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===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|[ɪti]}}; ''but see the usage notes below''
* {{IPA|en|/əti/|/ɪti/|a=RP}}; ''but see the usage notes below''
* {{IPA|en|/əti/|[əɾi]|[ɾi]|/ɪti/|[ɪɾi]|a=GA}}
** {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101--ity.wav|a=US}}
* {{IPA|en|/əti/|[əɾi]|a=AU}}


===Etymology 1===
===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|en|enm|-ite}}, from {{der|en|fro|-ite}}, {{m|fro|-ete}}, {{m|fro|-eteit||-ity}}, from {{der|en|la|-itātem}}, from {{m|la|-itās}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*-it-|pos=suffix}}. Cognate with {{cog|got|-𐌹𐌸𐌰||-th}}, {{cog|goh|-ida||-th}}, {{cog|ang|-þo}}, {{m|ang|-þu}}, {{m|ang|-þ||-th}}. More at {{l|en|-th}}.
From {{inh|en|enm|-ite}}, {{m|enm|-itee}}, from {{der|en|fro|-ite}}, {{m|fro|-ete}}, {{m|fro|-eteit||-ity}}, from {{der|en|la|-itātem}}, from {{m|la|-itās}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*-teh₂ts|pos=suffix}}. Cognate with {{cog|got|-𐌹𐌸𐌰||-th}}, {{cog|goh|-ida||-th}}, {{cog|ang|-þo}}, {{m|ang|-þu}}, {{m|ang|-þ||-th}}. More at {{l|en|-th}}.


====Alternative forms====
====Alternative forms====
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{{en-suffix|ity|cat2=productive suffixes}}
{{en-suffix|ity|cat2=productive suffixes}}


# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.}}
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form an uncountable noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.}}
#:{{suffixusex|en|absurd|absurdity}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|absurd|absurdity|t2=the quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|anonymous|alt1=anonym''(''ous'')''|anonymity|t2=the quality or state of being anonymous}}
#:{{suffixusex|en|modern|modernity}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|modern|modernity|t2=the quality of being modern or contemporary}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|precarious|alt1=precar''(''ious'')''|precarity|t2=a condition of existence without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare}}
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form a countable noun from an adjective, referring to someone or something that conforms to the adjective's description.}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|absurd|''[''an'']'' [[absurdity]]|t2=that which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|anonymous|alt1=anonym''(''ous'')''|''[''an'']'' [[anonymity]]|t2=that which is anonymous}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|insipid|''[''an'']'' [[insipidity]]|t2=something that is insipid; an insipid utterance, sight, object, etc.}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|odd|''[''an'']'' [[oddity]]|t2=an odd or strange thing or opinion; a strange person; an oddball}}
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form other nouns, especially abstract nouns.}} <!-- such as [[proclivity]] -->
# {{non-gloss definition|Used to form other nouns, especially abstract nouns.}} <!-- such as [[proclivity]] -->


=====Usage notes=====
=====Usage notes=====
* Many nouns formed with ''-ity'' are uncountable; those that are countable form their plurals in ''-ities''.
* Many nouns formed with ''-ity'' are uncountable; those that are countable form their plurals in ''-ities''.
⚫
* The addition of ''-ity'' to an adjective results in a shift of stress to the antepenultimate syllable; that is, words in ''-ity'' are stressed on the last syllable before the ''-ity'', even in cases where this syllable is part of another suffix (as in words in ''[[-ability]]'' and ''[[-icity]]''). Further, this shift typically results in a change in vowel quality; compare, for example, ''[[real]]'' and ''[[reality]]'', where the sound {{IPAchar|[æ]}} in the second word is not present in the first. These vowel quality changes are usually consistent with the spelling of both forms — note that the letter &lt;a> in the second word ''is'' present in the first — but sometimes spelling changes are seen, as with the suffix ''[[-ous]]'', which when it combines with ''-ity'' produces the suffix ''[[-osity]]''.
⚫
* While a final ''-c'' is pronounced {{IPAchar|[k]}}, before ''-ity'' it becomes {{IPAchar|[s]}}; compare, for example, ''[[elastic]]'' and ''[[elasticity]]''.
* Final ''-e'' is dropped before adding this suffix.
* Final ''-e'' is dropped before adding this suffix.
* Pronunciation:
⚫
** The addition of ''-ity'' to an adjective results in a shift of stress to the antepenultimate syllable; that is, words in ''-ity'' are stressed on the last syllable before the ''-ity'', even in cases where this syllable is part of another suffix (as in words in ''[[-ability]]'' and ''[[-icity]]''). Further, this shift typically results in a change in vowel quality; compare, for example, ''[[real]]'' and ''[[reality]]'', where the sound {{IPAchar|[æ]}} in the second word is not present in the first. These vowel quality changes are usually consistent with the spelling of both forms — note that the letter &lt;a> in the second word ''is'' present in the first — but sometimes spelling changes are seen, as with the suffix ''[[-ous]]'', which when it combines with ''-ity'' produces the suffix ''[[-osity]]''.
⚫
** While a final ''-c'' is pronounced {{IPAchar|[k]}}, before ''-ity'' it becomes {{IPAchar|[s]}}; compare, for example, ''[[elastic]]'' and ''[[elasticity]]''.


=====Derived terms=====
=====Derived terms=====
Line 34: Line 45:
=====Translations=====
=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|Used to form nouns from adjectives.}}
{{trans-top|Used to form nouns from adjectives.}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|-iteit}}
* Albanian: {{t|sq|-itet|m}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-ություն}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-ություն}}
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|-ãtati}}, {{t|rup|-tati}}
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|-ãtati}}, {{t|rup|-tati}}
* Asturian: {{t|ast|-idá|f}}, {{t|ast|-dá|f}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|-лыҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лек|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лоҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лөк|sc=Cyrl}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|-лыҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лек|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лоҡ|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ba|-лөк|sc=Cyrl}}
* Basque: {{t|eu|-itate}}
* Belarusian: {{t|be|-ітэ́т|m}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-itat|f}}, {{t+|ca|-tat|f}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-itat|f}}, {{t+|ca|-tat|f}}
* Chinese:
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|性|tr=xìng}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|性|tr=xìng}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|-ita|f}}
* Danish: {{t|da|-itet|c}}, {{t+|da|-hed|c}}
* Danish: {{t|da|-itet|c}}, {{t+|da|-hed|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-heid}}, {{t+|nl|-iteit|f}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-heid}}, {{t+|nl|-iteit|f}}
* Estonian: {{t|et|-iteet}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-uus}}, {{t|fi|-iteetti}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-uus}}, {{t|fi|-iteetti}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-ité|f}}, {{t+|fr|-té|f}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-ité|f}}, {{t+|fr|-té|f}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|-itât}}, {{t|fur|-tât}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|-itât}}, {{t|fur|-tât}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|-dade|f}}, {{t+|gl|-idade|f}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-dade|f}}, {{t+|gl|-idade|f}}
* German: {{t+|de|-ität|f}}
* German: {{t+|de|-ität|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-ότητα|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-ότητα|f}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|־וּת|f|tr=-ut}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|־וּת|f|tr=-ut}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-itás}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|-itas}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|-itas}}
{{trans-mid}}
* Interlingua: {{t+|ia|-itate}}
* Interlingua: {{t+|ia|-itate}}
* Italian: {{t|it|-ità|f}}
* Italian: {{t|it|-ità|f}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|性|tr=sei}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|性|tr=sei}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|성}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|성(性)}}
* Latin: {{t|la|-itas|f}}
* Latin: {{t|la|-itas|f}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|-itāte}}
* Malay: {{t|ms|-iti}}, {{t|ms|-itet}}, {{t|ms|-itas}}, {{t|ms|ke--an}}
* Malay: {{t|ms|-iti}}, {{t|ms|-itet}}, {{t|ms|-itas}}, {{t|ms|ke--an}}
* Maltese: {{t|mt|-ità|f}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|-te}}, {{t|enm|-ite}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|-te}}, {{t|enm|-ite}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|-itet}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|-itet}}
* Occitan: {{t|oc|-itat|f}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|-þu}}, {{t|ang|-þ}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-ość}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-ość}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-idade|f}}, {{t+|pt|-dade|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-idade|f}}, {{t+|pt|-dade|f}}
* Romanian: {{t|ro|-itate|f}}, {{t|ro|-tate|f}}, {{t|ro|-ătate|f}}, {{t|ro|-eață|f}}, {{t|ro|-ețe|f}}, {{t|ro|-ie|f}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|-itate|f}}, {{t+|ro|-tate|f}}, {{t+|ro|-ătate|f}}, {{t|ro|-eață|f}}, {{t|ro|-ețe|f}}, {{t+|ro|-ie|f}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|-ность|f}}, {{t+|ru|-ите́т|m}}, {{t|ru|-ство|n}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|-ность|f}}, {{t+|ru|-ите́т|m}}, {{t|ru|-ство|n}}
* Sicilian: {{t|scn|-ità|f}}, {{t|scn|-itati|f}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|-ita|f}}
* Slovene: {{t|sl|-nost|f}}
* Slovene: {{t|sl|-nost|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-idad|f}}, {{t+|es|-edad|f}}, {{t+|es|-dad|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-idad|f}}, {{t+|es|-edad|f}}, {{t+|es|-dad|f}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|u-}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|u-}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-het|c}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-het|c}}, {{t+|sv|-itet|}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-lük}}, {{t+|tr|-luk}}, {{t+|tr|-lık}}, {{t+|tr|-lik}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|-idad}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-lük}}, {{t+|tr|-luk}}, {{t+|tr|-lık}}, {{t+|tr|-lik}}, {{t|tr|-ite}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|-іте́т|m}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|־יטעט}}
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


Line 73: Line 103:


===Etymology 2===
===Etymology 2===
Variant of {{m|en|-ety}}, likely an alteration of {{m|en|-edy}}, equivalent to {{af|en|-ed|-y|id2=adjectival}}.
See {{m|en|-ety}}.


====Suffix====
====Suffix====
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[[Category:English noun-forming suffixes]]
[[Category:English noun-forming suffixes]]

----


==Polish==
==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|pl}}


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{pl-IPA}}
{{pl-p}}


===Suffix===
===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m}}
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m}}


# {{non-gloss definition|Forms masculine adjectives}}
# {{ng|forms masculine adjectives}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|pracować|pracowity}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|pracować|pracowity}}


====Declension====
====Declension====
{{pl-decl-adj-auto}}
{{pl-adecl}}


====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|pl}}
{{suffixsee|pl}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

Latest revision as of 02:24, 3 July 2024

See also: ity and -itý

English

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle English -ite, -itee, from Old French -ite, -ete, -eteit (“-ity”), from Latin -itātem, from -itās, from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts (suffix). Cognate with Gothic -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa, “-th”), Old High German -ida (“-th”), Old English -þo, -þu, -þ (“-th”). More at -th.

Alternative forms

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

-ity

  1. Used to form an uncountable noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
    ‎absurd + ‎-ity → ‎absurdity (“the quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment”)
    ‎anonym(ous) + ‎-ity → ‎anonymity (“the quality or state of being anonymous”)
    ‎modern + ‎-ity → ‎modernity (“the quality of being modern or contemporary”)
    ‎precar(ious) + ‎-ity → ‎precarity (“a condition of existence without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare”)
  2. Used to form a countable noun from an adjective, referring to someone or something that conforms to the adjective's description.
    ‎absurd + ‎-ity → ‎[an] absurdity (“that which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction”)
    ‎anonym(ous) + ‎-ity → ‎[an] anonymity (“that which is anonymous”)
    ‎insipid + ‎-ity → ‎[an] insipidity (“something that is insipid; an insipid utterance, sight, object, etc.”)
    ‎odd + ‎-ity → ‎[an] oddity (“an odd or strange thing or opinion; a strange person; an oddball”)
  3. Used to form other nouns, especially abstract nouns.
Usage notes
[edit]
  • Many nouns formed with -ity are uncountable; those that are countable form their plurals in -ities.
  • Final -e is dropped before adding this suffix.
  • Pronunciation:
    • The addition of -ity to an adjective results in a shift of stress to the antepenultimate syllable; that is, words in -ity are stressed on the last syllable before the -ity, even in cases where this syllable is part of another suffix (as in words in -ability and -icity). Further, this shift typically results in a change in vowel quality; compare, for example, real and reality, where the sound [æ] in the second word is not present in the first. These vowel quality changes are usually consistent with the spelling of both forms — note that the letter <a> in the second word is present in the first — but sometimes spelling changes are seen, as with the suffix -ous, which when it combines with -ity produces the suffix -osity.
    • While a final -c is pronounced [k], before -ity it becomes [s]; compare, for example, elastic and elasticity.
Derived terms
[edit]
English terms suffixed with -ity
[edit]
Translations
[edit]
See also
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Variant of -ety, likely an alteration of -edy, equivalent to -ed +‎ -y.

Suffix

[edit]

-ity

  1. Alternative form of -ety
    ‎hip + ‎-ity → ‎hippity, hippity-hop

Polish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): /ˈi.tɨ/
  • Rhymes: -itɨ
  • Syllabification: i‧ty

Suffix

[edit]

-ity m

  1. forms masculine adjectives
    ‎pracować + ‎-ity → ‎pracowity

Declension

[edit]
Declension of -ity (hard)
singular plural
masculine animate masculine inanimate feminine neuter virile (= masculine personal) non-virile
nominative -ity -ita -ite -ici -ite
genitive -itego -itej -itego -itych
dative -itemu -itej -itemu -itym
accusative -itego -ity -itą -ite -itych -ite
instrumental -itym -itą -itym -itymi
locative -itym -itej -itym -itych

Derived terms

[edit]
Polish terms suffixed with -ity

Further reading

[edit]
  • -ity in Polish dictionaries at PWN
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