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John Cutting Berry (January 16, 1847 – February 9, 1936) was an American missionary and doctor. He was dispatched to Japan by the American Board and performed medical treatment in places including Kobe, Kyoto, and Okayama.[1] In 1911 he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class.[2]

Life

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Berry was born in the state of Maine in 1847.[3] His father, a captain, died when he was four years old, and he was sent taken in by one of father's friends. He worked for his living from the age of 11.[1] At the age of 17 he was baptized as a Christian. At the age of 20, a ship he was riding in was caught in a storm, and he felt on his survival that he felt God had saved him for a reason, resolving to dedicate the remainder of his life to God.[1]

In 1871 he graduated from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia and was ordained as a missionary by the American Board.[4] He arrived in Japan in June 1872. That July he became the medical director of the International Hospital of Kobe,[note 1][6] where he examined poor Japanese people for free if they would listen to him read from the Bible.[7] Berry also established a clinic for the poor in front of Ikuta Shrine in Kobe called Keisai-in (恵済院),[7] and, along with Japanese doctors, Japan's first charitable hospital, Ishi Yūshi Dokuritsu Byōin (医師有志独立病院) in Sanda.[8]

On the request of Kanda Takahira, the governor of Hyōgo prefecture, Berry also took charge[7][9] of Kobe Hospital[note 2][11] and undertook other medical activities in Kobe, Himeji, Akashi, Kakogawa, Arima, and Sanda.[7] Berry typically examined between 500 and 700 patients a month and instructed other local doctors on the side.[8] In January 1873, Berry conducted the first human dissection in the prefecture at Kobe Hospital, before an audience of 750 doctors and medical students.[3]

In 1877 Kobe's prison suffered from an outbreak of cholera, and on the prefecture's request Berry went inside to personally inspect the unsanitary conditions and inhuman treatment of prisoners within. He appealed to the prefecture's governor to reform its prison system, and several more missionaries followed Berry in inspecting the prison, presenting plans to the Japanese government for prison reform. These actions were the beginning of a prison reform movement with Japan.[12][13] Berry obtained the permission of Home Lord Ōkubo Toshimichi to inspect the prisons in Osaka, Kyoto, Hyōgo, and Harima, and he prepared a report on the conditions within. This report is thought to have had some influence on the methods used by Japan's system of criminal punishments.[14]。

Berry moved to Okayama in 1878, where he strove to reform the prefecture's hospitals.[8] In 1883 he moved to Kyoto, and in 1887 he became the head of Doshisha Hospital. He was also involved in the establishment of the hospital's associated women's nursing school, the first women's nursing school in Japan.[15]

In 1893 Berry left Japan and moved back to the U.S.,[2] where he practiced eye and ear medicine and acted as a visiting doctor for less well-funded facilities. In 1911 he received the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class.[2]

Notes

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  1. ^ The future Kobe Kaisei Hospital (神戸海星病院)[5]
  2. ^ The future Kobe University Hospital[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, p. 103.
  2. ^ a b c Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, p. 107.
  3. ^ a b Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, p. 102.
  4. ^ Kōbe Gaikokujin Kyoryūchi Kenkyūkai 2011, pp. 103–104.
  5. ^ Kōbe to Seisho 2001, p. 63.
  6. ^ Tanaka 2012, pp. 33–35.
  7. ^ a b c d Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, p. 104.
  8. ^ a b c Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, p. 105.
  9. ^ Kōbe Gaikokujin Kyoryūchi Kenkyūkai 2005, p. 152.
  10. ^ "医学部・医学部附属病院の前身（1869年-）". History of Kobe University (神戸大学の歴史) (in Japanese). Kobe University. Retrieved October 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Tanaka 2012, pp. 39–40.
  12. ^ The Japan Chronicle 1980, p. 97.
  13. ^ The Oriental Review, p. 398.
  14. ^ Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, p. 106.
  15. ^ Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu 2001, pp. 106–107.

Bibliography

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  • Tanaka, Tomoko (2012). 近代日本高等教育体制の黎明 交錯する地域と国とキリスト教界 (in Japanese). Shibunkaku shuppan. ISBN 978-4-7842-1618-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Kōbe Gaikokujin Kyoryūchi Kenkyūkai, ed. (1999). 居留地の窓から (in Japanese). JUNKUDO Co., Ltd. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Kōbe Gaikokujin Kyoryūchi Kenkyūkai, ed. (2005). 神戸と居留地 多文化共生都市の原像 (in Japanese). Kōbe shimbun sōgō shuppan sentā. ISBN 978-4-343-00315-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Kōbe shimbun bunka seikatsu bu, ed. (2001). ひと萌ゆる 知られざる近代兵庫の先覚者たち (in Japanese). Kōbe shimbun sōgō shuppan sentā. ISBN 978-4-343-00160-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • "Kōbe to Seisho" Henshū Iinkai, ed. (2001). 神戸と聖書 神戸・阪神間の450年の歩み (in Japanese). Kōbe shimbun sōgō shuppan sentā. ISBN 978-4-343-00137-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • The Japan Chronicle, ed. (1980). 神戸外国人居留地 (in Japanese). Translated by Shirō Odeishi and Hiroshi Hori, commentary by Haruo Doi. Kōbe shimbun shuppan sentā. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • "Dr. Berry And His Service To Japan". The Oriental Review: 398. April 1913.

Category:American physicians Category:Physicians from Maine Category:American Christian missionaries Category:Christian missionaries in Japan Category:1847 births Category:1936 deaths

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