
* Chinese: |
||
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|性|tr=xìng}} |
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|性|tr=xìng}} |
||
* Czech: {{t|cs|-ita|f}} |
|||
* Danish: {{t|da|-itet|c}}, {{t+|da|-hed|c}} |
* Danish: {{t|da|-itet|c}}, {{t+|da|-hed|c}} |
||
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-heid}}, {{t+|nl|-iteit|f}} |
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-heid}}, {{t+|nl|-iteit|f}} |
||
* Estonian: {{t|et|-iteet}} |
|||
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-uus}}, {{t|fi|-iteetti}} |
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-uus}}, {{t|fi|-iteetti}} |
||
* French: {{t+|fr|-ité|f}}, {{t+|fr|-té|f}} |
* French: {{t+|fr|-ité|f}}, {{t+|fr|-té|f}} |
||
* Friulian: {{t|fur|-itât}}, {{t|fur|-tât}} |
* Friulian: {{t|fur|-itât}}, {{t|fur|-tât}} |
||
* Galician: {{t|gl|-dade|f}}, {{t+|gl|-idade|f}} |
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-dade|f}}, {{t+|gl|-idade|f}} |
||
* German: {{t+|de|-ität|f}} |
* German: {{t+|de|-ität|f}} |
||
* Greek: {{t+|el|-ότητα|f}} |
* Greek: {{t+|el|-ότητα|f}} |
||
* Hebrew: {{t|he|־וּת|f|tr=-ut}} |
* Hebrew: {{t|he|־וּת|f|tr=-ut}} |
||
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-itás}} |
|||
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|-itas}} |
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|-itas}} |
||
{{trans-mid}} |
|||
* Interlingua: {{t+|ia|-itate}} |
* Interlingua: {{t+|ia|-itate}} |
||
* Italian: {{t|it|-ità|f}} |
* Italian: {{t|it|-ità|f}} |
||
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|性|tr=sei}} |
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|性|tr=sei}} |
||
* Korean: {{t+|ko|성}} |
* Korean: {{t+|ko|성(性)}} |
||
* Latin: {{t|la|-itas|f}} |
* Latin: {{t|la|-itas|f}} |
||
* Latvian: {{t|lv|-itāte}} |
|||
* Malay: {{t|ms|-iti}}, {{t|ms|-itet}}, {{t|ms|-itas}}, {{t|ms|ke--an}} |
* Malay: {{t|ms|-iti}}, {{t|ms|-itet}}, {{t|ms|-itas}}, {{t|ms|ke--an}} |
||
* Maltese: {{t|mt|-ità|f}} |
|||
* Middle English: {{t|enm|-te}}, {{t|enm|-ite}} |
* Middle English: {{t|enm|-te}}, {{t|enm|-ite}} |
||
* Norwegian: |
|||
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|-itet}} |
|||
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|-itet}} |
|||
* Occitan: {{t|oc|-itat|f}} |
|||
* Old English: {{t|ang|-þu}}, {{t|ang|-þ}} |
|||
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-ość}} |
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-ość}} |
||
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-idade|f}}, {{t+|pt|-dade|f}} |
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-idade|f}}, {{t+|pt|-dade|f}} |
||
* Romanian: {{t|ro|-itate|f}}, {{t|ro|-tate|f}}, {{t|ro|-ătate|f}}, {{t|ro|-eață|f}}, {{t|ro|-ețe|f}}, {{t|ro|-ie|f}} |
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|-itate|f}}, {{t+|ro|-tate|f}}, {{t+|ro|-ătate|f}}, {{t|ro|-eață|f}}, {{t|ro|-ețe|f}}, {{t+|ro|-ie|f}} |
||
* Russian: {{t|ru|-ность|f}}, {{t+|ru|-ите́т|m}}, {{t|ru|-ство|n}} |
* Russian: {{t|ru|-ность|f}}, {{t+|ru|-ите́т|m}}, {{t|ru|-ство|n}} |
||
* Sicilian: {{t|scn|-ità|f}}, {{t|scn|-itati|f}} |
|||
* Slovak: {{t|sk|-ita|f}} |
|||
* Slovene: {{t|sl|-nost|f}} |
* Slovene: {{t|sl|-nost|f}} |
||
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-idad|f}}, {{t+|es|-edad|f}}, {{t+|es|-dad|f}} |
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-idad|f}}, {{t+|es|-edad|f}}, {{t+|es|-dad|f}} |
||
* Swahili: {{t|sw|u-}} |
* Swahili: {{t|sw|u-}} |
||
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-het|c}} |
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-het|c}}, {{t+|sv|-itet|}} |
||
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-lük}}, {{t+|tr|-luk}}, {{t+|tr|-lık}}, {{t+|tr|-lik}} |
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|-idad}} |
||
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-lük}}, {{t+|tr|-luk}}, {{t+|tr|-lık}}, {{t+|tr|-lik}}, {{t|tr|-ite}} |
|||
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|-іте́т|m}} |
|||
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|־יטעט}} |
|||
{{trans-bottom}} |
{{trans-bottom}} |
||
Line 73: | Line 103: | ||
===Etymology 2=== |
===Etymology 2=== |
||
Variant of {{m|en|-ety}}, likely an alteration of {{m|en|-edy}}, equivalent to {{af|en|-ed|-y|id2=adjectival}}. |
|||
See {{m|en|-ety}}. |
|||
====Suffix==== |
====Suffix==== |
||
Line 82: | Line 112: | ||
[[Category:English noun-forming suffixes]] |
[[Category:English noun-forming suffixes]] |
||
---- |
|||
==Polish== |
==Polish== |
||
===Etymology=== |
|||
{{rfe|pl}} |
|||
===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
||
{{pl-p}} |
|||
===Suffix=== |
===Suffix=== |
||
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m}} |
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m}} |
||
# {{ |
# {{ng|forms masculine adjectives}} |
||
#: {{suffixusex|pl|pracować|pracowity}} |
#: {{suffixusex|pl|pracować|pracowity}} |
||
====Declension==== |
====Declension==== |
||
{{pl- |
{{pl-adecl}} |
||
====Derived terms==== |
====Derived terms==== |
||
{{suffixsee|pl}} |
{{suffixsee|pl}} |
||
===Further reading=== |
|||
* {{R:pl:PWN}} |
Latest revision as of 02:24, 3 July 2024
English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /əti/, /ɪti/; but see the usage notes below
- (General American) IPA(key): /əti/, [əɾi], [ɾi], /ɪti/, [ɪɾi]
- (General Australian) IPA(key): /əti/, [əɾi]
Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle English -ite, -itee, from Old French -ite, -ete, -eteit (“-ity”), from Latin -itātem, from -itās, from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts (suffix). Cognate with Gothic -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa, “-th”), Old High German -ida (“-th”), Old English -þo, -þu, -þ (“-th”). More at -th.
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ity
- Used to form an uncountable noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
- absurd + -ity → absurdity (“the quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment”)
- anonym(ous) + -ity → anonymity (“the quality or state of being anonymous”)
- modern + -ity → modernity (“the quality of being modern or contemporary”)
- precar(ious) + -ity → precarity (“a condition of existence without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare”)
- Used to form a countable noun from an adjective, referring to someone or something that conforms to the adjective's description.
- absurd + -ity → [an] absurdity (“that which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction”)
- anonym(ous) + -ity → [an] anonymity (“that which is anonymous”)
- insipid + -ity → [an] insipidity (“something that is insipid; an insipid utterance, sight, object, etc.”)
- odd + -ity → [an] oddity (“an odd or strange thing or opinion; a strange person; an oddball”)
- Used to form other nouns, especially abstract nouns.
Usage notes
[edit]- Many nouns formed with -ity are uncountable; those that are countable form their plurals in -ities.
- Final -e is dropped before adding this suffix.
- Pronunciation:
- The addition of -ity to an adjective results in a shift of stress to the antepenultimate syllable; that is, words in -ity are stressed on the last syllable before the -ity, even in cases where this syllable is part of another suffix (as in words in -ability and -icity). Further, this shift typically results in a change in vowel quality; compare, for example, real and reality, where the sound [æ] in the second word is not present in the first. These vowel quality changes are usually consistent with the spelling of both forms — note that the letter <a> in the second word is present in the first — but sometimes spelling changes are seen, as with the suffix -ous, which when it combines with -ity produces the suffix -osity.
- While a final -c is pronounced [k], before -ity it becomes [s]; compare, for example, elastic and elasticity.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]Used to form nouns from adjectives.
|
See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Variant of -ety, likely an alteration of -edy, equivalent to -ed + -y.
Suffix
[edit]-ity
- Alternative form of -ety
- hip + -ity → hippity, hippity-hop
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ity m
Declension
[edit]Declension of -ity (hard)
singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | virile (= masculine personal) | non-virile | |
nominative | -ity | -ita | -ite | -ici | -ite | |
genitive | -itego | -itej | -itego | -itych | ||
dative | -itemu | -itej | -itemu | -itym | ||
accusative | -itego | -ity | -itą | -ite | -itych | -ite |
instrumental | -itym | -itą | -itym | -itymi | ||
locative | -itym | -itej | -itym | -itych |
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- -ity in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Categories:
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English productive suffixes
- English terms suffixed with -ed
- English terms suffixed with -y (adjectival)
- English unproductive suffixes
- English noun-forming suffixes
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/itɨ
- Rhymes:Polish/itɨ/2 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish masculine suffixes
- Polish hard adjectives