Isotopen van thulium
Het chemisch element thulium (Tm), met een atoommassa van 168,93421(2) u, bezit 1 stabiele isotoop: 169Tm, die ervan verdacht wordt om via α-verval te vervallen tot de stabiele isotoop 165Ho. Het is tevens de enige in de natuur voorkomende isotoop van dit element, waardoor het valt onder de mononuclidische elementen. De 33 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde).
De kortstlevende isotoop van thulium is 145Tm, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 3,1 microseconden. De langstlevende is 171Tm, met een halfwaardetijd van 1,92 jaar.
Overzicht
[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 145Tm | 69 | 76 | 144,97007(43) | 3,1(3) µs | (11/2−) | ||||
| 146Tm | 69 | 77 | 145,96643(43) | 240(30) ms | p | 145Er | (6−) | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 146Er | ||||||||
| 146mTm | 71(6) keV | 72(23) ms | p | 145Er | (10+) | ||||
| β+ (zelden) | 146Er | ||||||||
| 147Tm | 69 | 78 | 146,96096(32) | 0,58(3) s | β+ (85%) | 147Er | 11/2− | ||
| p (15%) | 146Er | ||||||||
| 147mTm | 60(5) keV | 360(40) µs | 3/2+ | ||||||
| 148Tm | 69 | 79 | 147,95784(43) | 0,7(2) s | β+ | 148Er | (10+) | ||
| 148mTm | 0,7 s | ||||||||
| 149Tm | 69 | 80 | 148,95272(32) | 0,9(2) s | β+ (99,74%) | 149Er | (11/2−) | ||
| β+, p (0,26%) | 148Ho | ||||||||
| 150Tm | 69 | 81 | 149,94996(21) | 3 s | β+ | 150Er | (1+) | ||
| 150m1Tm | 140(140) keV | 2,20(6) s | β+ (98,8%) | 150Er | (6−) | ||||
| β+, p (1,2%) | 149Ho | ||||||||
| 150m2Tm | 810(140) keV | 5,2(3) ms | (10+) | ||||||
| 151Tm | 69 | 82 | 150,945483(22) | 4,17(10) s | β+ | 151Er | (11/2−) | ||
| 151m1Tm | 92(7) keV | 6,6(14) s | β+ | 151Er | (1/2+) | ||||
| 151m2Tm | 2655,67(22) keV | 451(24) ns | (27/2−) | ||||||
| 152Tm | 69 | 83 | 151,94442(8) | 8,0(10) s | β+ | 152Er | 2− | ||
| 152m1Tm | 100(80) keV | 5,2(6) s | β+ | 152Er | 9+ | ||||
| 152m2Tm | 2555,05(19)+X keV | 294(12) ns | (17+) | ||||||
| 153Tm | 69 | 84 | 152,942012(20) | 1,48(1) s | α (91%) | 149Ho | (11/2−) | ||
| β+ (9%) | 153Er | ||||||||
| 153mTm | 43,2(2) keV | 2,5(2) s | α (92%) | 149Ho | (1/2+) | ||||
| β+ (8%) | 153Er | ||||||||
| 154Tm | 69 | 85 | 153,941568(15) | 8,1(3) s | β+ (56%) | 154Er | (2−) | ||
| α (44%) | 150Ho | ||||||||
| 154mTm | 70(50) keV | 3,30(7) s | α (90%) | 150Ho | (9+) | ||||
| β+ (10%) | 154Er | ||||||||
| 155Tm | 69 | 86 | 154,939199(14) | 21,6(2) s | β+ (98,1%) | 155Er | (11/2−) | ||
| α (1,9%) | 151Ho | ||||||||
| 155mTm | 41(6) keV | 45(3) s | β+ (92%) | 155Er | (1/2+) | ||||
| α (8%) | 151Ho | ||||||||
| 156Tm | 69 | 87 | 155,938980(17) | 83,8(18) s | β+ (99,93%) | 156Er | 2− | ||
| α (0,064%) | 152Er | ||||||||
| 156mTm | 203,6(5) keV | ± 400 ns | (11−) | ||||||
| 157Tm | 69 | 88 | 156,93697(3) | 3,63(9) min | β+ | 157Er | 1/2+ | ||
| 158Tm | 69 | 89 | 157,936980(27) | 3,98(6) min | β+ | 158Er | 2− | ||
| 158mTm | 50(100) keV | ± 20 ns | (5+) | ||||||
| 159Tm | 69 | 90 | 158,93498(3) | 9,13(16) min | β+ | 159Er | 5/2+ | ||
| 160Tm | 69 | 91 | 159,93526(4) | 9,4(3) min | β+ | 160Er | 1− | ||
| 160m1Tm | 70(20) keV | 74,5(15) s | IT (85%) | 160Tm | 5(+) | ||||
| β+ (15%) | 160Er | ||||||||
| 160m2Tm | 98,2+X keV | ± 200 ns | (8) | ||||||
| 161Tm | 69 | 92 | 160,93355(3) | 30,2(8) min | β+ | 161Er | 7/2+ | ||
| 161m1Tm | 7,4(2) keV | 5 min | 1/2+ | ||||||
| 161m2Tm | 78,20(3) keV | 110(3) ns | 7/2− | ||||||
| 162Tm | 69 | 93 | 161,933995(28) | 21,70(19) min | β+ | 162Er | 1− | ||
| 162mTm | 130(40) keV | 24,3(17) s | IT (82%) | 162Tm | 5+ | ||||
| β+ (18%) | 162Er | ||||||||
| 163Tm | 69 | 94 | 162,932651(6) | 1,810(5) uur | β+ | 163Er | 1/2+ | ||
| 164Tm | 69 | 95 | 163,93356(3) | 2,0(1) min | β+ | 164Er | 1+ | ||
| 164mTm | 10(6) keV | 5,1(1) min | IT (80%) | 164Tm | 6− | ||||
| β+ (20%) | 164Er | ||||||||
| 165Tm | 69 | 96 | 164,932435(4) | 30,06(3) uur | β+ | 165Er | 1/2+ | ||
| 166Tm | 69 | 97 | 165,933554(13) | 7,70(3) uur | β+ | 166Er | 2+ | ||
| 166mTm | 122(8) keV | 340(25) ms | IT | 166Tm | 6− | ||||
| 167Tm | 69 | 98 | 166,9328516(29) | 9,25(2) dagen | EV | 167Er | 1/2+ | ||
| 167m1Tm | 179,480(19) keV | 1,16(6) µs | 7/2+ | ||||||
| 167m2Tm | 292,820(20) keV | 0,9(1) µs | 7/2− | ||||||
| 168Tm | 69 | 99 | 167,934173(3) | 93,1(2) dagen | β+ (99,99%) | 168Er | 3+ | ||
| β− (0,01%) | 168Yb | ||||||||
| 169Tm | 69 | 100 | 168,9342133(27) | stabiel | 1/2+ | 1,0000 | |||
| 170Tm | 69 | 101 | 169,9358014(27) | 128,6(3) dagen | β− (99,86%) | 170Yb | 1- | ||
| EV (0,14%) | 170Er | ||||||||
| 170mTm | 183,197(4) keV | 4,12(13) µs | 3+ | ||||||
| 171Tm | 69 | 102 | 170,9364294(28) | 1,92(1) jaar | β− | 171Yb | 1/2+ | ||
| 171mTm | 424,9560(15) keV | 2,60(2) µs | 7/2− | ||||||
| 172Tm | 69 | 103 | 171,938400(6) | 63,6(2) uur | β− | 172Yb | 2− | ||
| 173Tm | 69 | 104 | 172,939604(5) | 8,24(8) uur | β− | 173Yb | (1/2+) | ||
| 173mTm | 317,73(20) keV | 10(3) µs | (7/2−) | ||||||
| 174Tm | 69 | 105 | 173,94217(5) | 5,4(1) min | β− | 174Yb | 4− | ||
| 175Tm | 69 | 106 | 174,94384(5) | 15,2(5) min | β− | 175Yb | (1/2+) | ||
| 176Tm | 69 | 107 | 175,94699(11) | 1,85(3) min | β− | 176Yb | (4+) | ||
| 177Tm | 69 | 108 | 176,94904(32) | 90(6) s | β− | 177Yb | (7/2−) | ||
| 178Tm | 69 | 109 | 177,95264(43) | 30 s | β− | 178Yb | |||
| 179Tm | 69 | 110 | 178,95534(54) | 20 s | β− | 179Yb | 1/2+ | ||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859
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