Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
Archduke Rainer of Austria | |||||
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Viceroy of Lombardy–Venetia | |||||
In office | 3 January 1818 – 8 June 1848 | ||||
Monarch | |||||
Predecessor | Archduke Anton Victor | ||||
Successor | Josef Radetzky (Governor-General) | ||||
Born | Pisa, Grand Duchy of Tuscany | 30 September 1783||||
Died | 16 January 1853 Bolzano, Austrian Empire | (aged 69)||||
Burial | Bolzano Cathedral | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue Detail | Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia Archduke Leopold Archduke Ernst Archduke Sigismund Archduke Rainer Archduke Heinrich | ||||
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House | Habsburg-Lorraine | ||||
Father | Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||
Mother | Maria Louisa of Spain |
Archduke Rainer of Austria (30 September 1783 – 16 January 1853) was a Viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia from 1818 to 1848. He was also an Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia.
Biography
[edit]Rainer was a son of Emperor Leopold II and Empress Maria Luisa, and was thus a younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Although Rainer suffered from a mild form of epilepsy, this did not visibly interfere with his military career.[1]
Rainer served as Viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia from 1818 to 1848. The position made Rainer and his wife the head of the Austrian court at Milan. Rainer's politics were increasingly unpopular, the Italians resented him for their lack of political freedom and for collecting revenues with so little benefit to them.
Throughout the 1840s, the political situation worsened to such an extent that in 1847, Klemens von Metternich resurrected his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery by sending his right-hand man Count Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont to Milan as acting Chancellor of Lombardy–Venetia to restore the Austrian rule while taking over Northern Italy's administration. But only a few months later, Ficquelmont was recalled to Vienna to assume the leadership of the Council of war as the Revolutions of 1848 started.
Archduke Rainer's mistakes as well as the lack of understanding between Rainer and Feldmarschall Graf Radetzky, were blamed for the disasters of the Italian Revolution of 1848.[2]
Marriage and children
[edit]He married in Prague on 28 May 1820 Princess Elisabeth of Savoy (13 April 1800 – 25 December 1856). She was the sister of the Prince of Carignano, who would in 1831 become King of Sardinia as King Charles Albert. She was also a granddaughter of the late former duke of the Baltic Duchy of Courland and Semigallia.
Children included:
- Maria (6 February 1821 – 23 Jan 1844) – unmarried, no issue
- Adelaide (3 June 1822 – 20 January 1855) – wife of Victor Emmanuel II, from 1849 king of Sardinia
- Leopold (6 June 1823 – 24 May 1898) – Oberkommandant der Marine ('High Commander of the Navy') from 1864 to 1868
- Ernst (8 August 1824 – 4 April 1899), Feldmarschalleutnant
- Sigismund (7 January 1826 – 15 December 1891), Feldmarschalleutnant
- Rainer (11 January 1827 – 27 January 1913) – Austrian Minister President 1859–61;[3][4] his visit to the Hotel Greif in Wels is commemorated by a wall plaque there. Married Archduchess Maria Karoline of Austria (1825-1915). No issue.
- Heinrich (9 May 1828 – 30 November 1891), Feldmarschalleutnant
- Maximilian (16 January 1830 – 16 March 1839) – died in childhood
The Revolution of 1848 forced Rainer and Elisabeth from the court at Milan; when the insurrection was quelled, Radetzky was named Rainer's successor as Viceroy. Although his children, except Adelheid, are buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, he and his wife are buried at the Maria Himmelfahrtskirche in Bolzano.
Through his daughter Adelaide, Rainer is an ancestor of the entire royal family of Italy which reigned from 1861 to 1946.
Ancestry
[edit]This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.(January 2022) |
Ancestors of Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria[5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
[edit]- ^ George R. Marek, The Eagles Die. Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria, pp. 41–42. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. This mild form of epilepsy was also suffered by Archduke Karl and his son, Archduke Albrecht, both of whom were able military commanders.
- ^ Joan Haslip, The Crown of Mexico, pp. 22, 89, 109. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
- ^ Robert Adolf Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918, pp. 328, 331. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
- ^ Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs. The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph, pp. 122–123. New York: Grove Press, 1994.
- ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 109.
- 1783 births
- 1853 deaths
- 19th-century regents
- House of Habsburg-Lorraine
- Austrian princes
- People from Pisa
- Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
- Sons of emperors
- Children of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
- Royalty and nobility with epilepsy
- Italian royalty and nobility with disabilities
- 19th-century Italian nobility
- Austrian royalty and nobility with disabilities
- Sons of kings
- People from the Austrian Empire
- Viceroys of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
- Sons of dukes